虾夷扇贝高品质脂肪酸闭壳肌家系选育

以虾夷扇贝闭壳肌重量与脂肪酸组成为主要筛选指标,通过对不同选育家系的生长性状进行比较,在筛选出闭壳肌高出柱率家系的同时,以EPA、DHA和ω-3/ω-6脂肪酸比值等重要营养性状作为参考指标进行家系筛选。结果显示,在12个选育家系中,B04、B05、B10家系的出柱率优势最显著;各家系闭壳肌的EPA+DHA占总脂肪酸45%以上,ω-3/ω-6脂肪酸比值范围为10.94~12.69,家系B03、B05、B06、B07、B10、B11与B12在闭壳肌脂肪酸含量上具有更高选育价值;综合分析,判定B05和B10为虾夷扇贝闭壳肌高出柱率且高品质脂肪酸家系。研究表明,虾夷扇贝的生长与闭壳肌的主要脂肪酸组成没有显著相关性,以闭壳肌脂肪酸含量与生长性状指标进行虾夷扇贝复合性状选育是可行的,本研究结果可以为扇贝选择育种工作的深入开展提供科学依据。     

锦江河大眼鳜和斑鳜肌肉中脂肪酸组成的比较

采用气相色谱法测定了贵州锦江河特有鱼类国家级水产种质资源保护区大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)和斑鳜(S.scherzeri)肌肉的脂肪酸组成。结果显示:大眼鳜肌肉含有24种脂肪酸,斑鳜肌肉含有20种脂肪酸。大眼鳜肌肉中饱和脂肪酸占36.402%,单不饱和脂肪酸占37.160%,多不饱和脂肪酸占26.438%;斑鳜肌肉中饱和脂肪酸占35.263%,单不饱和脂肪酸占30.747%,多不饱和脂肪酸占33.990%。从脂肪酸的组成特征来看,大眼鳜肌肉中必需脂肪酸占9.780%,反式脂肪酸含量为0.210%,ω-6/ω-3比值为0.634,EPA和DHA含量占8.700%;斑鳜肌肉中必需脂肪酸占10.115%,未检出反式脂肪酸,ω-6/ω-3比值为0.676,EPA和DHA含量占12.329%。结果表明,斑鳜肌肉脂肪酸营养价值较大眼鳜更好。     

野生及人工养殖半滑舌鳎肌肉营养成分分析研究

分析了野生及人工养殖条件下半滑舌鳎背部肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸及常量和微量元素的组成。结果表明,野生与养殖半滑舌鳎的蛋白质含量差异较小,分别为17.20%和17.17%;野生与养殖半滑舌鳎的脂肪含量相对较低,分别为0.15%和2.41%。两者均富含常量和微量元素,其中野生半滑舌鳎的硒和锌含量分别为7.92%和6.29%,较养殖半滑舌鳎高。在氨基酸含量方面,养殖半滑舌鳎呈味氨基酸天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸略低于野生半滑舌鳎。不饱和脂肪酸的总含量两者相似。但养殖半滑舌鳎C19∶1含量为20.41%,明显高于野生半滑舌鳎的含量(11.68%)。野生半滑舌鳎在C22∶6(DHA)的含量为14.28%,高于养殖半滑舌鳎的含量(10.39%)。     

中国对虾卵巢发育过程中脂肪酸组成的分析及比较研究

通过分析中国对虾亲虾在卵巢发育的不同阶段的卵巢、肝胰脏和肌肉的脂肪酸组成来评估中国对虾在性腺成熟过程中对脂质的需要。从中国对虾亲虾不同组织的脂肪酸组成可见,棕榈酸(16:0)、棕榈油酸(16:1ω7)、油酸(18:1ω9)、二十碳五烯酸(20:5ω3,EPA)及二十二碳六烯酸(22:6ω3,DHA)占主要比例,这与其它海洋甲壳类的脂肪酸组成相类似。中国对虾亲虾的主要脂肪酸组成比例与日本对虾亲虾的主妥脂肪酸组成比例相近似。中国对虾亲虾在不同的卵巢成熟期同一器官中的主要脂肪酸组成比例没有明显的差别,而不同组织的主要脂肪酸组成中都含有大量的ω-3系列的高度不饱和脂肪酸。从成熟卵巢的脂肪酸组成中含有高比例的EPA、DHA含量可见,EPA、DHA在亲虾性腺发育过程中的必需性。     

