葡萄对霜霉病抗性机理初探

经田间自然鉴定、接种鉴定及室内离体接种鉴定结果表明：葡萄对霜霉病抗性与品种叶内的含水量、可滴定酸、还原糖、淀粉、水解氨基酸、游离氨基酸含量无显著相关，与叶背气孔密度、气孔开闭程度也无相关，而外施高浓度蔗糖及邻苯二酚却显著降低霜霉菌的致病力。     

葡萄对霜霉病抗性机理初探

经田间自然鉴定、接种鉴定及室内离体接种鉴定结果表明：葡萄对霜霉病抗性与品种叶内的含水量、可滴定酸、还原糖、淀粉、水解氨基酸、游离氨基酸含量无显著相关，与叶背气孔密度、气孔开闭程度也无相关，而外施高浓度蔗糖及邻苯二酚却显著降低霜霉菌的致病力。     

葡萄品种对霜霉病抗性鉴定的生化指标研究

 通过盆栽接种和田间自然发病鉴定,从22个供试葡萄品种中鉴定筛选到1个高抗霜霉病的品种超藤和8个中抗品种饭刚黑、信浓乐、弗雷无核、黑蜜、优选皮奥萘、高妻、京秀、峰后。相关性分析表明,22个供试葡萄品种接种前和接种后2d,PPO、PAL活性和CAT比活性与霜霉病病情指数呈极显著负相关,SOD活性与霜霉病病情指数相关不显著。PPO、PAL活性和CAT比活性与葡萄品种对霜霉病的抗性呈极显著正相关,可利用这3种酶的活性作为葡萄品种霜霉病抗性鉴定的辅助评价指标。     

不同葡萄品种对霜霉病的抗性

葡萄霜霉病是葡萄生产上重要的病害之一,通过对辽宁省不同葡萄品种进行室内离体叶片接种和田间自然发病情况调查,以期为葡萄抗性品种的选育和葡萄霜霉病的防治提供科学依据。结果表明,在供试品种中,没有对霜霉病完全免疫的品种,室内离体叶片接种和田间调查结果基本一致,不同品种间霜霉病的抗性存在差异。供试的65个品种中,室内离体叶片接种评价高抗品种3个,抗病品种23个,感病品种24个,高感品种15个;田间自然发病调查评价高抗品种1个,抗病品种19个,感病品种35个,高感品种10个。欧美杂交品种(系)相对欧亚杂交品种(系)较抗病。     

欧亚种葡萄自交F1代对白粉病和霜霉病的抗性遗传

采用田间自然鉴定、田间接种鉴定及室内离体叶圆片接种鉴定三种方法,研究了10个欧亚种葡萄品种(系)、一个欧山杂种及其493株自交后代幼苗对葡萄霜霉病及白粉病的抗性及遗传关系,同时对其自交后代抗白粉病和霜霉病的遗传趋势进行了分析.结果表明,供试品种(系)及其自交后代对霜霉病与白粉病的抗性存在极显著相关,自交后代对两病表现伴随遗传现象,初步推断这可能是由葡萄抗病基因的多效性引起.在欧亚种葡萄品种自交后代群体中,虽然90%以上都是感病性中等或高的类型,但仍能够得到一定比例(10%以下)抗病性强的类型,这为利用欧亚种葡萄品种进行自交或品种间杂交选育优质抗病新品种提供了依据.     

水稻抗纹枯病苗期快速鉴定技术研究

 以抗感反应不同的5个水稻品种为试验材料,在人工气候箱、控温室中进行水稻苗期抗纹枯病接种试验,并与田间相应的成株期抗性试验进行比较,研究水稻苗期快速鉴定技术。结果表明:85%的相对湿度为纹枯病菌侵染危害水稻苗期植株的适宜湿度;苗期5个水稻品种对纹枯病抗性差异极显著,可将其分为相对感病(Lemont、武育粳3号)和相对抗病(YSBR1、Jasmine85、特青)2大类;接种叶龄对发病程度有显著的影响,5个品种在四叶期接种时的平均病级显著高于五叶期接种的平均病级;苗期水稻品种间抗感差异小于田间鉴定试验结果,但两者间品种抗感趋势基本一致。苗期快速鉴定技术可用于大规模水稻品种(组合)的抗性筛选或初步鉴定。     

