紫外-氯化锂复合诱变选育泰妙菌素高产菌株

对泰妙菌素生产菌TMⅡ09-003经紫外线（UV）照射180 s后,将菌悬液均匀地涂布于加有0.8%的氯化锂平板上,在避光条件下于温度26℃～27℃、相对湿度60%～65%的环境下培养13～14 d后,挑取单菌落,进行初筛、复筛,用HPLC法测定含量。结果表明,UV照射180 s后,氯化锂加量为0.8%剂量对菌株的致死率为88.6%。对该剂量处理获得的诱变菌株进行了筛选,最终获得4支高产菌株,分别为TMⅡ09-236、TMⅡ09-253、TMⅡ09-441和TMⅡ09-447。     

利用梯度平板法结合紫外诱变、抗性筛选选育土霉素高产菌株

以龟裂链霉素TMSⅠ12-66为出发菌株,通过紫外-氯化锂诱变处理,并结合梯度平板法、氯化锂和四环素复合抗性平板上筛选土霉素高产菌株。通过对致死率的考察,确定了紫外的最佳诱变剂量为90 s。在分离培养基上层加入氯化锂和底层加入四环素进行正突变株的定向筛选。经过选育得到一株土霉素的高产菌株TMSⅠ14-180,摇瓶发酵验证效价达22985 mg/mL,较出发菌株提高22.36%,经传代试验考察,该菌株遗传性状稳定。     

恩拉霉素高产菌株的快速选育

为筛选恩拉霉素高产菌株,降低生产成本,以生产用Streptomyces-483为出发菌株,进行紫外-氯化锂复合诱变。以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,用琼脂块法测定抑菌圈大小,筛选出84株突变株,经摇瓶初筛、复筛、5L发酵罐验证,最终获得4株高产突变株。筛选得到的4株高产突变株经稳定性考察完全适用于生产。     

2株海洋红酵母的复合诱变及其高产类胡萝卜素菌株的选育

选用从雷州半岛近岸海域分离鉴定的2株海洋红酵母（胶红酵母J6和黏红酵母J2）作为出发菌株,进行亚硝基胍（NTG）和紫外线（UV）复合诱变,以期筛选出高产类胡萝卜素的突变株。先用NTG处理出发菌株的菌悬液60 min,再用UV照射120 s,且要连续诱变3次;每次复合诱变后的菌悬液经短时间的液体培养后涂布于红酵母琼脂平板培养,从中筛选出一定数量的第1、2和3代突变菌株;将突变菌株接种于红酵母发酵培养基,经培养、离心和烘干,制备出干菌体细胞;用分光光度计法测定干菌体细胞中的类胡萝卜素含量,筛选出高产类胡萝卜素的突变株,并进行遗传稳定性试验。结果表明,胶红酵母J6的正向突变率为56.57%（56/99）,6株高产类胡萝卜素的突变株中,第3代3株,第2代2株,第1代1株,类胡萝卜素含量最高的突变株是胶红酵母J6-82,比出发菌株提高了99.56%;黏红酵母J2的正向突变率为53.01%（44/83）,6株高产类胡萝卜素的突变株中,第3代4株,第2代2株,类胡萝卜素含量最高的突变株是黏红酵母J2-75,比出发菌株提高了93.64%。本试验采用的NTG和UV 3次复合诱变的方法有利于海洋红酵母的变异及其类胡萝卜素含量的提升,且突变菌株有良好的遗传稳定性。     

2株海洋红酵母的复合诱变及其高产类胡萝卜素菌株的选育

选用从雷州半岛近岸海域分离鉴定的2株海洋红酵母(胶红酵母J6和黏红酵母J2)作为出发菌株,进行亚硝基胍(NTG)和紫外线(UV)复合诱变,以期筛选出高产类胡萝卜素的突变株。先用NTG处理出发菌株的菌悬液60min,再用UV照射120s,且要连续诱变3次;每次复合诱变后的菌悬液经短时间的液体培养后涂布于红酵母琼脂平板培养,从中筛选出一定数量的第1、2和3代突变菌株;将突变菌株接种于红酵母发酵培养基,经培养、离心和烘干,制备出干菌体细胞;用分光光度计法测定干菌体细胞中的类胡萝卜素含量,筛选出高产类胡萝卜素的突变株,并进行遗传稳定性试验。结果表明,胶红酵母J6的正向突变率为56.57%(56/99),6株高产类胡萝卜素的突变株中,第3代3株,第2代2株,第1代1株,类胡萝卜素含量最高的突变株是胶红酵母J6-82,比出发菌株提高了99.56%;黏红酵母J2的正向突变率为53.01%(44/83),6株高产类胡萝卜素的突变株中,第3代4株,第2代2株,类胡萝卜素含量最高的突变株是黏红酵母J2-75,比出发菌株提高了93.64%。本试验采用的NTG和UV 3次复合诱变的方法有利于海洋红酵母的变异及其类胡萝卜素含量的提升,且突变菌株有良好的遗传稳定性。     

