大豆猝死综合症

大豆猝死综合症（Ｓｕｄｄｅｎｄｅａｔｈｓｙｎ－ｄｒｏｍｅ，以下简称ＳＤＳ）是近年来大豆上发生的一种相对新的病害。Ｈ．Ｊ．Ｗａｌｔｅｒｓ于１９７１年在阿肯色州首次观察到该病害，直到１９８２年才由Ｍ．Ｃ．Ｈｉｒｅｌ［１］给此病害命名。在适宜的环境条件下，...     

青岛局首次从进口美国大豆中截获大豆疫霉菌

１９９８年１１月３０日，青岛局植检处首次从中国粮油贸易公司进口的５．５万ｔ美国大豆中截获一类危险性有害生物大豆疫霉菌ＰｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａｓｏｊａｅＫａｕｆｍａｎｎ＆Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ。目前，该批大豆正在我局监管下按照有关规定进行处理。青岛局首次从...     

筛豆龟蝽发生规律及防治研究

筛豆龟蝽是浙江大豆上的主要害虫，年发生３代，６月中旬、８月中旬、９月下旬为主害期。春、夏大豆虫口密度分别在６～８２头／穴和５～６０头／穴时，大豆产量损失率为２．５９％～５０．８６％、０．５５％～３０．０６％。防治宜于若虫２～３龄高峰期，防治指标春大豆为８头／穴，夏大豆１１头／穴，药剂以敌杀死为佳     

36—1菌剂防治大豆根腐病效果

３６－１菌的固体菌体，液剂和液剂浓缩液分别参加大豆根腐病防治３种试验。结果表明，在大豆苗开花时期以前防病效果为５０％－６２．９８％，平均每公顷增产大豆３３１．６－３３４．５ｋｇ，增产幅度达１７．４％－１９．３％．在浓缩液参加防治大豆包囊线虫病和根腐病的１０种药剂筛选试验中，大豆收获时考核结果显示，３６－１菌剂处理大豆综合效果名列第五位。     

芽孢杆菌BH1防治大豆根腐病的效果及机制

芽孢杆菌BH1分离于大豆根际，在温室试验中表现出较好的防治效果。田间试验对尖孢镰刀菌引起的大豆根腐病防效达56．1％，增产7．6％。该菌株发酵无菌滤液对尖孢镰刀菌F3、茄孢镰刀菌W1和镰刀菌Sl孢子萌发和菌丝生长有抑制作用；对热处理较稳定。对其抗利福平标记株B-R^ -4与大豆根系的亲和性研究表明，BH1可定殖于无菌土和病土中生长的大豆根际，且动态变化趋势相似，但在无菌土中数量略高于病土。组织印记法表明：B-R^ -4可在整个大豆根系生长。扫描电镜观察发现，BH1主要存在于根表凹陷处，在根尖或侧根处则很少。透射电镜观察，根细胞间隙内未检测到BH1。在大豆根际的定殖试验说明，B-R^ -4与大豆根系有很好的亲和性，对营养和空间位点的竞争是其拈抗病原菌的主要机制。     

绥化大豆根部病虫害发生特点及防治对策

绥化市是国家大豆发展基地，常年种植面积２３万hm２左右，２００２年达３３．３万hm２。近年来，由于大豆根部病虫害发生严重，对大豆生产构成了严重威胁。本市大豆根部病虫害以大豆根腐病、孢囊线虫病和大豆根蛇潜蝇（OpniomyiashibatsjiKato）为主。１９９５年全市发生面积１．７万hm２，１９９６年扩大到５．４万hm２。１９９８年发生面积６．７万hm２，其大豆根腐病、孢囊线虫病和大豆根蛇潜蝇的平均发生为害株率分别达７０％、５０％和７８％。１发生特点１．１东部市县发生面积较大本市东部北林、海伦、望奎、绥棱、庆安等市县为重…     

大豆拟茎点种腐病菌的分离与鉴定

本文对美国进境大豆及其中混杂的豆杆上发现的拟茎点属（Phomopsis sp．）进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定。无论从形态学还是从分子生物学角度都支持将该检测种鉴定为Phomopsis longicolla。该种病原真菌是在大豆上发生的危险性病原真菌，国内过去未见报道。     

大豆细菌性叶斑病及防治

大豆是东北主要栽培作物之一,总产量位居全国之首。但近年来．由于大豆重茬种植面积不断增加．病虫害发生面积逐年加重。特别是细菌性叶斑病自20世纪90年代以后时常发生，并已经成为大豆生长过程中的常见病害。2004年黑龙江省大豆细菌性叶斑病大面积爆发．造成大豆大幅度减产．仅牡丹江市受害面积就达10多万hm^2．占大豆播种面积的60．7％．其中减产3成以上的成灾面积7．27万hm^2．绝产面积达到0．7万hm^2，大豆平均减产2～3成,给农民造成直接经济损失1．5亿元左右。2005年虽然未构成威胁，但局部地块仍十分严重。     

大豆"两病一虫"逐年加重发生因素分析及其防治对策

兴安盟为北方大豆产区。近年来随着大豆播种面积扩大,大豆重迎茬面积及年限也随之增加,导致大豆孢囊线虫病、根腐病和根潜蝇（下称“两病一虫”）逐年加重发生。１９９６～１９９８年发生面积达８．７８万ｈｍ２,损失大豆３２９０．１万ｋｇ。已上升为该盟大豆主要病虫...     

