哈茨木霉在水稻体内的定殖及其对水稻纹枯病抗性的影响

以具有抗腈菌唑标记哈茨木霉TUV-13菌株的分生孢子悬浮液对水稻种子分别进行浸种、蘸根、叶面接种,栽培至2叶1芯期,从秧苗各组织分离回收菌株TUV-13。对经菌液处理的秧苗进行显微及超微观察结果表明,浸种处理能使TUV-13菌株在水稻秧苗的根、茎、叶中稳定定殖;而蘸根处理、叶面接种,TUV-13菌株只能在处理的局部区域定殖。TUV-13菌株定殖后,水稻秧苗与抗病相关的酶活性显著提高,对水稻纹枯病防效达82.9%。     

木霉菌颗粒剂对玉米茎腐病防治的应用

为明确棘孢木霉菌Trichoderma asperellum不同颗粒剂配方对玉米茎腐病的防效,通过人工接种盆栽试验比较分析其防效,同时进行多基点田间试验以筛选对茎腐病防效明显并具有增产效应的木霉菌生防颗粒剂。结果表明:盆栽试验中,2号木霉菌颗粒剂对于苗期玉米茎腐病的防效最高,为65.57%,3号木霉菌颗粒剂对于成株期玉米茎腐病的防效最好,为40.00%;1~4号4种木霉菌颗粒剂均能提高玉米的出苗率、株高、鲜重、干重和根长,表明木霉菌颗粒剂对玉米生长具有促进作用。在全国10余个综合试验站对1号木霉菌颗粒剂的田间防效试验结果显示,对玉米茎腐病的防效较好,均在50%以上,最高可达80%,玉米增产效果在8%以上。表明木霉菌颗粒剂具有良好的生物防治效果及增产作用。     

哈茨木霉拌种对冬小麦生长、土传病害及根际真菌群落的影响

为了明确哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理冬小麦的田间效果,为木霉拌种剂的推广应用提供依据,本试验从2016年－2018年连续3年,研究了哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种对小麦出苗率、幼苗生长、小麦纹枯病和茎基腐病发生情况和产量的影响,通过高通量测序和FUNGuild预测分析了木霉拌种对小麦根际土壤中真菌群落组成的影响。结果表明,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种可以提高小麦的出苗率和冬前分蘖数;对小麦纹枯病的平均防效60%以上;对小麦茎基腐病的平均防效65%以上,优于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;与不拌种对照相比,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理增产4.3%~6.34%,增产效果略高于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;木霉拌种可以降低小麦根际土壤中病原真菌的相对丰度,特别是土壤中镰孢属真菌的相对丰度。因此,哈茨木霉LTR-2可以作为化学拌种剂的绿色替代产品用于小麦生产。     

生物农药对玉米大、小斑病的防效及其对土壤微生物的影响

为探索玉米大斑病和小斑病的绿色防治技术,筛选适用的生物农药,在黑龙江齐齐哈尔开展田间试验,调查了不同生物农药多个剂量处理的防病效果及玉米产量,并用平板稀释法测定了药后土壤微生物数量。结果表明,供试药剂中以枯草芽孢杆菌对大斑病的防效较好,最高防效达85.46%,相应处理区玉米产量较高,增产率为18.88%,虽略低于对照化学药剂丙环唑处理的防效和产量,但差异不显著;哈茨木霉菌对小斑病的防效较好,最高防效达83.06%,相应处理区玉米产量也较高,增产率为17.07%,均与对照化学药剂代森锰锌相近。与清水对照相比,施用菌剂后土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量显著增加,真菌数量显著减少,而施用化学药剂后土壤中上述3类微生物数量均显著减少。     

加工番茄苗期立枯病防治药剂筛选

采用毒基质法施药,比较了9种新型化学农药和6种生物农药制剂对加工番茄苗期立枯病的防治效果,并选择盆栽试验中防效较好的3种化学农药和1种生物农药进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,温室盆栽试验中,3种新型化学农药50%嘧菌环胺可湿性粉剂120g/m~3、50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂120g/m~3、20%丁香菌酯悬浮剂150g/m~3处理防治加工番茄苗期立枯病效果较好,相对防效均在70%以上;1种生物农药2亿活孢子/g木霉菌可湿性粉剂300g/m~3处理防效较好,为62.31%。田间药效试验结果表明,50%嘧菌环胺可湿性粉剂150 g/m~3处理的相对防效在70%以上,显著优于其他药剂处理。     

