森林健康与森林病虫害科学防控的浅析

森林健康是现代林业的经营理念,本文分析了森林健康与森林病虫害的各种关系,阐述了森林病虫害可持续控制的策略和措施,以促进森林健康的质量,实现森林病虫害的科学防控。     

实现森林病虫害可持续治理推进林业跨越式发展

就上饶市的森林病虫害状况提出森林病虫害可持续治理的基本方略，近期目标，通过森林病虫可持续治理，避免森林遭受病虫害侵袭，推进林业跨越式发展。     

以生物防治为主的综合控制我国重大林木病虫害研究进展

林业在国家生态文明建设中具有重要的地位,但森林病虫害严重威胁森林健康生长,影响林业的发展。如何保护好我国森林资源、充分发挥森林的生态效益和功能？作者提出的“以生物防治为主的综合治理”方针和策略是我国森林病虫害防治的科学之路,可以在保护环境、不污染环境和保护生物多样性的前提下,有效控制森林病虫害,促进林木健康生长。国家林业局采纳和实施了这项方针和策略,这对我国林业和生态环境建设具有重要意义。几十年来,中国林业科学院森林生态环境与保护研究所生物防治学科组针对严重危害我国森林的外来入侵病虫害和我国本土病虫害,研究以生物防治为主、辅以其他无公害控制技术,成功解决了这些病虫害的防治问题,包括下述10种重大森林病虫害：美国白蛾,红脂大小蠹,栗山天牛,松褐天牛（松材线虫）,云斑天牛,锈色粒肩天牛,光肩星天牛,白蜡窄吉丁,苹小吉丁和杨十斑吉丁。     

永泰县蔬菜病虫害绿色防控技术

根据永泰县蔬菜病虫害的发生特点,从蔬菜病虫害可持续控制的角度,提出农业防治、物理防治、生物防治及科学合理用药等绿色防控技术措施。     

成像光谱遥感在森林病虫害监测中的应用研究

森林病虫害是"林业三害"之一,对森林健康造成了极大的威胁。成像光谱遥感是森林病虫害监测的有效技术,为森林病虫害的防治提供了依据。介绍了成像光谱遥感监测森林病虫害的主要原理,根据不同空间尺度下的成像光谱仪搭载平台,阐述了成像光谱遥感监测森林病虫害的研究现状,从提取植被生化参数、提取光谱特征参数、建模反演三个方面论述了成像光谱应用于森林病虫害监测中的主要方法,并展望了成像光谱遥感在森林病虫害监测中的发展趋势。     

北京地区园林植物病虫害可持续控制方法的探讨

以生态平衡理论为基础,结合目前北京地区园林植物病虫害防治现状,从建立机构、立法、植物检疫、生物防治、化学农药的合理使用等方面提出了解决园林植物病虫害综合防治及可持续控制的管理对策和技术措施。     

农药结构调整与生物农药发展面临的机遇、挑战和对策

本文论述了可持续农业要求实现农作物病虫害的可持续控制,必需解决好大量使用和不合理使用化学农药引起的一系列生态、环境和社会问题。阐明农药品种结构调整势在必行,缩减化学药剂生产,大力发展生物源药剂是可持续农业发展的必然要求,生物农药发展前景广阔,机遇与挑战并存,针对存在问题提出对策。     

农作物病虫害演替趋势分析与可持续治理方法初探

当前，化学农药的大量使用，虽然在控制病虫害的发展方面发挥了巨大作用，但其负面影响，为农作物病虫害的可持续治理，增加了难度。本文将根据农作物病虫害的演替趋势，分析演替原因，探讨可持续治理的方法。一、目前农作物病虫害演替的趋势１．一些主要病虫害继续加重危害：如水稻纹枯病，随着抛秧面积的不断扩大，１９９８年度在长江流域地区大面积爆发流行，损失惨重。稻瘟病、水稻螟虫、稻飞虱、小麦白粉病、锈病等病虫害近年来也呈加重危害的趋势。马铃薯晚疫病１９９７～１９９９年间在西南地区的部分区市县爆发流行，造成数百万亩马…     

