几种杀菌剂对冬种马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

试验结果表明:每亩用72%霜脲氰·锰锌SG100g+68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC75ml、72%霜脲氰·锰锌SG100g、68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC75ml和58%甲霜灵锰锌WP100g对冬种马铃薯晚疫病均有较好的防治效果,其中以每亩用72%霜脲氰·锰锌SG100g+68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐...     

河北省和山东省黄瓜霜霉病菌对氟吡菌胺的抗性及常规药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效

为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis对氟吡菌胺的抗性时空动态,2011—2016年从河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区采集1 821株霜霉病菌,采用叶盘漂浮法检测供试菌株对氟吡菌胺的敏感性,并以茎叶喷雾法评估5种常规药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效。结果表明,河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区的黄瓜霜霉病菌对氟吡菌胺已普遍产生了低度抗性,平均抗性倍数为5.86;所有供试菌株的抗性频率为51.89%,其中低抗菌株及中抗菌株分别占36.18%和15.71%;平均抗性指数为0.34,每年检测的抗性频率、抗性倍数及抗性指数呈增长趋势,且随着监测区域的变化而变化。在河北省定兴县和山东省寿光市进行的田间防效试验结果显示,按推荐剂量喷施,687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC对黄瓜霜霉病防效显著高于常规对照药剂68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌WG、58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌WP、80%代森锰锌WP及250 g/L嘧菌酯SC的防效,但防效明显下降,由2011年的92.58%～93.31%降至2016年的80.07%～80.82%。表明需要制定和实施抗药性治理对策,如限制山东和河北2省黄瓜的每个生长季节中687.5 g/L氟菌·霜霉威SC的使用不超过2次,而且要与不同作用机理的卵菌杀菌剂交替使用防治黄瓜霜霉病。     

4种药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病效果

在田间出现晚疫病中心病株时,每667 m2用80%代森锌可湿性粉剂100 g、枯草芽孢杆菌15 g、68.75%氟菌·霜霉威悬浮剂75 g、50%氟啶胺悬浮剂30 g防治马铃薯晚疫病,试验结果表明,68.75%氟菌·霜霉威悬浮剂和50%氟啶胺悬浮剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果基本相同,且防治效果优于枯草芽孢杆菌和80%代森锌可湿性粉剂。     

北方三省(自治区)马铃薯晚疫病菌对QoI类杀菌剂敏感性动态监测

为明确北方一季作区马铃薯晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯敏感性变化动态及对这两种QoI类药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防效再评价,建立了马铃薯晚疫病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线;采用菌丝生长速率法系统检测了2011—2019年自河北、内蒙古和吉林三省(自治区)采集的866个菌株对嘧菌酯及2014—2019年采集的620个菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性;于2018年和2019年采用茎叶喷雾法,评估了嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯等7种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防效。结果表明：马铃薯晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性下降,年份之间的波动幅度大于省份之间的波动幅度;不同年份检测的晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯抗性频率分别为18.18%～64.22%和60.28%～100%,抗性指数分别为0.30～0.41和0.40～0.50;三省(自治区)马铃薯晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯抗性频率分别为41.85%～46.08%和75.00%～86.36%,抗性指数分别为0.35～0.37和0.44～0.47。两年田间药效试验结果显示250 g·L^-1嘧菌酯悬浮剂和250 g·L^-1吡唑醚菌酯乳油...     

不同药剂组合对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

以马铃薯晚疫病感病品种费乌瑞它为材料,每667m2用68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威悬浮剂75mL+70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂150g组合、60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联水分散粒剂40g+18.7%吡唑醚菌酯·烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂75g组合、70%代森联水分散粒剂100g+18.7%吡唑醚菌酯·烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂75g组合对马铃薯晚疫病进行田间试验。试验结果表明,每667m2用68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威悬浮剂75mL+70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂150g组合对马铃薯晚疫病的防控效果较好。     