玉米茎腐病生物防治初步研究

本文报道了应用绿木霉（Trichodermavirlde）和细菌防治由瓜果腐霉菌和禾谷镰刀菌引起的玉米茎腐病。苗期盆栽试验表明，细菌拌种，木霉菌拌种和木霉菌穴施配合细菌拌种对两种病菌的防效较明显。在人工接菌土壤内，对腐霉菌防效最高达58.15％；对镰刀菌防效达56.25％。在自然病土中最高防效达100％。在田间试验中，细菌拌种和木霉菌拌种防效也相当明显。所有处理的植株均比未处理的高，增产明显。     

6种杀菌剂对白术根腐病的田间防效

根腐病是贵州白术上最主要的病害。选用6种药剂对白术根腐病进行了田间防效试验。结果表明,移栽前药液浸泡处理白术种根,结合大田生长期药液灌根,80%多菌灵可湿性粉剂600倍液处理的病株防效可达84.21%,64%噁霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液防效为76.32%,30%噁霉灵水剂800倍液防效为75.00%。筛选出以上3种杀菌剂对白术根腐病防效较好,推荐在生产中交替使用。     

几种药剂对枸杞木虱的田间防效

为有效防控枸杞木虱,提高宁夏枸杞产品品质,以当地常用药剂吡虫啉为对照药剂,另选4种药剂开展田间枸杞木虱防治试验,比较各药剂处理的田间防效。结果表明,供试药剂中,以22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂1 000倍液、1.8%阿维菌素乳油1 500倍液处理的速效性较好,药后3 d的防效分别为72.07%、74.09%;持效性方面,22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂1 000倍液处理表现最好,药后10、14 d的防效分别为85.94%、75.41%,30%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂7 500倍液次之,药后10、14 d的防效分别为69.12%、66.81%,1.8%阿维菌素乳油1 500倍液在药后10 d的防效保持在70%以上,但药后14 d防效下降幅度较大。     

几种药剂对柑橘木虱的田间药效试验

采用6种药剂对柑橘木虱田间防效进行试验,结果表明,52.25%高氯·毒死蜱EC1000倍液、4.5%联苯菊酯SC1500倍液、5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW1500倍液、25%噻虫嗪WG3500倍液、10%吡虫啉EC1500倍液和48%毒死蜱EC800倍液对柑橘木虱具有较好的速效性,施药后1d的总体防效分别为100%、99.88%、99.77%、99.38%、98.02%和94.31%;施药后7d,10%吡虫啉EC1500倍液对柑橘木虱的防治效果最差,为87.9%,其他几种药剂的防效仍维持在90%以上;施药后14d,各处理对柑橘木虱的防效均在75%以下。     

10％甲嘧磺隆可溶性粉剂芽前防除木薯田间杂草试验

试验结果表明,施用10％甲嘧磺隆SP防除木暑芽前田间杂草,药后25d各处理的出苗率达到78．67％～94．67％,药后70d各处理株防效为75．19％～90．73％,对木薯苗有较好的安全性,具有显著的防除杂草效果,但对个别恶性杂草防效较差,严重影响处理防效。     

生防木霉菌耐三唑类杀菌剂菌株的选育

应用含药培养基诱导和紫外线诱变相结合的方法,对优良生防木霉菌株T2-16进行了抗三唑类杀菌剂的遗传改良,获得了具有较好耐药性突变体13株。通过测定突变株对水稻纹枯病菌（Rhizoctonia solani）、稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe oryzae）和稻曲病菌（Ustilaginoidea virens）的拮抗性,获得1株拮抗活性高、对三唑类杀菌剂耐性好的突变体TUV-13,其对腈菌唑抗性提高10倍,对三唑酮抗性提高51倍,且耐药性可以稳定遗传。     

Fusarium crown and root rot of tomatoes in the UK

Fusarium crown and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was found in the UK in 1988 and 1989 mainly in rockwool-grown tomato crops. Up to 14% of plants were affected in individual crops. In experiments, leaf and stem symptoms did not appear until the time of first fruit harvest even when the plants were inoculated at planting, first flowers or fruit set. Conidial inoculum at 10⁶ spores/plant applied at seed sowing killed 70–83% of tomato seedlings, whereas similar levels of inoculum applied to young plants caused root and basal stem decay, and eventually death but only after fruit harvest began. Disease incidence and symptom severity increased with inoculum concentration. Experimentally, the disease was more severe in peat- or compost-grown plants than in rockwool. Disease spread was only a few centimetres in 50 days in experimental rockwool-grown plants. All tomato cultivars tested were highly susceptible. Prochloraz-Mn was highly effective against the pathogen in vitro and controlled the disease in the glasshouse, but only when applied preventively. Non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolates and Trichoderma harzianum also reduced FCRR disease levels.     

