枯草芽孢杆菌NCD-2菌株的高效电击转化

本研究对影响枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilisNCD-2菌株遗传转化的因素进行摸索并对其转化条件进行优化,建立了该菌株的高效电击转化体系。通过比较5个不同大小和携带不同来源复制子的质粒对其转化效率的影响,发现质粒大小与NCD-2菌株的电击转化效率之间没有相关性;而携带来源于Bacillus coagu-lans复制子的质粒pNW33N时,NCD-2菌株的电击转化效率最高,达到3.53×104cfu.μg-1DNA,说明复制子来源是影响转化效率的一个重要因素。采用pNW33N质粒在不同电阻、电场强度及培养时间下的电击转化效率的研究结果表明,该菌株转接到生长培养基后,37℃、150r.min-1培养3.5h,在电阻值200Ω、电场强度14.0kV.cm-1的条件下转化效率最高,达到6.07×104cfu.μg-1DNA。优化后的转化体系为顺利开展枯草芽孢杆菌NCD-2菌株的分子操作奠定了基础。     

禾谷丝核菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)原生质体制备与再生的研究

禾谷丝核菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)是引起我国小麦纹枯病的主要致病菌。为了建立高效稳定的禾谷丝核菌遗传转化体系,本试验比较研究了不同细胞壁降解酶、酶液浓度、酶处理温度和时间等因素对禾谷丝核菌原生质体制备的影响,利用正交设计试验优化了原生质体再生条件。结果表明,液体培养6d的菌丝,采用15mg/mL溶壁酶+10mg/mL蜗牛酶组成的混合酶液,30℃下酶解4h,可以获得较高的原生质体释放量,可达到3.0×106个/mL;禾谷丝核菌原生质体再生的最佳条件是以SuTC缓冲液作为渗透压稳定剂悬浮原生质体,采用单层混菌法接种于TB3再生培养基,原生质体再生率可达到58.6%。禾谷丝核菌原生质体制备和原生质体再生条件的优化,为深入研究禾谷丝核菌生长发育的分子遗传学基础和进一步探索小麦纹枯病的致病机理奠定了基础。     

利用双亲灭活原生质体融合技术选育高效苏云金芽胞杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌融合菌株

苏云金芽胞杆菌B7发酵液在药后96 h对小菜蛾2龄幼虫致死率高达85.06%;枯草芽胞杆菌TL2对黄瓜枯萎病和辣椒疫霉病有显著拮抗活性(对峙培养5 d对病原菌的平均抑制率在60%以上)。本文对菌株B7和TL2的原生质体形成、完全灭活及融合的最佳条件分别进行了筛选,研究结果表明菌株B7在溶菌酶1.0 mg/m L、酶解70 min的条件下,原生质体形成率和再生率最佳,分别为85.0%和29.41%;菌株TL2在溶菌酶1.25 mg/m L、酶解50 min的条件下,原生质体形成率和再生率最佳,分别为80.00%和25.00%。菌株TL2原生质体完全灭活的最佳条件为60℃水浴35 min,菌株B7原生质体完全灭活的最佳条件为紫外照射25 min。灭活后的两亲本融合最佳条件为30℃水浴融合20 min后涂布再生培养基,用影印法连续传代10次以上,最后筛选出17株稳定的融合子,经过杀虫防病检测最后筛选到一株兼具两亲本特性的高效融合子TLB15。TLB15发酵液在药后96 h对小菜蛾2龄幼虫校正死亡率为93.44%,TLB15发酵液对黄瓜枯萎病和辣椒疫霉病(对峙培养5 d)的平均抑制率分别为60.00%和62.79%。     

淡紫拟青霉菌IPC菌株原生质体形成和再生条件

研究了菌龄、渗透压稳定剂、酶的种类及浓度、酶解时间和再生培养基等因素对淡紫拟青霉菌IPC菌株原生质体形成和再生的影响,结果表明,IPC菌株原生质体形成的最适宜条件为:菌龄20 h,用5 mg/mL蜗牛酶,0.8 mol/L NaCl的渗透压稳定剂,酶解2～3 h;原生质体涂布于含0.6 mol/L NaCl、0.5%琼脂的再生培养基上,再生率最高。     

海藻渣复配微生物菌剂防治黄瓜苗期枯萎病的协同增效作用

海藻渣资源化高效利用对环境保护具有重要意义.通过比较海藻渣与棘孢木霉菌剂、解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌剂单一和复配使用对黄瓜苗期枯萎病的防效和寄主防御反应的影响,明确海藻渣和复合菌剂协同增效作用.结果表明,1％海藻渣+3.0×105 cfu/g棘孢木霉菌剂+2.0×108 cfu/g解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌剂(T1)拌土处理对枯萎病防效达...     

