黄海南部小黄鱼种群动态和开发模式

小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)在中国的海洋渔业中占据重要的地位, 其种群动态和开发模式的信息更新对指导可持续管理至关重要。本研究利用 2018 年在黄海南部海域采集的小黄鱼长度-频率数据, 获取小黄鱼生长、死亡和种群状况的基础生物学参数, 其中, 总死亡系数源于长度转换渔获曲线的估算, 生物学参考点通过单位补充量渔获量或单位补充量生物量分析来预估; 利用渔获长度指标研判小黄鱼的开发模式。结果显示, 小黄鱼 von Bertalanffy 生长方程的渐近体长 BL_∞=29.26 cm, 生长系数 K=0.26/a, 理论初始年龄 t₀=?0.6326 a; 总死亡系数 Z、 自然死亡系数 M 和捕捞死亡系数 F 分别为 2.83/a、0.52/a 和 2.31/a, 现行渔业开发率(E=0.82)超过估算的生物学参考点(E_max=0.67), 证实小黄鱼种群超过了最佳开发水平, 处于过度开发状态。渔获长度指标进一步分析显示, 45.18%的渔获是在性成熟之前捕捞, 而巨型亲体占比仅为 0.47%, 表明该种群同时遭受生长型和补充型过度捕捞。 Logistic 选择曲线分析表明, 小黄鱼渔获概率在 50%的选择全长为 13.75 cm。可持续的渔业管理需要提高首次开捕全长 L_c, 以接近最适捕捞全长 L_opt (19.2 cm)为目标。     

秋汛渤海对虾渔业的最大经济效益

调整秋汛对虾渔业开捕期和捕捞力量，以获得世代最大产量，已有许多讨论。这是以一个简单生物项为秋汛对虾渔业的管理目标。生物项作为管理目标是不够的。它的内容，它的系统范围都太小，不能与广泛的社会利益相适应。在渔业管理决策时，必需要考虑经济与社会等有关的因素。包括渔业经济效益，能源消耗、就业等等内容。本文将讨论秋汛对虾渔业的最大经济效益等因素，提供一些科学证据，供决策参考。     

福建省近海渔业管理目标的比较

应用Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式及其由此衍生的生物经济模式和Gulland最适产量Y0．1模式，分别估算了福建省近海海洋捕捞业的最大持续产量，最大持续捕捞力量，最适产量，最适捕捞力量，最大经济产量，最大经济捕捞力量，最佳经济效益，并对各模式计算的诸项经济指标进行比较，建立了渔业管理3种模式，并根据福建省近海渔业实际情况和渔业发展趋势 ，提出实现3种管理目标的实施步骤。     

基于长度贝叶斯生物量法估算北部湾二长棘鲷种群参数

渔业数据缺乏是渔业资源评估和管理面临的难题。以2006—2018年北部湾二长棘鲷体长频率数据为例，运用基于长度频率的贝叶斯生物量方法(LBB)，估算二长棘鲷的渐近体长(L_∞)、最适开捕体长(L_copt)、相对自然死亡率(M/k)和相对捕捞死亡率(F/k)等种群参数。结果发现，2006—2018年间北部湾二长棘鲷的渐近体长平均为21.0 cm，最适开捕体长平均为12.6 cm，相对死亡率M/k、F/k、Z/k和开发率E分别为1.49、3.65、5.15和0.67。二长棘鲷的开捕体长和渐近体长的变化趋势一致，均呈下降趋势，且其生长速度有加快趋势。基于LBB估算的最适开捕体长和开发率与运用独立评估模型估算的结果基本一致。如果长度频率能代表资源开发阶段的长度组成，使用LBB估算的结果将较好地反映其真实情况。基于LBB的研究方法可为渔业数据缺乏情况下进行渔业资源评估提供借鉴。     

闽台近海渔业管理目标的研究

本文应用Ｓｃｈａｅｆｅｒ和Ｆｏｘ两种剩余产量模式,及其由此衍生的两种生物经济模式,分别估算了闽台近海最大持续产量,最适捕捞力量和最大经济产量,最适经济捕捞 力量,最佳经济效益等指标,建立了闽台渔烽管理模式,比较了以最大渔获量和以最佳经济效益为目标的各项经济指标,讨论了并确定了近期以最大持续产量为目标的渔业管理方案。     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源管理的探讨

应用Schacfcr和Fox剩余产量模式及其由此衍生的生物经济模式和Gulland最适产量Y_(0.1)模式,分别估算了台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源的最大持续产量、最大持续捕捞力量,最大经济产量、最大经济捕捞力量、最佳经济效益,最适产量、最适捕捞力量,并对各模式计算的诸项经济指标进行比较,讨论了渔业管理方案,确定了近期适合国情、省情的管理目标。     