上海局首次从美国进口大豆上截获大豆疫霉菌

上海局首次从美国进口大豆上截获大豆疫霉菌１９９７年１２月,中国粮食贸易公司从美国进口大豆５．５万ｔ,全部用于榨油;根据美国农业部植检证申明该批货不带大豆疫霉。经我局检疫人员登轮常规检疫后卸货,随后于１２月１７～２４日３次去该批大豆加工点,在其筛上物签...     

美国进境大豆北方茎溃疡病菌的分离与鉴定

在对美国进境大豆检疫过程中,对大豆籽粒和夹带茎秆进行病原真菌的分离培养,使用形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法对可疑菌株进行鉴定,确定该菌为Diaporthe phaseolorum(Cke.&; Ell.)Sacc.var.caulivora Athow &; Caldwell。该病原菌是进境植物检疫潜在危险性病原真菌,在国内属首次截获。     

基于高通量测序及分离培养初步研究美国大豆中真菌多样性

中国是全球最大的大豆进口国,进境大豆所携带的病原真菌传入我国的风险极高。基于高通量测序技术对6批美国大豆真菌多样性进行分析,同时采用分离培养获得单一菌株,依据菌落形态、显微结构及分子技术进行鉴定。高通量测序结果显示,大豆中所有真菌共计5门15纲35目63科112属155种,主要为链格孢属(Alternaria)、球腔菌科(Mycosphaerellaceae)、小戴卫霉科(Davidiellaceae)、小囊菌科(Plectosphaerellaceae)、赤霉属(Gibberella)、附球霉属(Epicoccum)、间座壳属(Diaporthe)、隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)。分离培养结果显示,得到真菌共计40株10种,分别是大豆北方茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe phaseolorum var.caulivora)、大豆南方茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe phaseolorum var.meridionalis)、大豆拟茎点种腐病菌(Diaporthe longicolla/Phomopsis longicolla)、大豆炭腐病菌(Macrophomina phaseolina)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、菌核菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、附球菌(Epicoccum sp.)、交链孢菌(Alternaria sp.)、小双胞腔菌(Didymella sp.)。     

Seed-borne fungi detected in consignments of soybean seeds (Glycine max) imported into India

Inspection of 16 017 samples of soybean seeds imported into India from 1978 to 2004 resulted in the detection of 21 pathogens, including Peronospora manshurica which is not present in India. Seed-borne fungi of high economic significance included: Ascochyta sojicola , Botryotinia fuckeliana , Cercospora kikuchii , Colletotrichum dematium , Corynespora cassicola , Diaporthe phaseolorum var . sojae , Fusarium oxysporum, Glomerella cingulata , Glomerella glycines , Macrophomina phaseolina , Nectria haematococca , Passalora sojina , Thanatephorus cucumeris as well as other fungal pathogens for which soybean is not a host such as Alternaria padwickii , Cochliobolus sativus , Fusarium culmorum , Fusarium poae , Glomerella graminicola , Setosphaeria rostrata, Verticillium albo-atrum , etc. Some of the fungi detected have very wide host range. Details are presented on the fungi detected, the countries from which the imported consignments originated, and phytosanitary significance.     

向日葵茎溃疡病菌RPA检测方法的建立

向日葵茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe helianthi)是我国进境植物检疫性病原真菌。本研究针对D.helianthi的cal基因保守序列设计特异性引物,建立该病菌的重组酶聚合酶扩增检测技术(RPA)方法,并对其特异性、灵敏度及适用性进行评价。结果显示,建立的RPA方法特异性强,只有3个D.helianthi样品能够检测到234 bp的目的片段;方法灵敏度达到0.1 ng/μL;从模拟带菌的种子中也能够成功检测到目标扩增片段。本研究建立D.helianthi的RPA检测方法具有较高的特异性和灵敏度,能够直接应用于种子带菌检测,适用于口岸进境向日葵籽的现场快速检测。     

大豆北方茎溃疡病菌分离鉴定技术的改进

本文对产生大豆北方茎溃疡病菌子囊壳的豆秆分别进行冷冻和水浸处理,发现2种处理均能促进成熟的子囊壳产孢,并且同一子囊壳经冷冻和水浸处理能够多次喷出子囊,释放子囊孢子,利用此特性有利于在不损失鉴定材料的前提下,多次获得分离物以完成病菌的分离鉴定,特别利于伴生其他真菌和子囊壳数量很少情况下,分离纯化大豆北方茎溃疡病菌。     

Molecular Detection of Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicolla from Soybean Seeds