木霉菌对黄瓜生理特性及立枯病防治效果的影响

黄瓜立枯病是由立枯丝核菌（Rizoctonia solani,简称Rs）侵染引起的苗期土传病害。本研究采用前期筛选获得的对黄瓜立枯病菌Rs具有较强拮抗作用的木霉菌,分别为棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 437、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 670和752,通过盆栽试验和田间试验,测定对黄瓜幼苗的生长和生理特性、产量、品质以及立枯病防效的影响。结果显示：3株木霉菌均能显著促进黄瓜幼苗的生长,提高黄瓜幼苗的生理活性和保护性酶活性,对黄瓜立枯病的防效均在75%以上;木霉菌处理的黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、全株鲜重、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积,以及抗逆性酶活性包括超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶均显著高于对照。木霉与病原菌Rs共同处理的黄瓜幼苗,上述生长和生理生化指标均显著高于病原菌Rs单独处理。其中木霉670处理的黄瓜幼苗各项检测指标高于木霉437和752。此外,木霉菌处理的黄瓜单瓜重、产量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、Vc含量、可溶性蛋白含量均不同程度的增加。上述结果说明,本研究的3株木霉菌通过提高黄瓜幼苗生理特性和保护性酶活性,促进了幼苗生长,提高了对黄瓜立枯病的抗性,改善了黄瓜产量和品质。     

木霉对黄瓜幼苗生理特性及枯萎病防治效果的影响

黄瓜枯萎病是一种土传真菌病害,在设施黄瓜栽培中最为常见且危害严重,应用生物防治技术防治该病害对黄瓜安全生产具有重要意义。本研究通过平板对峙试验筛选出3株对黄瓜枯萎病菌抑制率在74%以上的拮抗木霉,分别为棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,研究了3种木霉对黄瓜生理特性和幼苗生长作用效应及对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明:3种霉与黄瓜枯萎病菌同时接种的田间防治效果均达到78%以上,其中棘孢木霉T.asperellum525的田间防效达到81.5%。与只接种枯萎病原菌的对照相比,3种木霉与黄瓜枯萎病原菌同时接种或单一接种均可以显著提高黄瓜叶绿素含量、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积以及黄瓜株高和茎粗,其中以拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886促进效果最强,叶绿素含量、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积和根系比表面积增加幅度分别达到38.7%~49.5%、32.1%~33.6%、29.5%~66.3%、10.8%~21.5%、19.6%~23.5%、17.9%~25.0%、4.9%~13.1%,株高、茎粗和全株鲜重增加幅度分别达到20.7%~28.8%、29.7%~35.1%、10.0%~10.70%。     

两株植物根际促生菌对番茄青枯病的生物防治效果评价

研究了Erwinia persicinus RA2和Bacillus pumilus WP8浸种和拌土处理对番茄青枯病的实际防治效果,及其对番茄根际微生物群落的影响。结果显示,两株菌都具有防治番茄青枯病的作用,并能不同程度地促进番茄幼苗生长。主要体现在显著提高番茄幼苗健株率,病原菌处理的健株率最低,仅为22.4%,而RA2和WP8浸种处理分别达68.9%和62.8%;促进幼苗地上部增高、增粗和根部生长,如WP8浸种处理的茎叶干重和根干重分别达到4.87 mg·株^-1和35.69 mg·株^-1,分别比病原菌对照提高110.82%和205.83%。浸种处理的促进效应明显优于拌土处理;还能在一定程度上提高土壤水稳性团聚体（〉0.25 mm）比例,WP8浸种处理尤为明显,分别比空白对照和病原菌对照提高269.91%和156.88%。DGGE指纹图谱表明根际微生物群落受番茄种植的影响最大,其次是青枯病菌,而受这两种菌施用的影响最小。     

