崂山湾春季鱼类群落的摄食生态及其主要种类

崂山湾位于黄海的胶州湾和丁字湾之间,海湾开阔,是当前增殖放流的重点海域。根据2014年5月在崂山湾海域进行的底拖网调查,分析了该海域春季鱼类群落的种类组成和摄食生态。结果表明,崂山湾春季鱼类群落共32种鱼类,隶属8目,21科,30属;以鲈形目(Perciformes)的虾虎鱼科(Gobiidae)和石首鱼科(Sciaenidae)种类最多;优势种有皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)和矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias),主要种有大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、斑鰶(Clupanodon punctatus)、赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)、丝虾虎鱼(Cryptocentrus filifer)、方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)和银鲳(Pampus argenteus)。崂山湾春季鱼类群落的种类丰富度指数R为3.19,多样性指数H′为2.34;均匀度指数J′为0.68。胃含物分析结果表明,春季崂山湾生态系统鱼类群落的平均营养级为3.52;主要包括了浮游动物食性、杂食性和底栖动物食性3种食性类型,以底栖动物食性鱼类为主。在当前捕捞、气候变化和人类活动等多重压力下,海湾生态系统承受了巨大的压力,针对不同的海湾生态系统进行基础调研,可为制订相应的增殖放流、渔业保护和管理策略提供重要科学依据。     

辽东湾鱼类群落结构的季节变化特征

为探究辽东湾鱼类群落结构的季节变化特征,于2020年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)在该海域进行了3个航次的底拖网调查,据此分析辽东湾鱼类种类组成、优势种、多样性和群落空间结构随季节变化的情况,并计算群落季节更替与迁移指数,建立鱼类群落丰度-生物量比较曲线。调查结果显示：辽东湾春、夏、秋3个季节共捕获鱼类58种,其中春季34种、夏季49种、秋季46种;优势种春季为短吻红舌鳎、黄鲫和皮氏叫姑鱼,夏季为矛尾虾虎鱼、短吻红舌鳎、白姑鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼和斑鱼祭,秋季为矛尾虾虎鱼、短吻红舌鳎、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼、黄鲫和皮氏叫姑鱼;鱼类群落的多样性指数为1.34～1.63,丰富度指数为1.44～1.68,均匀度指数为0.60～0.64;辽东湾鱼类可分为3个群落类型,靠近湾顶的北部近岸浅滩水域群落、辽东湾中南部深水区群落和辽东湾湾口深水区群落,其中春季和夏季可分为3个群落组,秋季分为2个群落组;鱼类群落的空间分布在春、夏季与底层温度相关性系数最高(春季R=0.270、夏季R=0.408),在秋季与水深相关系数最高(秋季R=0.376);丰度-生物量比较曲线结果显示,辽东湾鱼类丰度优势度曲线均位于生...     

渤海鱼类的食物关系

本研究通过对2010~2011年渤海大面调查所获得的渔获物进行胃含物分析,了解当前渤海鱼类的食物关系及其变化。结果显示,渤海生态系统的27种鱼类有12种低营养级鱼类、12种中营养级鱼类和3种高营养级鱼类,包括了杂食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、混合动物食性鱼类和鱼食性鱼类,各鱼种营养级较20世纪90年代变化不大。3种高营养级鱼类均为鱼食性鱼类,饵料生境宽度值均很低,属于狭食性鱼类;矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)是渤海饵料生境宽度最大的2种鱼,同时也是当前渤海生态系统食物网中最重要的饵料种类,其广食性有利于食物网各营养层次的物质、能量流动。当前渤海食物网中浮游食物链削弱,主要食物链转变为“植物、有机碎屑→鼓虾→鱼类”和“底栖动物→虾虎鱼、小黄鱼→大型经济鱼类”。     