利用贝叶斯动态产量模型评估印度洋长鳍金枪鱼资源状态

印度洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)的生物学信息相对较少, 渔业数据存在较多问题, 致使其资源评估结果仍存在较大的不确定性, 从而影响了渔业管理的科学性。为此, 本研究基于印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的渔业捕捞、标准化 CPUE (catch per unit effort)数据及相关种群假设, 利用贝叶斯动态产量模型对该种群进行了资源评估研究, 结果显示: (1) 渔获量的观测误差对模型参数估计、资源状态的判断及渔业管理具有重要影响, 渔获量观测误差的增大使模型评估的过度捕捞概率上升, 导致总可捕量(total allowable catch, TAC)减少; (2) 动态产量模型形状参数、r 的先验分布和资源丰度指数的选择均会影响资源评估的质量, 本研究显示, Fox 模型的资源评估结果比 Schaefer 模型的评估结果更合理, r 先验分布范围的增大使模型评估的资源状态变好, 使用西南海域标准化 CPUE 时的评估结果相对较好; (3) 设置某些年份的资源量比例(φ、P₂₀₁₇)范围有助于提高数据缺乏下渔业资源评估的质量; (4) 评估结果表明印度洋长鳍金枪鱼发生资源型与捕捞型过度捕捞的概率分别为 34%、50%, 两种过度捕捞同时发生的概率为 32%, 该种群正面临捕捞型过度捕捞的风险; 投影分析显示, 将 TAC 控制在 32658 t (即最后 5 年平均渔获量的 90%)以下时, 印度洋长鳍金枪鱼 10 年后不发生过度捕捞的概率大于 60%。贝叶斯动态产量模型作为一种数据有限的渔业资源评估模型, 适用于印度洋长鳍金枪鱼, 且该模型能较好地考虑参数输入和不确定性因素对资源评估质量、总可捕量估计的影响, 为深入研究印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的资源状态与管理提供了科学依据。     

厄尔尼诺事件对西北太平洋柔鱼种群动态的影响

为了解西北太平洋柔鱼资源量变动与气候变化如厄尔尼诺事件等的关系，实验假设尼诺指数 (oceanic Ni?o index，ONI)影响柔鱼种群动态参数内禀自然增长率 (intrinsic rate of growth, r)和最大环境容纳量 (carrying capacity, K)并分别建立4种剩余产量模型 (SP、E_r-EDSP、E_K-EDSP、E_r- E_K-EDSP)探索厄尔尼诺事件影响下西北太平洋柔鱼的种群资源状态变化趋势。结果发现, E_r-EDSP、E_K-EDSP、E_r-E_K-EDSP等3个加入气候因子模型的偏差信息准则 (deviance information criterion，DIC)值小于传统剩余产量模型的DIC值，其中E_r-E_K-EDSP模型DIC值最小，模型精度最高，估计的最大可持续产量 (maximum sustainable yield，MSY)为39.26×10⁴ t。1994—2017年，北太平洋柔鱼的捕捞死亡率 (F_t) 低于目标死亡率 (F_tar)和MSY水平下的捕捞死亡率 (F_MSY)，2017年种群资源量小于MSY水平资源量 (B_MSY)。研究表明，西北太平洋柔鱼种群资源可能正处于过度捕捞阶段。该研究结果可为西北太平洋柔鱼的可持续开发提供建议。     

东海带鱼渔获量对捕捞压力和气候变动的响应

为了解捕捞压力和气候变动对东海带鱼渔业产量的共同影响,对1956-2006年东海带鱼渔获量进行了分析.东海带鱼渔获量时间序列可划分成变化趋势和年间变动.变化趋势主要归因于捕捞努力量的单调增长,Fox模型拟合结果,东海带鱼渔获量与捕捞努力量关系显著(P＜0.01).移除趋势后,其年间变动与陆地降水、季风风速、海表水温和热带气旋影响指数相关(P＜0.05).结果表明,气候变动影响到东海带鱼渔获量年间变动:陆地降雨和径流携带大量营养盐进入沿岸生态系统；而季风则驱动营养盐的扩散和循环,影响着营养盐的利用效率；水温的升高不仅有利于带鱼的性腺发育与成熟,还能增加带鱼的饵料供应；热带气旋所形成的水团流动、风生混合、上升流等能促进营养盐供应并增加水域的生物量.从捕捞努力量和气候变量拟合东海带鱼渔获量的结果来看,与实际渔获量显著相关(P＜0.01),并且能够很好地反映出实际带鱼渔获量的变化趋势和年间变动.这说明渔获量的变化受到捕捞效应和气候变动的双重影响,未来气候变化将有利于东海带鱼渔业产量的增加,且渔获量年间变动幅度将会比以往更大.     