野生与人工养殖牙鲆亲鱼不同组织脂肪酸的比较

为研究脂肪酸对牙鲆繁育性能的影响, 采用生物化学方法, 对野生和养殖牙鲆亲鱼肌肉、肝脏及卵中脂肪酸组成分别进行测定。结果表明: (1) 牙鲆肌肉、肝脏和卵中脂肪含量大小关系为肝脏>卵>肌肉。野生亲鱼肌肉和卵中脂肪含量显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 肝脏脂肪含量与养殖亲鱼无显著差异; (2) 牙鲆亲鱼3种组织中均检测出21种脂肪酸。野生亲鱼肌肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)与养殖亲鱼无显著差异, 单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05)。肝脏和卵中SFA显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), MUFA与养殖亲鱼无显著差异; (3) 野生亲鱼肌肉、肝脏和卵中高不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量, 尤其是肝脏和卵中C20:5n-3(EPA)、C22:6n-3(DHA)的含量均显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 但肌肉和卵中的C20:4n-6(ARA)含量明显高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05); (4) 野生牙鲆亲鱼肌肉、肝脏和卵中n-3/n-6 PUFA及EPA/ARA显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 肝脏中DHA/EPA显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 但野生亲鱼肌肉和卵中的DHA/EPA与养殖亲鱼无显著差异。比较结果说明, DHA、EPA和ARA等PUFA是与牙鲆繁殖性能密切相关的重要脂肪酸。在牙鲆亲鱼养殖过程中, 除了提供牙鲆亲鱼足够的脂肪酸营养外, 也应注意各种脂肪酸, 尤其是PUFA中各种脂肪酸之间的添加比例, 从而保证亲鱼的繁殖性能及卵和仔鱼的质量。     

半滑舌鳎快速生长及高雌性家系的筛选

为查明半滑舌鳎不同家系雌、雄鱼遗传和生理性别比例及其与生长速率的关系,并试图筛选出生理雌鱼比例高且生长快的家系,实验首先建立了22个半滑舌鳎家系,并进行同池养殖以比较生长性能,再选取5个正常雄鱼家系和5个伪雄鱼家系进行遗传性别和生理性别测定.结果发现,不同家系鱼苗不仅生长速度差异显著,而且雌雄比例差异也很显著.筛选出生长快速的家系2个(家系16号和61号),其相对增重率分别为0.81和0.56 g/d;筛选出生长较快的家系4个(家系21、28、57和63号),其相对增重率为0.48 ～0.53 g/d;筛选出生长速度一般的家系12个,生长慢速家系4个.所检测的5个正常雄鱼(ZZ类型)家系的遗传雌鱼比例平均为51.87％,生理雌鱼比例平均为42.94％,遗传雌鱼转化为生理雄鱼的比例平均为14.08％.相反,检测的5个伪雄鱼(ZW类型)家系的遗传雌鱼比例平均为49.34％,生理雌鱼比例平均为4.45％,遗传雌鱼转化为生理雄鱼的比例平均为91.41％.实验发现半滑舌鳎不同家系在雌、雄生理性别比例上存在明显差异;伪雄鱼后代中的遗传雌鱼更容易转化为伪雄鱼,增加养殖群体中生理雄鱼的数量.研究表明,通过家系选育可以筛选出雌性比例高、生长速度快的半滑舌鳎家系.     

浙江南部近海海洋生物脂肪酸含量及组成分析

为探讨浙江南部近海常见海洋生物脂肪酸的特点, 采集 31 种海洋生物, 包括海鱼类 20 种, 甲壳类 9 种, 头足类 2 种, 每种 3 份样品, 共 93 个样本, 采用 Folch 法提取脂肪酸, 以气相色谱-质谱法测定其脂肪酸构成及含量。 分析不同海洋生物间总脂(TFA)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-6 系列多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 PUFA)、n-3 系列多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)、二十二碳六烯酸(C22:6n3, DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(C20:5n3, EPA)含量的差异。结果显示, 海鱼类、甲壳类和头足类总脂含量范围分别为 18.74~153.90, 24.65~62.81, 37.23~92.18 mg/g; DHA+EPA 含量范围分别为 4.32~38.31, 7.22~22.86, 12.48~49.61 mg/g。浙江南部近海 31 种海洋生物的 n-3 PUFA、EPA 和 DHA 含量均与总脂含量呈正相关(P<0.01), 主要脂肪酸构成具有种属差异, PUFA 和 n-3 PUFA 百分含量与物种食性有关, 摄食浮游植物、底栖藻类的物种高于摄食鱼类等游泳动物的物种。     