渤海鱼类的食物关系

本研究通过对2010~2011年渤海大面调查所获得的渔获物进行胃含物分析,了解当前渤海鱼类的食物关系及其变化。结果显示,渤海生态系统的27种鱼类有12种低营养级鱼类、12种中营养级鱼类和3种高营养级鱼类,包括了杂食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、混合动物食性鱼类和鱼食性鱼类,各鱼种营养级较20世纪90年代变化不大。3种高营养级鱼类均为鱼食性鱼类,饵料生境宽度值均很低,属于狭食性鱼类;矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)是渤海饵料生境宽度最大的2种鱼,同时也是当前渤海生态系统食物网中最重要的饵料种类,其广食性有利于食物网各营养层次的物质、能量流动。当前渤海食物网中浮游食物链削弱,主要食物链转变为"植物、有机碎屑→鼓虾→鱼类"和"底栖动物→虾虎鱼、小黄鱼→大型经济鱼类"。     

莱州湾鱼类群落的营养结构及其变化

2011年5月~2012年4月期间对莱州湾进行了9次底拖网调查,对采集的20种鱼类4 854个胃含物样品进行了分析。结果表明,莱州湾鱼类群落包括浮游动物食性、底栖动物食性、鱼食性、杂食性和广食性5种食性类型,其中底栖动物食性鱼类是莱州湾各月份鱼类群落的重要食性类型,钩虾和双壳类等底栖动物饵料在莱州湾生态系统的食物关系中起着关键的作用。秋末和初春的莱州湾鱼类群落以底栖动物食性鱼类为主,食性类型单一;随着水温升高,鱼类群落的食性类型逐渐变得丰富。分析表明,莱州湾海域鱼类群落的营养结构有利于增殖放流品种后期的生长存活,建议跟踪调查增殖放流点周边海域的食物关系和饵料基础,同时结合多学科调查,选择最佳的增殖放流地点和时间,才能切实有效地保证增殖放流的效果。     

海州湾3种石首鱼的食物组成和生态位重叠

根据2011及2013年在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查资料和胃含物分析数据,应用多元统计分析法和生态位重叠指数法等,研究了海州湾皮氏叫姑鱼、小黄鱼和棘头梅童鱼3种石首鱼的食物组成及其营养—空间二维生态位的重叠情况。结果显示,皮氏叫姑鱼属于底栖动物食性,主要摄食虾类、端足类和多毛类;小黄鱼属于底栖动物和游泳动物食性,主要摄食鱼类、虾类、头足类和磷虾;棘头梅童鱼属于底栖动物食性,主要摄食虾类、毛虾类、磷虾和糠虾。这3种石首鱼的营养生态位宽度较为接近,其中小黄鱼的营养生态位宽度(2.69)和空间生态位宽度(2.78)均最高,皮氏叫姑鱼的营养生态位宽度(2.59)最低,而棘头梅童鱼的空间生态位宽度(2.42)最低。3种石首鱼的营养生态位重叠指数为0.24~0.46,其中皮氏叫姑鱼与棘头梅童鱼的营养生态位重叠最高。它们的空间生态位重叠指数为0.19~0.30,表明这3种鱼在空间方面存在一定的分隔。它们的营养—空间二维生态位重叠指数为0.05~0.11,其中皮氏叫姑鱼与棘头梅童鱼的重叠指数最高,因此有可能发生激烈的食物竞争,而小黄鱼与皮氏叫姑鱼和棘头梅童鱼之间则可以通过营养和空间生态位的分化来降低种间竞争。     

南海柘林湾鱼类群落结构季节变动的研究

为阐明南海柘林湾鱼类群落结构的动态变化,基于2011年4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)和2012年2月(冬季)对南海柘林湾拖网调查的数据,对柘林湾鱼类群落结构季节动态、鱼类营养级指数季节变化进行了初步分析。结果显示,各季节调查共捕获鱼类99种,底层鱼类占49.49%,暖水性鱼类占78.78%,肉食性鱼类占79.79%。各季节质量百分比和数量百分比优势种以拟矛尾■虎鱼(Parachaeturichthys polynema)、龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengeri)等为主。柘林湾鱼类资源密度和资源尾数密度最高季节为夏季,各季节鱼类个体体质量大多小于15 g。春、秋季鱼类组成相对丰富,冬季生物量优势度最高。柘林湾鱼类以中级肉食性和高级肉食性为主,年度平均营养级指数为3.478,属于中级水平,夏季高营养级鱼类平均体质量最高。     