森林病虫害防治存在的问题及解决措施探讨

近年来森林病虫害发生越来越频繁,其不仅传播范围广,速度快,还有着极强的致病力,为森林资源带来了巨大破坏。我国自对外开放以后,与很多国家都加强了交流,也导致很多危险性病虫传入我国,严重威胁着森林的健康与发展,如何提升病虫害防治水平是我们需要重点思考的课题。只有结合森林病虫害实际发生情况,有针对性地采取解决措施,才能避免各种病虫害对森林造成的破坏,才能为林业经济的发展创造更加有利的条件。文章将简述森林病虫害发生特点,并就森林病虫害防治中的问题提出有效的解决措施。     

浅析林业有害生物管理与森林健康

森林健康思想符合林业可持续发展战略,是今后森林经营管理、林业有害生物管理工作的方向。为此,要加强学习和宣传森林健康理论,使之逐步成为广大林业工作者的一种共识。作者在此运用森林健康理论对指导今后江西林业有害生物可持续控制进行探讨。     

Pest control in coffee

Coffee pests have been estimated to cause losses of about 13% of the world yield but are most serious in Africa, particularly where Arabica coffee is grown. Coffee pests are normally indigenous and except for the berry borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) there has been little movement between the main production areas. There is a great variety of pests but because the crop is perennial, evergreen and only grown in areas without climatic extremes, pest populations only rarely become intolerable, being held in check for most of the time by parasites, predators and diseases. Routine spraying of insecticides in coffee plantations is undesirable for these kill parasites and predators and often result in pest outbreaks. An effective but simple integrated control system has been evolved over many decades in East Africa, using a combination of cultural, biological and chemical control. Pest numbers are monitored continuously by growers and insecticides are used as selectively as possible. The system is ideally suited to areas where labour is cheap but technology is expensive.     

Integrated Pest Management of Pest Mole Crickets with Emphasis on the Southeastern USA

There are at least 70 species of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Some are rare, others are innocuous, and a few are important pests. These soil-dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants. Although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators, chemical pesticides are widely used against them. Knowledge of their life history is used to time application of chemical treatments to save money, but is not used as widely as it might be. Classical biological control has been used against immigrant mole crickets in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the southern USA. In Florida, three Scapteriscus species from South America cause major damage to pastures and turf and are targets of a classical biological control program. Population levels of two of the pest species have been reduced substantially in Florida by establishment of a tachinid fly (Ormia depleta) and a steinernematid nematode (Steinernema scapterisci) from South America. The nematode also functions as a biopesticide. Managers of pastures and turf in Florida have thus far derived benefit from these classical biological control agents without understanding their function: use of chemicals is reduced when mole cricket populations are lower due to action of these organisms. Future enhancement of the action of O. depleta and of a sphecid wasp (Larra bicolor, which also was introduced from South America) probably will demand deliberate planting of nectar sources for adults of these biological control agents, and the advantage will be to managers who adopt such a strategy. Chemical pesticide use is strongly promoted by a large chemical industry, whereas biopesticidal use has thus far been little promoted and sales have been few. Even managers who do not change their simple strategy of pesticide use in response to damage by mole crickets, and have no knowledge of the differing life cycles of the three Scapteriscus species or of the presence and action of the classical biological control agents, will derive benefit as these biological control agents (and a predatory beetle which has not yet been released) increase their distribution.     

害虫种群区域性生态调控的系统策略

害虫种群的区域性分布特征和生态调控已经成为近十年来综合治理研究的热点问题。经过几十年的发展,害虫生态调控的防控技术表现了可持续和绿色等特征,但从田块到区域尺度的生态调控系统策略还不完善,很多仍需依赖传统的化学防治为辅助。面对农业害虫区域性灾变的重大农业生态学问题,本文总结了害虫种群的区域性分布特征,包括区域性、异质性、扩散性、突发性、协同性五大特征;重点阐述了害虫种群区域性生态调控的系统策略,形成了预防性管理、靶向式调控、成灾后治理三位一体的害虫“防控治”生态调控体系,协调多种生态调控技术在区域水平内“防控治”才能有效遏制害虫种群的持续暴发;对害虫种群的区域性管理进行了展望,未来害虫种群的区域性生态调控不仅要考虑经济指标,还需要具备安全、高效、精准、可持续四大核心特点。因此,害虫种群的区域化生态调控是未来保障农业生产和生态安全的必然选择。     

Pest Management in Traditional Tropical Agroecosystems: Lessons for Pest Prevention Research and Extension