山东省和河北省黄瓜霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉及双炔酰菌胺的抗性监测

 为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉及双炔酰菌胺的抗性时空动态及这两种药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效,采用叶盘漂浮法检测了2011~2016年采自河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区的霜霉病菌1 821个菌株对烯酰吗啉及双炔酰菌胺的敏感性,并采用茎叶喷雾法对这两种药剂的田间防效进行评估。结果表明:黄瓜霜霉病菌1 821个菌株对烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺抗性频率分别为88.5%和34.3%,供试菌株中对烯酰吗啉的低抗菌株及对双炔酰菌胺的敏感菌株占优势,平均抗性倍数分别为8.92和2.44,抗性指数分别为0.42和0.27。黄瓜霜霉病菌对这两种药剂的抗性频率、抗性倍数及抗性指数随着监测年限及地域的不同而波动。在河北定兴和山东寿光日光温室进行的田间药效试验中,按照药剂田间推荐剂量喷施4次,50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂和250 g·L^-1双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病表现出良好的防效(85%以上),与两地黄瓜霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉产生低抗、对双炔酰菌胺敏感的监测结果一致。由此推断,50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂和250 g·L^-1双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂可在对甲霜灵(或精甲霜灵)、噁霜灵及嘧菌酯普遍产生抗性的地区,作为58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌WP、68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌WG、64%噁霜灵·代森锰锌WP 和250 g·L^-1嘧菌酯SC的替代药剂单独使用或与不同作用机理的杀菌剂混用,防治黄瓜霜霉病。     

氟吡菌胺·霜霉等药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病试验

田间试验结果表明,70%丙森锌WP300倍+68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉SC600倍液叶面喷雾防治2次,或单用68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉SC600倍液喷湿种薯自然晾干种植后,田间喷雾防1～2次,均有较好的防病、保产效果,投入产出比超过1∶5。     

农药新批准登记

德国德国拜耳作物科学公司(北京市朝阳区呼家楼京广中心34层100020 010-65893000) PD20090012氟菌·霜霉威/687.5克/升/悬浮剂/霜霉威盐酸盐625克/升、氟吡菌胺62.5克/升/2009.01.04至2014.01.04/低毒番茄晚疫病618.8-773.4克/公顷喷雾黄瓜霜霉病618.8-773.4克/公顷喷雾LS20090565肟菌酯/96%/原药/肟菌酯96%/2009.03.19至2010.03.19/低毒     

几种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病田间防效及经济效益评价

本文评价分析了几种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防治效果和经济效益,结果表明,氟菌·霜霉威68.75%悬浮剂+丙森锌70%可湿性粉剂+赤·吲乙·芸薹0.136%可湿性粉剂组合处理的防效和经济收益最高,其次依次为氟啶胺50%悬浮剂+氰霜唑10%悬浮剂、霜脲·嘧菌酯60%水分散粒剂、枯草芽孢杆菌1 000亿芽孢/克可湿性粉剂。     

不同药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

试验研究了68.75%氟菌.霜霉威悬浮剂、69%烯酰.锰锌可湿性粉剂、52.5%噁酮.霜脲氰水分散粒剂等8种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治作用,通过差异显著性分析及灰色关联度分析得知:52.5%噁酮.霜脲氰水分散粒剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果最佳,其他依次为69%烯酰.锰锌可湿性粉剂、72%霜脲.锰锌可湿性粉剂、68.75%氟菌.霜霉威悬浮剂、70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂、250g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂、25%甲霜灵.霜脲氰可湿性粉剂、25%丁吡吗啉悬浮剂。     

柠檬苗期一种新病害的病原鉴定及防治药剂的室内筛选

近年,在云南省瑞丽市柠檬上发生一种严重的苗期新病害,该病害主要危害柠檬苗的嫩叶、嫩梢和茎,症状表现为褐色叶斑,枝梢枯,严重时植株叶片全部脱落,甚至整株干枯而死。本研究从柠檬苗的病叶和茎上分离得到23株菌株。对病原菌的培养性状、形态特征的观察表明,这些菌株都属于疫霉属棕榈疫霉。致病性测定证明,该菌为柠檬苗疫病的病原菌。采用生长速率抑制法测定了7种杀菌剂对该病菌的菌丝生长抑制作用,并测定其中4种杀菌剂对该病菌的毒力。结果表明:68%精甲霜.锰锌水分散粒剂、50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂和68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威悬浮剂3种杀菌剂对病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果较好,抑菌率在90%左右。毒力测定结果表明,68%精甲霜.锰锌水分散粒剂、68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威悬浮剂、50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂和64%噁霜.锰锌可湿性粉剂的有效中浓度(EC50)分别为121.372、133.392、133.833mg/L和814.071mg/L,其中68%精甲霜.锰锌水分散粒剂有效中浓度最低,相对抑制效果最好。4种药剂的相关系数均在0.92以上,表明药剂浓度与抑制作用呈现较高的相关性。     