PEG介导的玉米弯孢叶斑病菌遗传转化

为了探索不同酶系组成对玉米弯孢叶斑病菌原生质体制备的影响,建立该病菌原生质体遗传转化系统,采用酶系混合物裂解菌丝体制备原生质体,采用PEG介导方法进行原生质遗传转化,通过PCR和Southern blotting技术对转化子进行验证。结果表明:1%溶壁酶+1%蜗牛酶+1%纤维素酶混合酶系为玉米弯孢叶斑病菌原生质体制备的最佳酶系,可以产生原生质体6.78×106 cfu/mL。用PEG介导方法转化共获得16个稳定的转化子,从中随机挑取5个转化子发现质粒pV2已被成功整合到基因组中。本研究获得了制备玉米弯孢叶斑病菌原生质体的最佳酶系,建立了PEG介导的原生质体遗传转化体系,为开展该菌致病相关基因克隆和基因功能研究提供了一种手段。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57微粉剂的研制及对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的防治效果

 采用单因素试验和响应面分析等方法优化解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57的发酵工艺。得到解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57发酵的最优条件为山梨醇10 g·L^-1、棉籽饼粉17 g·L^-1、NaH₂PO₄ 0.5 g·L^-1、Na₂HPO₄ 0.4 g·L^-1,初始pH 7.0、装液量80 mL/250mL三角瓶、接种量2.1%、培养温度30℃、转速180 r·min^-1、发酵时间32 h,此时含菌量达到3.8×10⁸ CFU·mL^-1,较优化前提高了80%。明确了解淀粉芽胞杆菌微粉剂的最佳配方为解淀粉芽胞杆菌母粉50%,白炭黑10%,分散剂木质素磺酸钠1%,表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠4%,保护剂羧甲基纤维素钠1%,硅藻土补足至100%。该制剂含菌量为3.26×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1,平均粒径8.31 μm,分散指数98.16%,浮游性指数85.37,含水率1.42%,坡度角68°,各项检测结果均符合标准。解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57微粉剂对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的田间防治效果高达97.12%。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌B1619生物摇瓶发酵工艺的正交优化

解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B1619对设施蔬菜土传病害有较好的防治效果。为了提高菌株B1619生物发酵效率,本文通过单因子水平筛选和正交试验,对菌株B1619发酵培养基和培养条件进行了优化。结果表明,发酵培养基3个主要因子的最佳配比组合为酵母膏0.25%,大豆粉2.00%,生长素0.05%,优化后生物发酵效率比初始培养基提高了21.79%;发酵培养条件3个主要因子的最佳组合为温度28℃、转速180 r/min、装液量60 mL/250 mL,优化后生物发酵效率比初始培养条件提高了35.42%。经验证,优化后的生物发酵工艺获得的发酵菌液含菌量为7.13×10⁹cfu/mL,与初始发酵工艺的发酵菌液含菌量(3.80×10⁹ cfu/mL)相比,提高了87.83%,优化效率十分显著。     

紫杉木霉菌株ZJUF0986原生质体的制备及诱变抗性菌株的选育

通过原生质体诱变,以目标代谢产物木霉菌素为抗性筛选标记选育木霉菌素高产菌株。紫杉木霉野生型菌株ZJUF0986在N15培养基中生长20h的菌丝体,用15mg/mL崩溃酶、30mg/mL蜗牛酶和30mg/mL溶壁酶组合成的混合酶为酶裂解液,以菌丝量∶ 酶裂解液=1∶ 2.5(w/v)的比例,在30℃、100r/min条件下酶解90min,原生质体释放量最佳,达到9.42×10⁸个/mL。所制备的原生质体进行氯化锂-紫外复合诱变,紫外照射剂量为60s时的突变率和正突变率最高,筛选到高产突变体菌株UL60-11,其发酵效价比野生型菌株提高67.3%。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌干悬浮剂对稻瘟病的防治效果及安全性评价

目前芽胞杆菌微生物杀菌剂的剂型主要以水剂和可湿性粉剂为主,芽胞杆菌干悬浮剂作为芽胞杆菌类杀菌剂的新剂型,其安全性及特性需要研究。本文分析了解淀粉芽胞杆菌T429、JT84、Lx-11、B-916干悬浮剂对稻瘟病菌的抑菌活性,平板对峙试验结果表明,抑菌带宽分别为12.00、10.33、7.67和7.50 mm;使用20 mL甲醇萃取2 g干悬浮剂,发现其对稻瘟病菌抑菌带宽分别为7.00、6.33、5.50和5.00 mm。显微观察后发现稻瘟病菌菌丝明显膨大,表明在解淀粉芽胞杆菌干悬浮剂中存在脂肽类物质;在水稻破口期喷施解淀粉芽胞杆菌T429、JT84、Lx-11、B-916干悬浮剂75 g/667 m~2,对水稻穗颈瘟的防治效果分别为85.2%、79.3%、79.6%、78.9%;使用4株解淀粉芽胞杆菌干悬浮剂对水稻种子进行浸种处理,当稀释500倍时,对水稻种子安全,且具有不同程度的促生作用;上述4株菌株干悬浮剂室内稳定性测定结果表明,存放90 d时活菌数减少不显著,存放180 d时T429与B-916变化不显著,Lx-11与JT84下降30%左右,存放360 d时4株解淀粉芽胞杆菌干悬浮剂活菌数不低于1×10~9 cfu/mL。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.