Based on current agroecological theory and IPM practices, this review explores the role of traditional practices, involving site selection, soil management, timing of planting and harvesting, crop resistance, intercropping, weed management, harvest residue management, post-harvest management, natural enemies management, mechanical control, repellents and traps in the natural regulation of potential pests. In synthesis, the literature suggests that although pest management professionals focus their efforts on pest control, the preventative approach taken by traditional farmers is more effective. Potential constraints to the implementation of this preventive pest management approach include:(1) lack of integration of ecological theory and pest management, (2) lack of cooperation among social and biological scientists, and (3) lack of real efforts to work with farmers as equals and support mechanisms that protect their knowledge. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Standardization of Pest Assessment1

The first need in forecasting, in decision making in pest management on an economic base, for research and in breeding for resistance, is a good method of pest or disease assessment. This should be standardized, quantitative, repeatable, quick and simple, and give details of the signs of attack and effect on the crop. Examples of this approach from drafted or published FAO Crop Loss Assessment Methods are given, one for assessment of nymphs and bugs of the Sunn pest complex on cereals, one on Dacus fly on olives, and one on Aonidiella scale on citrus leaves. The need for continued international cooperation in developing, publishing and testing assessment methods is stressed. Une méthode fiable d'avaluation de L'incidence des ravageurs et des maladies constitue l'élément fondamental sur lequel doivent pouvoir s'appuyer les prévisions, la sélection de cultivars résistants et toute autre décision prise dans le cadre dun système de lutte integrée. Les techniques normalisées, simples et rapides, mises en ceuvre pour apprécier la signification des déprédateurs, devraient également faire état de la symptomatologie et de L'effet que ceux-ci exercent sur la culture. L'auteur cite des exemples de méthodes d'valuation des pertes de récoltes publicées par I'OAA ou en voie d'étude en se référant plus particulièrement au dénombrement des nymphes et des adultes de differentes espèces d'Eurygaster et Aelia sur céréales, et a ceiui de Dacus oleue sur olivier et d'anonidiella aurantii sur feuilles d'agrumes. Le developpement, la publication et l'évaluation des méthodes exigent une cooperation internationale suivie.     

Pest Control in Malaysia's Perennial Crops: A Half Century Perspective Tracking the Pathway to Integrated Pest Management

Leaf eating insect outbreaks of unprecedented severity occurred on oil palms and cocoa in what became Malaysia, from the late 1950s to early 1960s. Growers faced two crucial questions, what to do about the attacks, and what caused them. The tropical climate generally continues suitable for phytophagous insects to realise their large increase capacity, a factor emphasised in the stable agroecosystem of perennial tree crops. Parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects are equally favoured and maintain control. It became increasingly evident that the prime cause of outbreak was disruption of this balance by the introduction of broad spectrum, long residual contact insecticides (bslrcs), with various contributory factors. Patchy pesticide residues would continue to eliminate inherently exploratory parasitic and predatory insects, something worsened by uneven initial application. In these conditions, there is a complete overlap of generations of both pests and enemies, with no evolution of synchronised or otherwise coordinated life cycles (‘continuous generation mode’– CGM). In outbreaks the pests tend to be at a similar lifecycle stage (‘discrete generation mode’– DGM), so that at times a high proportion of an enemy population that may be building up cannot find a suitable host stage. Simply stopping application was often enough to end the vicious circle of treatment and reoutbreak, but also, commonly, there was heavy damage in the meantime. Selective application was developed, involving inherent pesticide characteristics or method of use opposite in at least one aspect to bslrc (i.e. narrow spectrum, short residue life, or non-contact). Large areas were treated, e.g., from the air. Infestations mostly disappeared with only one or a few applications. In that era of the 1960s, chemical application compatible with biological control was known as ‘integrated control’. The bslrcs had been introduced to control other regularly occurring pests (‘key’ pests), limited localised build up of the target pests e.g., from climatic fluctuations (‘occasional’ pest), or as a ‘precaution’. Some species only appeared after disruption started (‘potential’ pest). Development of selective chemical control continued to be for key and occasional pests, aiming at effective kill once decided upon. Census monitoring ensured application only when justified economically, with timing to the most vulnerable stage in the pest lifecycle. Among non-chemical approaches, cultural methods include provision of suitable flora in the ground vegetation for food sources for adult parasitic insects. Reasonably dense ground vegetation cover is grown to suppress rhinoceros beetle damage in oil palm replantings. Other possibilities include dissemination of insect diseases, traps and attractants, and resistant plant types. This fitted ‘pest management’ which by the mid-1970s came to encompass selective chemical use, as ‘integrated pest management (IPM)’. There were similar developments in other parts of the world, and in other perennial tree crops, extended also to short term crops (e.g., rice and vegetables). IPM is not an esoteric methodology awaiting ‘complete knowledge’. It can be applied on the basis of principle and existing knowledge for the most reliable economic control, targetted to encompass any aspect, such as toxicology and environmental effects. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国地下害虫防治现状