葡萄霜霉病抗病性鉴定方法及品种抗病性测定

本文通过对葡萄霜霉病抗病性鉴定方法进行优化,建立了一种更为快捷、方便、可靠的鉴定方法,并对32个葡萄品种对霜霉病抗病性进行了鉴定,为葡萄抗病品种的选育和应用提供依据。结果显示:以田间混合的霜霉病菌为接种体采用叶盘法鉴定葡萄品种的抗病性更加快捷、方便。供试的32个葡萄品种对葡萄霜霉病的抗性存在显著差异。其中免疫品种有‘康拜尔早生';高抗的有‘阳光玫瑰'、‘美乐'、‘Ms27-31'等5个品种;中抗的有‘贝达'、‘小芒森'、‘2E-16-2'等6个品种;低抗的有‘瑞都红玉'、‘早黑宝'、‘摩尔多瓦'等10个品种;感病的有‘里扎马特'、‘玫瑰香'、‘香妃'等10个品种。     

宁夏葡萄霜霉病菌致病型鉴定及葡萄品种抗性评价

为合理利用葡萄抗性品种以及田间病害综合治理，采用离体叶盘接种法分别对2018年和2019年自宁夏回族自治区银川市、石嘴山市和吴忠市采集的43株葡萄霜霉病菌Plasmopara viticola菌株进行致病型鉴定及聚类分析，并对17个主栽葡萄品种进行抗性评价及聚类分析。结果表明：2018、2019年供试菌株致病力和供试葡萄品种抗性之间均存在显著差异，菌株平均病情指数与发病率呈显著正相关，皮尔逊相关系数r和回归系数R²分别介于0.45~0.96和0.20~0.92之间；2018、2019年供试菌株的强致病力菌株和弱致病力菌株分别为CS-YL和VI-BYDD、RG-JSJG和CS-YM；2018年和2019年供试菌株致病型被划分为强、中、弱3种类群，2年所占比例分别为10.00%、15.00%、75.00%和34.78%、39.13%、26.09%；供试17个葡萄品种的抗性类型可被划分为感病、抗病、高抗3种类群，2年所占比例均为17.65%、29.41%和52.94%。不同葡萄品种对不同菌株的抗性类型多样化。表明宁夏回族自治区葡萄霜霉病菌菌株致病力分化明显，不同菌株的致病型与其地域来源无关，不同葡萄品种的抗感程度不同。     

辣椒对疫霉抗性的快速鉴定

研究发现叶、茎、茎基部和果实接种4种方法均能用于鉴定辣椒对辣椒疫霉的抗性。叶与茎接种法操作简单,接种部位发病快,可同时检测大量品种,但要求空气湿度大;茎基部接种法模拟田间病害的发生过程,最能反映品种的真实抗性,但需要菌量大,工作量也大;果实接种法不仅操作简单、接种部位发病快、菌需求量小,而且可同时筛选大量品种,可以通过量化达到有效区分抗病和感病品种的目的,更具有完整保存原有植株的优势。     