泰乐菌素高产菌株的推理选育

以弗氏链霉菌CK6-6为出发菌株,分别采用紫外(UV)、甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)、紫外与氯化锂(LiCl)复合、甲基磺酸乙酯与紫外复合4种方法对其进行诱变。比较了4种方法的最大提高率、致死率、正变率及突变株的传代稳定性,结果发现诱变效果较好的为EMS与UV复合诱变,筛选出1株传代稳定菌株EU45-15,相对于出发菌株CK6-6,泰乐菌素产量的提高率为15.36%。经HPLC分析发现,它的最高活性组分A的含量高于对照,提高率为48.28%。同时利用豆油作为筛选物质对弗氏链霉菌进行定向筛选,筛选效果较好,筛出1株高产稳定菌株O3.6-8,效价提高率为12.15%。     

高压电场选育高产酸性木聚糖酶菌株的研究

为获得适用于动物饲料的木聚糖酶高产菌株,并验证高压电场诱变方法的有效性,于农田土壤中筛选出高产菌株,在高压电场中进行诱变,筛选最佳的突变菌株。出发菌株初步鉴定为沙福芽孢杆菌,命名为Bacillus safensis B16。该菌株所产木聚糖酶在pH 5、60℃下酶活性为217.34 U/mL,且60℃时的半衰期为229 min,热稳定性良好。在6～24 kV、极间距为3 cm的高压电晕电场中处理0～10 min,最终在10 kV下处理6 min选育出一株木聚糖酶高产菌株B16106-2,酶活性达到256.73 U/mL,较出发菌株提升了18.12%,且传代7次后菌株的产酶能力基本不变,具有良好的遗传稳定性。突变菌株所产木聚糖酶的最适酶反应条件不变。研究证明,高压电晕电场是一种有效的诱变方式,且筛选出的菌株B16106-2性能良好。     

利用原生质体诱变方法选育蛹虫草高产突变菌株

对蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)原生质体分别进行热应激和紫外线诱变处理后,挑选再生菌株进行栽培试验,通过测定菌株子实体产量及腺苷、虫草素含量,从中筛选高产突变菌株。蛹虫草原生质体经68℃和72℃热应激后,再生菌株子实体干物质含量显著增加,且68℃处理组子实体中腺苷含量显著提高。用紫外灯照射原生质体1 min、6 min和7 min时,子实体干物质含量显著增加,腺苷含量较对照组分别提高49.4%、96.4%和15.9%,虫草素含量分别提高49.1%、20.0%和13.5%。最终从紫外线诱变1 min处理组筛选出5株高产突变菌株,其子实体干质量和生物转化率均显著高于出发原菌株,子实体中虫草素含量分别为原菌株的1.59、1.72、1.74、1.55和1.56倍,并且5株菌株目标性状的稳定性良好。试验结果表明,以原生质体为材料,采用紫外线诱变技术可以选育出蛹虫草高产突变菌株。     

三重复合诱变选育林可霉素高产菌株

以提高林可霉素的生产水平为目的,将林可霉素产生菌LK15-012先用0.6%甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理3 h,然后常压室温等离子体(ARTP-200W)照射90 s、最后紫外线(UV)照射50 s。结果表明:致死率为98.5%,正突变率为71.8%。最终获得2株高产突变株LK16-032和LK16-049,摇瓶效价比出发菌株LK15-012提高了42.50%和35.25%。将两株突变株分别通过100 L小试、10 t中试和60 t大生产进行发酵验证,发酵效价明显高于生产菌株。采用EMS-ARTP-UV三重复合诱变明显提高了林可霉素的生产水平。     

紫外线照射时间对孤雌激活和体外受精胚胎发育的影响

用核荧光染料 Hoechst3 3 3 42对 5组牛成熟卵母细胞染色后 ,以紫外线 ( UV)分别照射0 ,10 ,2 0 ,3 0 s和 40 s。观察和分析对孤雌激活胚胎和体外受精胚胎卵裂及体外发育的影响。结果表明 ,经 UV照射 0 ,10 ,2 0 ,3 0 s和 40 s的卵母细胞孤雌激活后的卵裂率分别为 80 .8% ,77.9% ,72 % ,61.4%和 45 % ,囊胚发育率分别为 3 9.2 % ,3 6.4% ,19.4% ,14 .5 %和 11.1% ;UV照射 2 0 s以上的囊胚发育率都极显著低于UV未照射和照射 10 s的卵母细胞 ( P <0 .0 1) ,UV照射卵母细胞超过 2 0 s降低了孤雌激活胚胎的体外发育潜力 ;体外受精胚胎中 ,UV照射2 0 s以上与未照射和照射 10 s组相比 ,卵裂率和囊胚发育率显著差异 ( P >0 .0 5 ) ,U V照射卵母细胞超过 2 0 s时 ,显著降低了体外受精胚胎的发育潜力。由此可知 ,卵母细胞经染色后 ,UV照射时间应控制在 2 0 s以内 ,并以照射 10 s时 ,对孤雌激活胚和体外受精胚的体外发育影响最小     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.