半滑舌鳎家系建立及其生长和抗病性能测定

以半滑舌鳎渤海野生群体和人工养殖群体为基础群体,建立了半滑舌鳎家系18个。对不同家系鱼苗进行荧光标记后放在同池进行生长比较,结果表明不同家系鱼苗生长速度差异显著,筛选出生长快速的家系2个(家系15和16号),生长较快的家系4个(家系6号、7号、16号和30号),生长速度一般的家系12个(家系1号、3号、4号、10号、12号、14号、19号、24号、27号、28号、33号和34号)。利用鳗弧菌感染其中12个家系,结果显示,2号家系感染后的成活率为79.25%,被认作抗病力强家系;2个家系(12号和14号)感染后的成活率为50%～60%,被认作抗病力较强家系;6个家系(3号,6号,7号,10号,16号和19号)成活率为35%～50%,被认作抗病力一般的家系;3个家系(15号、27号和30号)的成活率在35%以下,被认作抗病力差的家系。结果表明通过家系选育方法可以筛选出生长速度快、抗病力强的半滑舌鳎优良家系,从而为半滑舌鳎高产、抗病优良品种培育提供新的技术手段。     

6个不同产地瘤背石磺肌肉脂质及脂肪酸组成分析与比较

为比较不同产地瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)肌肉脂质和脂肪酸组成的差异性,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对6个不同产地(分别为江苏省盐城市亭湖区和大丰市、上海市浦东新区和崇明县、浙江省温州市苍南县、福建省厦门市)的瘤背石磺肌肉脂肪酸组成进行了分析研究。结果显示:(1)瘤背石磺肌肉磷脂/总脂(PL/TL)崇明产高达(74.84±1.38)%,显著高于其它产地的瘤背石磺(P0.05);各产地瘤背石磺肌肉中胆固醇/总脂(Cho/TL)和甘油三酯/总脂(TG/TL)含量差异不明显;苍南产瘤背石磺游离脂肪酸/总脂(FFA/TL)含量最高;(2)苍南产瘤背石磺的总饱和脂肪酸(ΣSFA)含量显著高于其它产地石磺(P0.05),总单不饱和脂肪酸(ΣMUFA)和总多不饱和脂肪酸[ΣPUFA(≥18∶2n)]显著低于其它产地石磺,其它5个产地ΣMUFA含量差异较小,各产地ΣPUFA和总高不饱和脂肪酸[ΣHUFA(≥20∶3n)]含量差异较大。浦东产瘤背石磺肌肉的C20∶5n3(EPA)、C22∶6n3(DHA)、ΣPUFA、ΣHUFA均显著高于其它产地石磺(P0.05)。研究表明,6个产地瘤背石磺肌肉中脂质及脂肪酸组成存在较大差异,上海和盐城两地的瘤背石磺含有丰富的人体必需脂肪酸,且DHA+EPA含量较高,营养价值丰富;苍南和厦门两产地的瘤背石磺具有含量较高且有特殊生理活性的脂肪酸。     

大黄鱼鱼种阶段脂肪酸组成研究

对人工培育的90-180日龄的大黄鱼鱼种,用GC/MS法分析比较了其肌肉和肝脏的脂肪酸组成,肌肉和肝脏分别检出脂肪酸25种和42种.试验结果表明,7-10月,肌肉中的脂肪不断积累,而肝脏中则保持相对恒定,且是肌肉的1.7～3倍;2种组织中均以C16∶0(棕榈酸)含量最高,其次为C18∶1(油酸);肝脏中脂肪酸以饱和脂肪酸(SFA)为主,SFA的平均含量是多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的4倍,而肌肉中的SFA平均含量则与PUFA基本相当;花生四烯酸(AA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)及亚油酸(C18∶2)等n-3和n-6系列的PUFA在肌肉中含量更高;大黄鱼鱼种首先利用肌肉组织中以C16∶0为主的十八碳以下的SFA作为能量来源,而不轻易动用肝脏贮藏的能量.通过与幼鱼和成鱼比较可知,随着鱼体的成长,其脂肪酸种类不断丰富,组成也更趋合理.     

