甘薯病毒G CH株系和CH2株系中国分离物基因组全序列克隆及结构特征分析

为明确甘薯病毒G(sweet potato virus G,SPVG)CH株系中国分离物SPVG-CH-Ch1和CH2株系中国分离物SPVG-CH2-Ch1的基因组结构特征及遗传变异情况,利用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆获得分离物SPVG-CH-Ch1和SPVG-CH2-Ch1的基因组全序列,应用DNAMAN软件对基因组全序列及不同编码区序列进行分子变异分析,并基于多聚蛋白基因序列利用MEGA 7软件进行系统进化分析。结果表明,分离物SPVG-CH-Ch1和SPVG-CH2-Ch1的基因组分别包含10 813个和10 834个核苷酸,均包含1个开放阅读框,由10 467个核苷酸组成,编码含有3 488个氨基酸残基的多聚蛋白。分离物SPVG-CH-Ch1与SPVG-CH2-Ch1之间的基因组全序列核苷酸一致性为78.6%,二者与GenBank中登录的其它SPVG分离物基因组全序列核苷酸一致性分别为78.6%～99.1%和77.9%～98.6%,其中SPVG-CH-Ch1与IS103分离物(KM014815)的核苷酸一致性最高,为99.1%,与WT325分离物(KF790759)的核苷酸一致性最低,为78.6%;SPVG-CH2-Ch1与WT325分离物的核苷酸一致性最高,为98.6%,与66Al分离(KX279878)的核苷酸一致性最低,为77.9%。系统进化树显示,SPVG-CH-Ch1与CH株系的7个分离物形成1个分支,SPVG-CH2-Ch1与CH2株系的WT325分离物形成1个分支。表明SPVG的CH株系和CH2株系之间的变异较大,株系内较保守。     

辣椒轻斑驳病毒湖南分离物的全基因序列测定及结构分析

采自湖南地区的辣椒轻斑驳病毒Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)样品经单斑分离后,根据已经报道的PMMoV序列基因保守区设计6对简并引物,采用片段重叠法和RACE方法扩增、克隆获得一个全长为6 356bp的湖南分离物(PMMoV-HN1,登录号:KP345899)全基因组序列,编码4个蛋白,分别为126kD蛋白(70~3 423nt)、183kD蛋白(70~4 908nt)、28kD蛋白(4 909~5 682nt)和17.5kD蛋白(5 685~6 158nt),5′-非编码区(5′-UTR)和3′-非编码区(3′-UTR)分别含有69和198个碱基,其中5′-UTR存在一个序列为m7G5′pppG的甲基化核苷酸帽子结构。一致性分析发现PMMoV-HN1与PMMoV其他分离物的核酸一致性为94%~99%,编码的氨基酸一致性为94%~99%。全基因组序列系统进化分析表明PMMoV-HN1分离物与中国首次报道的PMMoV-CN分离物亲缘关系最近。本研究是国内报道的第二例PMMoV全基因组序列。     

黄瓜绿斑驳病毒河北分离物基因组克隆及序列分析

为揭示河北省黄瓜绿斑驳病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)分类地位及系统进化情况,通过分子克隆测定了来自河北省西瓜产区分离获得的分离物CGMMV-chb的近全基因组序列,分析其基因组结构特征;并依据近全基因组核苷酸序列及外壳蛋白氨基酸序列进行了系统进化关系分析。结果表明,CGMMV-chb近全基因组大小为6 383 nts,Gen Bank登录号为KJ658958,含4个开放阅读框,编码4种蛋白;与Gen Bank库中的其它12个CGMMV分离物的核苷酸相似性为92%~100%,氨基酸相似性为98%~100%。CGMMV-chb与韩国分离物CGMMV-KW基因序列相似性最高,为98%~100%,与以色列分离物CGMMV isolate Ec基因序列相似性最低,为92%~99%;系统进化关系中CGMMV-chb与其它中国分离物、日韩分离物亲缘关系较近,处于同一亚组的不同分支中,与以色列分离物亲缘关系相对较远。     

侵染红肉火龙果的蟹爪兰X病毒贵州分离物基因组分析

 通过高通量测序和RT-PCR扩增,克隆并分析蟹爪兰X病毒(Zygocactus virus X,ZyVX)贵州分离物ZyVX-GZ基因组序列。对表现病毒病症状的红肉火龙果植株进行高通量测序,获得4条ZyVX相关contig。RT-PCR扩增并拼接获得ZyVX-GZ基因组,全长为 6 567 nt,5′-UTR和 3′-UTR分别为60 nt和70 nt。含有5个ORF,分别编码复制酶蛋白、TGB1、TGB2、TGB3蛋白和外壳蛋白。ZyVX-GZ与P39和B1分离物基因组序列一致性均为91%。TGB1-3、外壳蛋白基因与大多数分离物核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列一致性分别为95%～99%和96%～100%;复制酶基因的核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列一致性分别为80%～89%和92%～97%。系统进化分析表明,ZyVX群体的遗传分化与寄主种类、地理分布不存在相关性。本研究结果丰富了ZyVX群体的基因组序列信息,为ZyVX的监测和防控提供了基础。     