H2S位于H2O2下游介导葡萄抗霜霉病过程

 以霜霉病抗性葡萄品种左优红和感病品种霞多丽为材料,研究硫化氢(H₂S)在葡萄应答霜霉病过程中的作用及其与过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的相互关系。结果表明,接种霜霉病菌后,抗性品种左优红和感病品种霞多丽叶片均出现H₂S含量的猝发、H₂S合成酶基因表达量增加、抗病相关蛋白多酚氧化酶(PPO)和β-1,3葡聚糖酶(Glu)活性显著升高现象;且H₂S清除剂次牛磺酸(HT)可以显著抑制霜霉病菌诱导的PPO和Glu活性升高,并导致葡萄的感病率和病情指数显著升高;同时外源H₂S可降低两个葡萄品种的感病率和病情指数。说明,H₂S是参与葡萄抗霜霉病过程的新的信号物质。受霜霉病菌侵染后,葡萄叶片H₂O₂含量猝发早于H₂S,并且H₂O₂清除剂抗坏血酸(AsA)可显著抑制霜霉病菌所诱导的H₂S含量的上升,而H₂S清除剂HT对霜霉病菌诱导的H₂O₂含量变化影响不显著,推测,H₂S作用于H₂O₂的下游参与葡萄抵御霜霉病过程。     

水稻品种与水稻细菌性条斑病菌的互作机制

水稻叶片接种3d后，水稻细菌性条斑病菌开始在叶片上大量增殖；接种10d后，病菌数量开始保持相对的稳定，但感病品种上的菌量比抗病品种上的菌量在10倍左右，病斑在接种后第3d开始出现，接种10d以后，病斑在感病品种上能继续快速发展，而在抗病品种上开始受到抑制，通过对抗病和感病品种叶片上的气孔观测发现，感病品种的气孔密度和气孔长度一般都较抗病品种大，相关分析表明，气孔长度理发师品种抗性相关。接种后对PAL酶的活性测定结果表明，PAL酶的活性与品种抗性呈负相关关系。     

Effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on the enhancement of induced resistance to powdery mildew in Cucumis sativus

Two cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) cultivars differing in their resistance to powdery mildew, Ningfeng No. 3 (susceptible) and Jinchun No. 4 (resistant), were used to study the effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on resistance to infection by Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea ) and the production of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). The results indicated that inoculation with P. xanthii significantly suppressed subsequent infection by powdery mildew compared with noninoculation, regardless of Si application. Root-applied Si significantly suppressed powdery mildew, the disease index being lower in Si-supplied than in Si-deprived plants, regardless of inoculation treatment. The resistant cultivar had a more constant lower disease index than the susceptible cultivar, irrespective of inoculation or Si treatment. Moreover, with root-applied Si, activities of PRs (for example peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and chitinase) were significantly enhanced in inoculated lower leaves or noninoculated upper leaves in inoculated plants of both cultivars. Root-applied Si significantly decreased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in inoculated leaves, but increased it in noninoculated upper leaves. However, Si treatment failed to change significantly the activity of PRs in plants without fungal attack. Compared to the control (no Si), foliar-applied Si had no effects either on the suppression of subsequent infection by P. xanthii or on the activity of PRs, irrespective of inoculation. Based on the findings in this study and previous reports, it was concluded that foliar-applied Si can effectively control infections by P. xanthii only via the physical barrier of Si deposited on leaf surfaces, and/or osmotic effect of the silicate applied, but cannot enhance systemic acquired resistance induced by inoculation, while continuously root-applied Si can enhance defence resistance in response to infection by P. xanthii in cucumber.     

Response of Hard Red Winter Wheat to Soilborne wheat mosaic virus Using Novel Inoculation Methods

ABSTRACT Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) is an agronomically important pathogen of wheat that is transmitted by the soilborne plasmodiophorid vector Polymyxa graminis. In the laboratory, attempts to generate SBWMV-infected plants are often hampered by poor infectivity of the virus. To analyze the mechanism for virus resistance in wheat cultivars, we developed novel inoculation techniques. A new technique for foliar inoculation of SBWMV was developed that eliminated wound-induced necrosis normally associated with rub inoculating virus to wheat leaves. This new technique is important because we can now uniformly inoculate plants in the laboratory for studies of host resistance mechanisms in the inoculated leaf. Additionally, wheat plants were grown hydroponically in seed germination pouches and their roots were inoculated with SBWMV either by placing P. graminis-infested root material in the pouch or by mechanically inoculating the roots with purified virus. The susceptibility of one SBWMV susceptible and three field resistant wheat cultivars were analyzed following inoculation of plants using these novel inoculation techniques or the conventional inoculation technique of growing plants in P. graminis-infested soil. The results presented in this study suggest that virus resistance in wheat likely functions in the roots to block virus infection.     