Nutritional comparison in muscle of wild,pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) adults

Muscle proximate composition, amino acid profiles, fatty acid compositions and selected minerals of wild, pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder adults were compared in this study to elucidate their nutritive values and dietary nutrition requirements. Wild and pond cultured Japanese flounder flesh had higher crude proteins, but crude lipid contents of factory cultured fish were 3.8~4.0 fold greater. Major amino acids in Japanese flounder were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Wild fish had higher levels of total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and half‐essential amino acids and the contents in pond cultured samples were similar. Arachidonic acids (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), DHA + EPA and n–3 PUFA in wild Japanese flounder were significantly higher than that in factory cultured fish, whereas fatty acid levels were close between pond cultured and wild fish. Japanese flounder were rich in zinc, iron and selenium, but poor in copper, chromium and nickel. Results indicated wild Japanese flounder had higher nutritional value and better meat quality, but the nutritional compositions of pond cultured fish were close to wild Japanese flounder, which suggested that pond culture of Japanese flounder offers broad application prospects.     

Effect of dietary arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on survival, growth and pigmentation in larvae of common sole (Solea solea L.)

Evidence confirms that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA are involved in growth as well in pigmentation of marine fish larvae.In the present study we examined the performance of common sole larvae reared on Artemia enriched with 10 formulated emulsions, differing in inclusions of ARA, EPA, and DHA. The specific growth rate of the sole larvae until late metamorphosis, 21 days after hatching (dah) was 20 to 27% d^− 1. Even though the relative tissue essential fatty acid (EFA) concentrations significantly reflected dietary composition, neither standard growth nor larval survival were significantly related to the absolute concentrations of ARA, EPA and DHA or their ratios. This suggests low requirements for essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in common sole. Malpigmentation was significantly related to increased dietary ARA content. However, pigmentation was not affected by inclusion levels of EPA or DHA when ARA was high. This, and no relation between DHA: EPA or ARA: EPA ratios and pigmentation and only a weak relation to ARA: DHA ratio, advocate for that it is the absolute concentration of ARA in larval tissues, that is responsible for malpigmentation rather than the relative concentration to other PUFAs.Within malpigmentation, the trait “albinism” was characterised by an abnormal incomplete eye migration, but this trait is suggested not to be related to dietary ARA. Furthermore, albinism resulted in a lower growth rate, which suggests that visual aberrations affected prey capture.     

The effects of dietary long‐chain essential fatty acids on growth and stress tolerance in pikeperch larvae (Sander lucioperca L.)

The nutritional requirements of pikeperch larvae have been sparsely examined. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may affect growth and physiological stress response in marine fish larvae, but these mechanisms have not received as much attention in freshwater fish. Pikeperch larvae were reared on Artemia from day 3 until 21 days posthatch. Artemia were enriched with six formulated emulsions, with inclusion of either fish oil, pure olive oil (POO) or olive oil supplemented with various combinations of ARA, EPA and DHA. Larval tissue FA was significantly related to the content in the diets, but larval growth was similar for all treatments. When exposed to stress by confinement in small tanks with culture tank water or saline water (15 g L^?1.), mortality in larvae treated with POO was significantly higher than in the remaining treatments while tissue cortisol contents in these fish seemed lower. The findings of a lower stress response in larvae fed POO may be related to the lower tissue content in these larvae of essential fatty acids especially DHA but also EPA and ARA.     