木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及枯萎病防效的影响

采用3株对黄瓜枯萎病菌有较好拮抗作用的木霉,棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,研究木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及防治枯萎病效果的影响。结果显示,所有木霉处理均能够提高黄瓜幼苗的株高和茎粗,增加幼苗地上部和地下部鲜重,对黄瓜枯萎病的防效均达到64%以上。播种后8~14 d,各处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片质膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量不同程度下降,保护性酶活性不同程度的提高,其中以先接种拟康氏木霉886,2 d后接种病原菌的T886-F处理的提高程度最显著。播种后14 d,该处理的叶片质膜透性和MDA含量比只接种病原菌的F处理分别下降了37.02%和14.80%,同时,叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、PPO活性分别比F增加了46.82%、34.93%、18.75%和11.63%。以上结果说明,本研究的3株木霉均能通过改善黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化能力,增加保护酶活性,促进幼苗生长,防治黄瓜枯萎病。在实际应用中,提前施入木霉菌剂,有利于促进黄瓜的生长、提高幼苗抗病性、提高病害防治效果。本研究结果为木霉菌剂的高效使用、保障黄瓜安全生产提供指导。     

内生细菌EBS05在小麦体内的定殖动态及其对小麦纹枯病的防治作用

以抗药性突变菌株为筛选标记,采用稀释倒平板法,研究了内生细菌EBS05在小麦体内的定殖动态,并通过盆栽和大田试验研究了EBS05对小麦纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,EBS05在小麦根内具有较强的定殖能力,且能从根部向茎、叶部转移,其定殖量与菌株的接种浓度呈正相关,当接种浓度为108 CFU/mL时,EBS05能在根、茎内有效定殖,并持续向叶内转移。以菌体浓度为108CFU/mL的发酵液进行浸种或灌根处理后,EBS05在根内定殖量始终大于同时期茎、叶内的定殖量;菌株在小麦根、茎和叶内的定殖数量均表现为接种初期逐渐增加,至接种后第10～12天达到最大值,随后逐渐降低。内生细菌EBS05对小麦纹枯病的防治效果优于对照药剂25 g/L咯菌腈（flu-dioxonil）悬浮种衣剂,带菌发酵液和除菌发酵液的盆栽防治效果分别达91.2%和88.2%,大田防治效果分别为66.3%和56.2%。     

Significance of leaf infection by Botrytis cinerea in stem rotting of tomatoes grown in non-heated greenhouses

The most serious symptom of Botrytis cinerea in tomatoes grown in greenhouses is stem rotting. Lesions on the stem may result from direct infection or from progression of the rot along infected leaves, until infection approaches the stem. In a set of experiments conducted in commercial greenhouses, an experimental greenhouse and growth chambers, the significance of the two types of stem infections was studied. In non-heated greenhouses most of the stem lesions originated from progression of the pathogen along infected petioles. The rate at which B. cinerea had progressed on infected petioles was 0.3–0.5 cm/day, an average of ca. 6 weeks was needed for a leaf infection to approach the stem. Application of Trichoderma harzianum T39 extended this time by 1–2 weeks and application of chemical fungicides by 3 weeks. Influence of the environment on the progression of B. cinerea along infected petioles was then determined. Within range of 5–30 °C, the higher the temperature, the more rapid was the rate of disease progression. The fungus progressed more rapidly on tomato petioles incubated at high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) rather than at low VPD. The source-sink relationship of the plant governed the rate of B. cinerea progression along the petioles as well: it was more rapid when the source was restricted (by shading) and slower when the sink was restricted (by removal of flowers and small fruits). The possibility that sanitation of infected leaflets would reduce the incidence of stem rotting was examined in two experiments. In plots not treated with a fungicide, the sanitation treatment substantially decreased the incidence of stem lesions and this treatment was as effective as weekly application of chemical fungicides.     

Dynamics of soilborne Rhizoctonia solani in the presence of Trichoderma harzianum: effects on stem canker, black scurf and progeny tubers of potato

Stem canker and black scurf are diseases of potato caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani . Spatiotemporal experimentation and empirical modelling were applied for the first time to investigate the effect of antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum on the dynamics of soilborne R. solani on individual potato plants. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of symptoms, expressed as 'rhizoctonia stem lesion index' (RSI), during the first 7 days post-inoculation when the inoculum of R. solani was placed at certain distances (30–60 mm) from the host. For example, with inoculum at 40 mm from the host, RSI was 6 and 40 with and without T. harzianum , respectively. At later observation times, the antagonistic effect was overcome. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of black scurf on progeny tubers. Furthermore, the mean number of progeny tubers per potato plant was reduced by the biocontrol treatment (means of 6·5 ± 1·1 and 9·9 ± 2·7 tubers per plant with and without T. harzianum , respectively), as was the proportion of small (0·1–20·0 g) tubers (48% and 66% with and without T. harzianum , respectively). Additionally, there were fewer malformed and green-coloured tubers in pots treated with T. harzianum than in those without T. harzianum .