河北省黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性动态及七种药剂的田间防效

为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性动态及相应药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效,采用叶盘漂浮法监测了2011—2015年河北省黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性,采用茎叶喷雾法测定了含甲霜灵或精甲霜灵的混剂及嘧菌酯单剂等7种药剂的田间防效。结果表明:采自河北省不同地区的838株黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯普遍产生抗性,抗性频率为100.00%,抗性倍数为482.99和354.97,黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性随着监测地区和监测年限而波动,唐山、沧州、石家庄、衡水、廊坊和保定市的菌株对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性指数高于其它地区,黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性指数在不同年度间高位波动。按照田间推荐剂量喷施,250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的防效为72.15%~74.13%;68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌水分散粒剂和58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌可湿性粉剂的防效分别为65.30%~70.19%和63.26%~68.35%,与80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防效相当;50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、250 g/L双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂和687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐悬浮剂的防效达82.00%以上,对黄瓜霜霉病具有较好的防效,在黄瓜霜霉病菌对嘧菌酯、甲霜灵和精甲霜灵产生抗性的地区,可作为替代或混配药剂使用。     

生物源杀菌剂与化学杀菌剂协调防控黄瓜病害

本文研究枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis BAB-1水剂、解淀粉芽孢杆菌B.amylololiquefaciens SAB-1水剂、大花旋覆花内酯乳油与化学杀菌剂交替或混合使用对温室黄瓜病害发展的影响.寿光试验包括以下处理:交替或混合喷施50%啶酰菌胺WG、68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC的桶混液、60%唑醚·代森联WG、40%嘧霉胺SC、50%烯酰吗啉WP、10%苯醚甲环唑WG、69%烯酰·锰锌WP、68.75%噁唑·锰锌WG、52.5%噁唑·霜脲氰WG等不同作用机理和防治谱的化学杀菌剂;混施生防菌剂BAB-1水剂、SAB-1水剂及68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC、50%烯酰吗啉WP、25%双炔酰菌胺SC、25%吡唑醚菌酯EC等对霜霉病特效化学杀菌剂;将不同化学杀菌剂桶混液与BAB-1水剂、SAB-1水剂和化学杀菌剂桶混液交替喷施.其对黄瓜霜霉病的防效分别为94.5%、92.3%和93.6%,对黄瓜白粉病分别为90.7%、89.9%和90.4%,对灰霉病的防效分别为69.3%、85.6%和85.7%,每种病害的病害发展曲线下面积(AUDPC)相当.在定州试验中,化学杀菌剂与SAB-1混施对白粉病的防效(84%)明显高于其与BAB-1混施的防效(72.8%),对灰霉病的防效(61.3%)明显低于后者的防效(95.1%),与SAB-1、BAB-1混施后对白粉病、灰霉病及霜霉病防效分别为90.2%、89.3%和92.6%.在保定郊区试验中,将大花旋覆花内酯乳油与化学杀菌剂及BAB-1水剂、SAB-1水剂交替喷施显著降低霜霉病、白粉病及灰霉病的严重度及AUDPC,对其防效分别为83.5%、87.4%和88.5%,AUDPC分别为219、352和249,延缓了3种黄瓜病害的发展.     

Toxicity of propamocarb to the late blight fungus on potato

Propamocarb (Previcur-N; propyl-[3-dimethylamino-propyl] carbamate-monohydrochloride) was testedin vivo against 32 field isolates ofPhytophthora infestans from six countries. Fungicide dosages required to achieve 90% control of the blight ranged between 676 and 1530 ppm a.i. in potted potato (cv. ‘Alpha’) plants and between 1135 and 2648 ppm in potato tuber slices. Isolates from Israel were less sensitive to the fungicide than isolates from Europe or North America. Toxicity of propamocarb was not related to resistance or sensitivity to phenylamide fungicides (e.g. metalaxyl). Nevertheless, most metalaxyl-resistant isolates from Israel were less sensitive to propamocarb than most metalaxyl-sensitive isolates from this country. Monocyclic epidemics conducted with the 20 Israeli isolates in the field showed that 1081–2012 ppm of the fungicide was required to achieve 90% control of the disease. Laboratory experiments revealed that the fungicide was poorly active against sporangial germination and had a limited curative efficacy. It exhibited a translaminar translocation in leaves but a poor acropetal or basipetal systemicity from foliage. Propamocarb + mancozeb mixtures (1:1, v/w) were synergistically effective in controlling the blight. Growers in Israel use tank mixtures of propamocarb (Dynone) and mancozeb to combat late blight in potato fields where phenylamide-resistant isolates ofP. infestans are prevalent.     