南黄海三种石首鱼类的食性

根据2000—2002年秋季和冬季在南黄海进行的定点底拖网调查，利用多元统计分析方法，研究了黑鳃梅童(Collichthys niveatus)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Jobnius belengerii)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)的食物组成及其差异，摄食随海区、季节和体长的变化，以及3种石首鱼类摄食器官的形态差异对摄食的影响。结果表明：(1)3种鱼的优势饵料生物各不相同，食物组成存在显著差异；(2)3种鱼的食物组成均随海区和季节的不同而有显著的差异；(3)3种鱼的食物组成和饵料多样性都有明显体长变化，黑鳃梅童和皮氏叫姑鱼的饵料多样性随体长的增大而升高，小黄鱼则相反；(4)黑鳃梅童和小黄鱼种内不同体长问的食物重叠指数较高，而皮氏叫姑鱼则较低，3种鱼的种问食物重叠指数位于0．50～0．56；(5)主成分分析(PCA)表明，黑鳃梅童和小黄鱼摄食器官的形态特征与皮氏叫姑鱼存在一定的差异。     

长江口外海域龙头鱼营养生态学特征

利用2009年9月至2010年8月在东海北部、黄海南部海域获取的龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)样品,采用胃含物分析法,对龙头鱼的摄食习性进行了研究。结果表明,龙头鱼摄食饵料种类有39种,鱼类是其主要饵料类群,所占质量百分比为84.13%。优势饵料种类为龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)、小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)、细条天竺鱼(Apogonichthys lineatus)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)、口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)等。龙头鱼的摄食强度秋季最高,冬季最低;食物组成季节变化明显,春季主要摄食虾类,其他季节则主要以鱼类为食;不同生长发育阶段的食物组成及摄食强度具有显著差异,体长为100 mm和250 mm处存在食性转换现象,并在体长250 mm时表现为由广食性向狭食性转换的特征,摄食选择性增强。龙头鱼营养级为3.80,在东、黄海食物网中处于较高的营养层次。     

东海高营养层次鱼类功能群及其主要种类

在2000年秋季和2001年春季东海120°~126.75°N、25.75°~31°E范围内的两次大面积调查基础上,以占渔获量90%的鱼类为研究对象,分析东海春、秋两季2个鱼类群落的功能群。结果表明,东海高营养层次鱼类群落包括7个功能群,即鱼食性鱼类、虾/鱼食性鱼类、虾食性鱼类、虾蟹食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类和广食性鱼类。其中东海近海春季鱼类种群由浮游动物食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、鱼食性鱼类和虾食性鱼类4个功能群组成,秋季鱼类种群由虾/鱼食性鱼类、虾食性鱼类、广食性鱼类、虾蟹食性鱼类、鱼食性鱼类和浮游动物食性鱼类6个功能群组成;东海外海春季鱼类种群由鱼食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类和虾食性鱼类4个功能群组成,秋季鱼类种群由浮游动物食性鱼类、虾/鱼食性鱼类、鱼食性鱼类、虾食性鱼类和底栖动物食性鱼类5个功能群组成。从生物量组成上分析,在各鱼类群落中发挥主要作用的功能群不同,春季东海鱼类群落以浮游动物食性鱼类功能群为主,而秋季以鱼食性鱼类功能群为主。其中带鱼、白姑鱼、六丝矛尾■虎鱼、多棘腔吻鳕、龙头鱼、小黄鱼、细条天竺鱼、发光鲷、、花斑蛇鲻、短鳍红娘鱼、竹荚鱼、条尾绯鲤、黄鳍马面、黄条等15种鱼为各功能群的主要种类。群落种类组成的差异,同种类体长分布的差异,以及饵料基础的时空变化是导致东海各鱼类群落功能群组成差异的主要原因。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。