Nonhost versus host resistance to the grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola, studied at the tissue level

Following inoculation of host and nonhost plants with Plasmopara viticola, the grapevine downy mildew, a histological survey was undertaken to identify the stage where its development is contained in nonhosts and in resistant host plants. Three herbaceous nonhost species, Beta vulgaris, Lactuca sativa, and Capsicum annuum, and three grapevine species displaying different level of resistance (Vitis vinifera [susceptible], Vitis riparia [partially resistant] and Muscadinia rotundifolia [totally resistant]) where inoculated by P. viticola using a controlled leaf disk inoculation bioassay. During the early steps of infection, defined as encystment of zoospores on stomata, penetration of the germ tube, and production of the vesicle with the primary hypha, there was no evidence of a clear-cut preference to grapevine tissues that could attest to host specificity. The main difference between host grapevine species and nonhosts was observed during the haustorium formation stage. In nonhost tissues, the infection was stopped by cell wall-associated defense responses before any mature haustorium could appear. Defense responses in resistant grapevines were triggered when haustoria were fully visible and corresponded to hypersensitive responses. These observations illustrate that, for P. viticola, haustorium formation is not only a key stage for the establishment of biotrophy but also for the host specificity and the recognition by grapevine resistance factors.     

烟叶成熟衰老程度与对赤星病感病性的关系

 5个栽培品种的盆栽植株,于13片真叶展开时人工接种,比较各叶位叶片的感病性。结果表明:烟叶自下而上逐渐成熟衰老,随着叶色由绿转黄,叶绿素含量依次递减,其汁液可溶性糖及浸出液还原糖含量递增,感病性相应地提高。以叶色为指标,绿色叶片对病害免疫;轻微转黄的绿叶,高度抗病,只能形成褐色小点,而不能产生分生孢子,也不能再扩展;中度转黄的绿叶上形成0.2cm以下的小斑,也不产生孢子,多数不能再扩展;黄色叶片为高感型,能形成0.5cm以上的典型病斑,并产生大量孢子。以1%葡萄糖液为介质,孢子萌发率以接种烟株的病情指数高于1%蔗糖液。以黄叶液为孢子液介质,其发芽率及接种发病率均高于黄绿叶及绿叶汁液。这说明烟叶成熟衰老程度与感病性高度相关。     

Development of an effective screening method for partial resistance to Alternaria brassicicola (dark leaf spot) in Brassica rapa

In order to develop a method to measure resistance to Alternaria brassicicola (cause of dark leaf spot disease) in Brassica rapa, the effects of inoculum concentration, leaf stage, leaf age and incubation temperature of inoculation on infection were studied under controlled conditions using several B. rapa genotypes. Three inoculation methods (cotyledon, detached leaf and seedling inoculation) were evaluated for this purpose. The detached leaf inoculation test was the most suitable for screening B. rapa genotypes because clear symptoms were observed on the leaves in less than 24 h, and there was a significant positive correlation between the results from the detached leaf inoculation test and the seedling inoculation test, an established method considered to yield reliable results. In addition, it was very easy to screen plants for resistance on a large scale and to maintain standard physical conditions using detached leaves. For successful infection, inoculum concentration should be adjusted to 5 × 10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹, and incubation temperature should be between 20 °C and 25 °C. The 3rd/4th true leaves from 30 day-old plants were optimal for inoculation. In a screening test using 52 cultivars of B. rapa, the detached leaf test effectively discriminated between various levels of partial resistance among cultivars. As a result, we identified two cultivars, viz Saori and Edononatsu, as highly resistant and five cultivars, viz Tokinashi Taisai, Yajima Kabu, Purara, Norin-F₁-Bekana and Tateiwa Kabu, as having borderline resistance.