ABSTRACT Species-specific detection of Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicolla from soybean seeds was accomplished using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and TaqMan chemistry. To use these detection systems, fungal DNA was released from soybean seed coats using an ultrasonic processor to break the cells. DNA fragment lengths ranged from 200 to 1,200 base pairs (bp), with the majority of fragments <500 bp. Based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA, three TaqMan primer/probe sets were designed. Primer/probe set PL-5 amplified a 96-bp fragment within the ITS1 region of P. longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis, and D. phaseolorum var. sojae. Set PL-3 amplified a 86-bp DNA fragment within the ITS2 region of P. longicolla. Set DPC-3 amplified a 151-bp DNA fragment within the ITS2 region of D. phaseolorum var. caulivora. TaqMan primer/probe sets were able to detect as little as 0.15 fg (four copies) of plasmid DNA. When using PCR-RFLP for Diaporthe and Phomopsis detection, the sensitivity was as low as 100 pg of pure DNA. Among 13 soybean seed lots from Italy and the United States, the total Diaporthe and Phomopsis detected using a traditional seed-plating technique ranged from 0 to 32%. P. longicolla was most prevalent, followed by D. phaseolorum var. sojae. D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, which only occurred in 0.5% of the Italian seed lots, was not detected in the U.S. seed lots. D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis was not detected in either the U.S. or Italian seed lots. Using TaqMan primer/probe set PL-3, the frequency of P. longicolla was 18% in seed lot I3, similar to the frequency obtained from PCR-RFLP and potato dextrose agar plating detection. The frequencies of D. phaseolorum and P. longicolla in each seed lot obtained by the different detection methods were comparable with respect to total infection and individual species detection. However, TaqMan detection provided the fastest results of all the methods tested.     

大豆炭疽病菌Colletotrichum chlorophyti的鉴定

从进口的乌拉圭大豆的残留茎秆上分离到一种新的大豆炭疽病菌,根据菌落形态、分生孢子形态、ITS序列及ACT序列特征以及对大豆的致病性,将其鉴定为Colletotrichum chlorophyti,这是我国口岸首次截获该菌。     

进口大豆上菜豆荚斑驳病毒的免疫捕获巢式RT-PCR检测

利用DAS-ELISA对进口大豆上BPMV进行检测发现,从美国进口的部分大豆样品对BPMV的多抗血清呈阳性反应;利用免疫吸附电镜观察发现,ELISA检测阳性的大豆种皮病汁液中存在直径约30nm的球状病毒粒子.根据BPMV外壳蛋白（CP）基因的保守序列设计了2对嵌合引物,建立了BPMV的高灵敏的免疫捕获巢式RT-PCR（IC-nested RT-PCR）检测方法.该方法经免疫捕获、反转录和2轮PCR扩增,能从带毒大豆种子中扩增到预期大小的DNA条带.序列测定与分析表明此条带的序列为BPMV部分CP基因,在系统关系树上与BPMV的其它分离物形成一簇亲缘关系很近.实验表明从进境大豆上检测到了BPMV.     

Molecular Variability Within Diaporthe/Phomopsis helianthi from France

ABSTRACT Diaporthe/Phomopsis helianthi causes brown stem canker of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and is responsible for considerable yield loss. This species shows considerable variation for morphological characters, growth, and pathogenicity. Molecular variability of two sample groups was assessed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Isolates of the first sample were collected from infected sunflower tissues from the main regions in France where the crop is grown, whereas isolates from the second sample came from stems within a single field of sunflower. A soybean strain was taken as an outgroup for AFLP analyses. Within sample one, the greatest genetic distance among isolates was 0.97, whereas it was 0.44 within sample two isolates. For the whole of France, the average genetic distance was 0.68, whereas in the one field it was 0.12. Nei's genetic diversity indices were 0.20 and 0.06 for France and for one field, respectively. The greatest genetic distance was found between isolates from the most northern crops. The greatest genetic distance between D. helianthi isolates and the strain isolated from soybean was similar to that observed for D. helianthi isolates from different geographical areas. The problems in defining the genus Phomopsis are discussed. It is shown that internal transcribed spacer sequencing could be a useful criteria for Diaporthe/Phomopsis species determination. The considerable genetic variability of the pathogen could lead to the occurrence of new strains that could be more aggressive or more resistant to chemical control.     

加拿大进境大豆上检出菜豆荚斑驳病毒

本研究采用DAS ELISA、IC RT PCR及序列测定方法,对加拿大进境大豆种子进行菜豆荚斑驳病毒（Bean pod mottle virus, BPMV）和大豆花叶病毒（Soybean mosaic virus,SMV）检测,结果表明,BPMV的DAS ELISA和IC RT PCR检测结果均为阳性,且PCR扩增产物序列与已报道的BPMV基因序列相似性达97%以上,而SMV的DAS ELISA和IC RT PCR检测结果都为阴性。综合血清学、分子生物学检测结果,确认该批大豆携带有菜豆荚斑驳病毒。