渤海对虾渔业的最佳开捕期、过度捕捞和渔业管理问题

我们将模型Y/R=(?)用于研究秋汛对虾渔业不同的开捕期和捕捞死亡对世代相对产量(Y/R)的影响。根据渤海对虾渔业的实际情况,在限定捕捞死亡F_旬≤0.3(捕捞力量约相当于1,000对标准机帆船)的条件下,获得最大世代相对产量的最佳开捕期为9月21日。当前秋汛渤海对虾渔业的捕捞力量(约1,700—1,800对标准机帆船)太大,额外消耗能源和渔业经济效益很差。秋汛对虾渔业有明显的生长型捕捞过度的倾向。秋汛对虾渔业管理主要是开捕期与捕捞力量的管理和合理分配资源问题。限定虾流网、机帆船和机轮拖网三种主要网具的数量和它们的开捕期,是合理利用和分配资源的有效途径。     

Value-per-recruit analysis of bighand thornyhead <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sebastolobus macrochir</Emphasis> caught off the Pacific coast of northern Honshu,Japan

The yield-per-recruit (YPR) analysis has been used to assess growth overfishing of exploited fish stocks. Since the ex-vessel price per weight widely depends on the size of the fish, the result of the YPR does not imply the revenue. The value-per-recruit (VPR) analysis, which is an economic expansion of the YPR analysis, was conducted for bighand thornyhead Sebastolobus macrochir caught off the Pacific coast of northern Honshu, Japan. The results showed that, for the current age at first capture (t _c = 3), the current fishing mortality (F = 0.12) was close to the optimum level. However, for the current F, optimum t _c in the VPR model was 8 years and would lead to a 47% increase compared to the current revenue. The maximum YPR was obtained at t _c = 6 years, but the revenue at t _c = 6 only gave a 20% increase in the maximum revenue. The difference was caused by the size dependency of the ex-vessel price per weight. The VPR model would generate fisheries management plans with both economical and biological consideration and would help in making general consensus of fisheries management strategies.     

The potential for new Nephrops trawl designs to positively effect North Sea stocks of cod,haddock and whiting

Within commercial fisheries, particularly mixed fisheries, both target and non-target species are often discarded. Discarding represents a potentially significant loss to the productivity of fish stocks; it can have damaging ecological consequences, and is a potential cause of the failure of recovery plans. The Nephrops fishery in the North Sea is classified as a mixed fishery. Nephrops trawls are constructed with smaller meshes than trawls used to target whitefish; consequently, the bycatch of juvenile fish can be substantial. Several new Nephrops trawl designs have been tested in the North Sea. The data from these trials are used to investigate the potential impact of their implementation on cod, haddock and whiting stocks in the North Sea (including the Kattegat and Skagerrak).The model examines five trawl designs, and also the scenarios of a cessation of discarding in all North Sea fisheries and in just the Nephrops fishery. The model is deterministic, and evaluates the relative differences between scenarios assuming all other variables remain constant. If discarding of cod, haddock and whiting in the North Sea fisheries were eliminated, stocks would increase by 41%, 14% and 29%, respectively, within 10 years. Eliminating discarding in the Nephrops fishery alone would increase stocks by 2%, 1% and 13%, respectively, reflecting the relative proportion of catches of these species in the Nephrops fishery. For cod and haddock, the introduction of the Nephrops trawl with a grid with a square-mesh codend was the only scenario in which a notable increase in stock number was observed. This trawl design facilitates the escape of fish of all ages/sizes from the trawl, effectively making the Nephrops fishery a single-species fishery. For whiting, stock numbers and landings increased under all scenarios, but forecasted landings were lower than if current discard patterns continued in all except the no-discards scenario. The dependency of the results on the validity of the assumptions and on the accuracy of the input data is discussed.     

Optimal economic fishing efforts in Korean common octopus Octopus minor trap fishery

The Korean Government is in the process of establishing a plan for managing fishing effort by setting up the maximum fishing gear usage per fishery type for the recovery of fishery resources. This will aid settlement of disputes between fishery sectors over fishing gears, and the stability of fishing business conditions. Especially in the setting up of the maximum fishing gear usage, economic standards as well as biological standards are being considered as significant factors to promote the sustainable and economically viable development of fisheries. This study is, thus, to analyze the optimal economic fishing gear usage (E_MEY) as the most economically efficient usage for the common octopus trap fishery, one of the most controversial sectors in establishing maximum fishing gear usage. Data from logbooks per trip were used for estimation of E_MEY per trip because it was considered there were limitations of data available for analyses. As a finding drawn from the analyses, the E_MEY of common octopus trap vessels per trip has to be decreased by approximately 13%. That is, reducing the trip trap usage up to the level of E_MEY can lead to the reduction of trip fishing costs, thereby resulting in increased trip profits.     