油菜花叶病毒山西地黄分离物的全基因组序列测定与分析

 采用双链RNA(double-stranded RNA, dsRNA)技术和非序列依赖PCR扩增(sequence-independent amplification,SIA)方法对感病地黄进行分子鉴定,并测定油菜花叶病毒(Youcai mosaic virus,YoMV)山西地黄分离物(YoMV-SX)的基因组全序列。序列测定及分析发现侵染地黄的病毒为油菜花叶病毒(Youcai mosaic virus,YoMV)。获得YoMV-SX(GenBank登录号JX422022)全长为6 304 nt,5′UTR长度为68 nt,3′UTR长度为236 nt,含有4个开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)。全序列核苷酸一致性分析显示YoMV-SX与Tobamovirus亚组Ⅲ中分离物的一致性为90.7%～96.0%,与同属亚组Ⅰ和Ⅱ的一致性仅为50.2%～63.3%。全序列系统进化分析表明,YoMV-SX与YoMV-Wh形成一个独立分支,亲缘关系最近。这是YoMV侵染地黄的首次报道。     

油桃茎痘相关病毒中国分离物基因组的分子特征分析

为明确我国油桃茎痘相关病毒(nectarine stem-pitting-associated virus,NSPaV)基因组的分子特征,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术对NSPaV中国分离物NSPaV-T04基因组进行克隆,采用最大似然法对得到的NSPaV基因组序列和GenBank中的5条NSPaV基因组序列构建系统发育树,应用RDP软件对NSPaV基因组序列进行重组分析。结果表明:中国分离物NSPaV-T04基因组序列全长为4 991 nt,包括4个开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),其中ORF1与ORF2共同编码1个RdRp P1-P2融合蛋白,ORF3编码1个CP,ORF5与ORF3共同编码CP通读蛋白。系统发育树和序列比较分析结果显示,中国分离物NSPaV-T04(MN095353)与美国分离物NSPaV/12P42(KT273410)的亲缘关系最近,核苷酸序列同源性最高,为96.4%;NSPaV-T04的RdRp P1变异较大,与GenBank中5条NSPaV基因组核苷酸序列的同源性为90.5%~96.1%,CP较为保守,核苷酸序列的同源性为96.6%~98.7%。重组分析结果显示,中国分离物NSPaV-T04为鉴定的一个重组体(韩国分离物SK)的亲本序列,表明中国分离物NSPaV-T04可能是一个实际的重组体。     

甘薯病毒C中国分离物全基因组序列测定及比较分析

利用RT-PCR结合RACE方法,从采自河南南阳的甘薯样品上获得甘薯病毒C中国分离物(SPVC-Ch1)的全长基因组序列。序列分析结果表明,SPVC-Ch1基因组由1 0846个核苷酸组成,3'末端包含poly(A)尾序。基因组含有1个由10 446个核苷酸构成的开放阅读框,编码一个由3 481个氨基酸残基构成的393 k Da多聚蛋白。将SPVC-Ch1与Gen Bank中登录的其他SPVC分离物序列进行比较分析发现,SPVC不同分离物间全基因组核苷酸序列相似性为92.7%~98.9%,多聚蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性为95.1%~99.2%,SPVC-Ch1与Bungo分离物的相似性最高,与C1分离物的相似性最低。系统进化树分析结果表明,SPVC-Ch1与日本的Bungo、以色列的IL、韩国的CW135和UN202等分离物形成一个分支,亲缘关系较近。这是SPVC中国分离物全基因组序列的首次报道,研究结果丰富了SPVC全基因组序列信息,有助于全面了解SPVC种群的遗传进化关系。     

大豆花叶病毒沈阳分离物全基因测序及系统进化分析

对采自辽宁省沈阳市大豆生产田的大豆花叶病毒沈阳分离物(SMV-SY)进行了基因全序列的克隆及序列分析。经提取叶片总RNA,进行了RT-PCR鉴定。结果表明,其SMV-SY整条基因组由9 587个碱基组成,编码多聚蛋白的开放阅读框位于第132～9 335 nt,得到全基因序列上传至NCBI数据库,获得登录号为MK350280; BLAST比对结果显示,SMV-SY与其他分离物全基因组核苷酸序列之间的一致性在90.94%～96.86%;与国内外SMV不同分离物构建全基因组核苷酸序列系统进化树。分析表明,其与中国哈尔滨、江苏、以及伊朗和美国的分离物亲缘关系较近,与中国河北、重庆、南昌、广西、以及韩国和加拿大的分离物关系较远。     

水蜡A病毒在呼和浩特市和哈尔滨市紫丁香上的发生及其基因组分子特征分析

为明确侵染紫丁香Syringa oblata并引起褪绿花叶症状的病毒种类及其基因组分子特征,利用透射电子显微镜对分离自呼和浩特市和哈尔滨市的紫丁香病样中的病毒粒子进行观察,并通过小RNA高通量测序和RT-PCR技术对其进行检测分析。结果表明,在紫丁香显症叶片的病毒粗提液中观察到长约600 nm、宽约13 nm的线状病毒粒子。利用小RNA高通量测序和RT-PCR技术从病样中检测到水蜡A病毒（Ligustrum virus A,LVA）,发病率为3.7%。呼和浩特市紫丁香分离物LVA-Sob的基因组序列全长8 525 nt,包含6个开放阅读框,分别编码Rep（1 968 aa）、TGB1（229 aa）、TGB2（107 aa）、TGB3（60 aa）、CP（294 aa）和NABP（119 aa）共6个蛋白。序列一致性分析表明,分离物LVA-Sob与韩国水蜡树分离物LVA-SK的基因组序列一致率高达97.9%,而与我国辽宁省暴马丁香分离物LVA-DX的基因组序列一致率仅为73.6%。在这3个LVA分离物基因组中没有检测到重组事件;基于基因组和cp基因序列的系统发育树显示这3个LVA分离物形成一个分支,并与瑞香S病毒（daphne virus S,DVS）有较近的亲缘关系。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.