Selection for Fungicide Resistance Within a Growing Season in Field Populations of Phytophthora infestans at the Center of Origin

ABSTRACT The central highlands of Mexico should provide an optimal testing ground for evaluating the potential threat of selection for resistance to fungicides in the population of Phytophthora infestans. We evaluated the hypotheses that exposure to the fungicides azoxystrobin, cymoxanil, dimethomorph, fluazinam, mancozeb, metalaxyl, and propamocarb hydrochloride would lead to (i) a shift in the sensitivity distributions (i.e., selection) and (ii) a lower genotypic diversity of the population. We compared populations from unsprayed plots with populations that had been exposed to several applications of each of the fungicides within a single field season. This study provides novel baseline data and shows that the Toluca valley P. infestans population has a wide range of sensitivities to the fungicides fluazinam, cymoxanil, dimethomorph, metalaxyl, and propamocarb. Directional selection toward resistance combined with a reduction in genetic diversity of the P. infestans population was observed only for the fungicide metalaxyl. The results obtained provide direct experimental support for continuing vigilance regarding further introductions of exotic strains of P. infestans into the United States.     

Control of potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) with systemic fungicides

A mixture (‘Fubol’) of metalaxyl with mancozeb, performed better than mixtures of propamocarb (as the hydrochloride) or the experimental fungicide cymoxanil with mancozeb, when applied as sprays to control potato blight in a small-scale field trial conducted in 1978. Another experimental fungicide, 2-chloro-N-(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)acet-2″,6′-xylidide (RE 20615), applied at a greater rate but without mancozeb, was as effective as ‘Fubol’. The mixture of mancozeb and propamocarb or cymoxanil performed no better than mancozeb alone. In 1979, when blight incidence was greater, use of RE 20615/dithiocarbamate mixtures allowed the extension of spray intervals to 21 days, compared with a 14-day schedule for the dithiocarbamate alone. RE 20615, applied in 1979 to the soil within the furrows at planting time as a controlled-release granular formulation, gave adequate control of late blight up to early September, after which disease development accelerated. Yield was not significantly different from that obtained with a standard dithiocarbamate treatment.     

石楠叶斑病病原鉴定及对药物敏感性测定

石楠(Photinia serrulata Lindl.)是华中地区一种重要的绿化树种。近年来在武汉地区石楠上发现一种新的叶斑病。本文通过组织分离法、致病性测定等从病株分离得到致病病原菌,并通过形态学鉴定、分子生物学鉴定等,最终确定该致病菌为小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)。在室内测定了P.microspora对7种常见杀菌剂的敏感性,结果表明,7种杀菌剂对P.microspora的菌丝生长均有抑制作用,但不同杀菌剂之间EC50值相差较大。450 g·L~(-1)咪鲜胺水剂、70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂EC50值分别为0.099、0.142和0.631μg·mL~(-1)。25%三唑酮可湿性粉剂EC50值在7种杀菌剂中最大,为37.625μg·mL~(-1)。这是国内外关于P.microspora引起石楠叶斑病的首次报道。     

Commercial Fungicide Formulations Induce In Vitro Oospore Formation and Phenotypic Change in Mating Type in Phytophthora infestans

ABSTRACT A wide range of commercially formulated fungicides cause in vitro effects on mating behavior in specific isolates of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight of potato and tomato. Four isolates of P. infestans representing each of the four common US genotypes, US-1, US-6, US-7, and US-8 and varying in their sensitivity to metalaxyl, were exposed to a variety of fungicides used to control late blight in petri dish assays at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mug a.i./ml. Exposure of each of these normally heterothallic single mating type isolates of P. infestans to 9 of the 11 commercial fungicide formulations tested resulted in the formation of oospores after 2 to 4 weeks. The highest numbers of oospores were formed on media amended with Ridomil 2E (metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold EC (mefenoxam) at 0.1 to 10 mug a.i./ml, averaging as many as 471 and 450 oospores per petri dish, respectively. Several other fungicides including Maneb, Manzate (Mancozeb), Curzate (cymoxanil + mancozeb), and Acrobat MZ (dimethomorph + mancozeb) also induced oospore formation, producing from 0 to 200 oospores per plate at fungicide concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mug a.i./ml. The metalaxyl resistant isolates formed oospores in response to the fungicides more often than the metalaxyl sensitive isolates. No oospores were formed on media amended with Bravo (chlorothalonil) or Tattoo C (chlorothalonil + propamocarb HCl) and these compounds completely suppressed growth of the isolates at 0.1 and 1 mug a.i./ml. Three metalaxyl resistant A2 isolates mated with both A1 and A2 isolates after exposure to the fungicides Ridomil 2E and Ridomil Gold EC. Alterations in mating type expression were also observed in a metalaxyl sensitive A1 isolate after exposure to Benlate (benomyl). Copious amounts of chemicals are applied annually to potato and tomato production areas to control late blight. Our results indicate that a wide range of chemically diverse fungicides can induce normally heterothallic metalaxyl resistant isolates of P. infestans to form oospores in vitro after short exposures to the fungicides.