针对我国地下害虫发生为害及其造成的经济损失不断加重的现状,本文综述了当前我国地下害虫的主要种类、分布、生活习性、为害特点,并从物理防治、化学防治、生物防治、农业防治等四个方面阐述了目前我国地下害虫的防治现状,以期为农业生产中地下害虫的防治提供一些参考。     

Integrated Pest management in Forage Alfalfa

Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., is among the most prized of forages, and is grown worldwide as a feed for all classes of livestock. It is one of man's oldest crops, and its cultivation probably predates recorded history. In addition to its versatility as a feed, alfalfa is well known for its ability to improve soil structure and, as a legume, is an effective source of biological nitrogen. As a perennial crop, alfalfa has a lifespan approaching 5 years, but in some areas of the world fields may remain productive for considerably longer. Such a long stand life affords ample time for the establishment and development of a diverse community structure by an abundance of organisms. In spite of system perturbations caused by frequent harvests and occasional pesticide applications, an alfalfa field provides a temporal stability which is uncommon among field crops. As a result of this stability, alfalfa supports an immense diversity of flora and fauna which, at times, exceeds that of riparian ecosystems. While most of alfalfa's inhabitants have little or no impact on it as a crop, a few are capable of causing extensive damage. Arthropods, plant pathogens, weeds, vertebrates, and plant parasitic nematodes can all cause significant yield and/or quality reductions and frequently contribute to shortening the productive life of the stand. This paper reviews the major strategies which have been developed to manage many of these alfalfa pests including: host plant resistance; cultural controls, such as harvest strategies, irrigation management, sanitation, planting schedules, and crop rotation; mechanical and physical controls; chemical control; and biological controls. Multiple pest interactions, e.g. insect-insect; insect-disease; insect-weed, and their management are discussed. Potential conflicts arising from the use of strategies which may reduce one pest but exacerbate others are also examined. A cross index of management strategies and their role in managing multiple pests is provided. Computer models, both ecological and economic, and their role in alfalfa pest management are discussed. Selected information sources on alfalfa and alfalfa IPM available over the Internet are listed. Alfalfa's role in the agricultural landscape, as it relates to pests, natural enemies, and pest management in other cropping systems as well as its role in crop rotation, is considered.     

The Present Outlook for Pest Control

Abstract

Results of an experiment comparing six times of herbicidal application showed that an application of the amine salt of 2,4-D at the rate of 1.0 kg/ha at 50% flowering of the weeds had the most detrimental effect on viable seed production of both winter and rainy season weeds as judged from their germination tests. Delay in the application time of 2,4-D by one week increased seed viability by 150 and 55% in rainy and winter season respectively. Delay of each week in application tended to significantly increase viable seed production. Germination percentage of Triantherna portulacastrum, Digera arvensis, Amaranthus viridis, Amaranthus spinosus, Physalis minima, Phyllanthus niruri, Echinochloa colonum, Acalypha celiata, Flavaria contra-yerba and Cyperus rotundus growing in kharif season when treated at flowering stage was 0,0,0,0,2,0,16,0,14, and 0% respectively as against 44, 66, 76, 58, 82, 66, 90, 26, 92 and 61% respectively for untreated seeds.

In the case of winter weeds, germination percentage of Cornopus didymus, Anagallis arvensis, Melilotus indica, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, Convolvulus arvensis, Spergula arvensis, Argemone mexicana, Asphodelus tenuifolius and Sonchus arvensis when treated at flowering stage was 0, 2.7, 0, 5.3, 2.7, 0, 0, 0, 0 and 0% respectively as against 8.0, 30.7, 40.0, 32.0, 33.3, 38.7, 16.3, 18.7, 25.3 and 12.7% respectively for untreated seeds.     

农作物病虫害专业化统防统治整建制推进实践与思考

总体介绍了宣城市专业化统防统治组织发展现状,全面总结了佳乐园农业植保专业合作社好经验、好做法,分析了全市目前专业化统防统治工作发展存在的问题,并提出了今后发展思路。