Stock assessment and management implications of anchovy kilka (Clupeonella engrauliformis) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea

Recent changes in sea level of the Caspian Sea and ecological impacts caused by the invasive ctenophore (Mnemiopsis leidyi) have altered the ecosystem. A consequence is the changes in the absolute and relative abundance of the commercially important anchovy kilka (Clupeonella engrauliformis) in Iranian waters. To adjust to this change more rigorous management of this fishery is required. This paper examines the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and fishing intensity at MSY. The paper presents estimates of f_MSY, yield-per-recruit and spawning biomass-per-recruit under various harvest strategies of F_max, F_0.1 and F_40%. We propose a method for estimating acceptable biological catch (ABC) that accounts for large differences in the quality and quantity of information and available data. The MSY and f_MSY were estimated 44,652 mt (metric tons) and 18,609 vessel × nights (a unit of effort). The ABC was estimated at 2190 mt in 2004. In 2005, however, the catch of anchovy kilka was about 4300, over twice the estimated ABC. In 2008 (from January to October) the catch declined to 220 mt. The analyses indicate that overfishing, especially between 2005 and 2008, is the main reason of the collapse of anchovy kilka in the Caspian Sea.     

Effects of Reduced Fishing for Feeding Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Baltic on Home Water Fisheries according to Simulations with the Carlin-Larsson Population Model

The Carlin-Larsson population model of Baltic salmon was used to simulate reduced effort in an offshore fishery for feeding salmon and its effect on home water fisheries. Some simplifying assumptions had to be made; no changes in seasonal mean weight or exploitation rate in the home water fisheries were assumed. With a simulated termination of the offshore fishery, seasonal mean weights from the time before the excessive offshore fishery started were also applied to give a maximum effect on the catches. The total non-catch fishing mortality in the offshore fishery was estimated at 5% per season (total M = 10% per season). A total ban on the offshore fishery would mean a sixfold increase in catch-value for home water fisheries and a total value twice that in the present situation with the present seasonal mean weights. With the higher mean weights the simulated catch would be 87% and its value 182% higher than at present.     

Trends,current understanding and future research priorities for artisanal coral reef fisheries research

Artisanal coral reef fisheries provide food and employment to hundreds of millions of people in developing countries, making their sustainability a high priority. However, many of these fisheries are degraded and not yielding their maximum socioeconomic returns. We present a literature review that evaluates foci and trends in research effort on coral reef fisheries. We describe the types of data and categories of management recommendations presented in the 464 peer‐reviewed articles returned. Identified trends include a decline in articles reporting time‐series data, fish catch biomass and catch‐per‐unit effort, and an increase in articles containing bycatch and stakeholder interview data. Management implications were discussed in 80% of articles, with increasing frequency over time, but only 22% of articles made management recommendations based on the research presented in the article, as opposed to more general recommendations. Key future research priorities, which we deem underrepresented in the literature at present, are: (i) effectiveness of management approaches, (ii) ecological thresholds, trade‐offs and sustainable levels of extraction, (iii) effects of climate change, (iv) food security, (v) the role of aquaculture, (vi) access to and control of fishery resources, (vii) relationships between economic development and fishery exploitation, (viii) alternative livelihoods and (ix) integration of ecological and socioeconomic research.     

Rebuilding Mediterranean fisheries: a new paradigm for ecological sustainability

In Mediterranean European countries, 85% of the assessed stocks are currently overfished compared to a maximum sustainable yield reference value (MSY) while populations of many commercial species are characterized by truncated size‐ and age‐structures. Rebuilding the size‐ and age‐structure of exploited populations is a management objective that combines single species targets such as MSY with specific goals of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAF), preserving community size‐structure and the ecological role of different species. Here, we show that under the current fishing regime, stock productivity and fleet profitability are generally impaired by a combination of high fishing mortality and inadequate selectivity patterns. For most of the stocks analysed, a simple reduction in the current fishing mortality (F_cur) towards an MSY reference value (F_MSY), without any change in the fishing selectivity, will allow neither stock biomass nor fisheries yield and revenue to be maximized. On the contrary, management targets can be achieved only through a radical change in fisheries selectivity. Shifting the size of first capture towards the size at which fish cohorts achieve their maximum biomass, the so‐called optimal length, would produce on average between two and three times higher economic yields and much higher biomass at sea for the exploited stocks. Moreover, it would contribute to restore marine ecosystem structure and resilience to enhance ecosystem services such as reservoirs of biodiversity and functioning food webs.