Fatty acid and lipid content of Oreochromis niloticus L. in Ethiopian lakes — dietary effects of phytoplankton

Abstract— Herbivorous tilapia fish, Oreochrornis niloticus L. (Cichlidae), collected from five Ethiopian lakes were analyzed for lipid and fatty acid contents of the dorsal muscle using spectrophotometry and gas-liquid chromatography. The results showed remarkable variation between the lakes in both the lipid and total fatty acid content of the fish, 1.7–21 and 1.6–9.3% of dry weight (DW), respectively. Most fish from Lakes Haiq and Chamo contained higher levels of fat (≥ 10% DW) compared to fish from Lakes Ziway, Langeno and Awassa which contained ≤ 5% DW fat. A total of 28 fatty acids were identified. The saturated fatty acids ranged from 5.3–30 mg. gg⁻¹ DW, monounsaturated Fatty acids from 1.3–30 and polyunsaturated fatty acids from 6.8–29 mg. g⁻¹ DW. The most abundant fatty acids were palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). EPA and DHA alone amounted to 2.6–15 mg. g⁻¹ DW. The ω3/ω6 ratios ranged from 1.3–7.6 and L. Haiq fish showed the highest ratios, 5.1–7.6, indicating that the fat was of high nutritional quality. The reason for such variation is probably the varied diet available to the fish in the various lakes, This study, along with previous reports, confirms that the phytoplankton flora constituting the diet of O. niloticus varies greatly between the study lakes. The variation in phytoplankton is also reflected by the fatty acid pattern of net samples taken from the study lakes.     

Quantification of the Differences in Flesh Fatty Acid Components between Farmed and Wild Fish

Inconclusive results on the effect of farming on fatty acid composition of fish prevent the application of this possible variable in studies related to human health and environmental policies. The current meta-analysis used results from 39 studies to produce compelling quantitative results on differences in fatty acid components related to human health between farmed and wild fish. With seawater fish, mean effect sizes (Hedges' d) for differences in contents of EPA + DHA, total n-3 fatty acids, and the n-3:n-6 ratio were virtually zero. However, farmed freshwater fish showed a lower total n-3 fatty acid content than their wild counterparts.     

Beef tallow is suitable as a primary lipid source in juvenile Florida pompano feeds

It is assumed that Florida pompano have dietary EPA (20:5n‐3) and DHA (22:6n‐3) requirements. However, it is unclear whether both are equally important in meeting demand for n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs) or whether the requirement(s) can be influenced by other fatty acids. Accordingly, we assessed production performance and tissue composition of juvenile Florida pompano (41.0 ± 0.5 g) fed diets containing fish oil; beef tallow; or beef tallow partially or fully supplemented with EPA, DHA or both. After 8 weeks, no signs of fatty acid deficiency were observed. Although fish performance did not vary significantly among the dietary treatments, fish fed the DHA‐supplemented feeds exhibited numerically superior growth than those fed the other diets. Fillets of fish fed the beef tallow‐based diets contained reduced levels of n‐3 fatty acids and LC‐PUFAs and elevated levels of MUFAs and n‐6 fatty acids, although dietary supplementation with EPA and/or DHA attenuated these effects somewhat. Our results suggest that beef tallow is suitable as a primary lipid source in Florida pompano feeds and n‐3 LC‐PUFA requirements may be met by as little as 4 g/kg EPA and 4 g/kg DHA. However, there may be value in supplementing tallow‐based diets with DHA to enhance tissue levels and possibly growth.     

正常和白化褐牙鲆皮肤和肌肉中DHA和EPA含量的比较

利用气相色谱法对相同养殖条件下生长的正常和白化褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)的皮肤和肌肉组织中的DHA和EPA含量进行了比较分析。结果显示，正常和白化褐牙鲆的皮肤和肌肉中EPA含量相近，但白化个体皮肤中DHA含量显著低于正常个体，约为后者的1／2。而两者肌肉中的DHA含量则没有显著差异。同时，白化个体皮肤和肌肉组织中的DHA／EPA比值略低于正常个体。这一结果证明白化褐牙鲆皮肤蓄积或利用DHA的能力要低于正常褐牙鲆。关于鲆鳔类白化现象同鱼体对饵料中脂肪酸类物质的利用率之间的关系有待深入研究。     

兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生和养殖群体脂肪酸及相关血液指标的比较

对3龄、4龄和5龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)野生和养殖群体肌肉脂肪含量、脂肪酸含量以及部分血液生化指标进行了分析比较.结果表明:在兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生与养殖群体肌肉中均检测到18种脂肪酸,以油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸为主.野生群体肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二...     

牙鲆幼鱼对EPA和DHA的营养需求

研究了EPA和DHA水平对牙鲆生长的影响,饲料中含0.5%EPA和1.0%～1.5%DHA能保证牙鲆幼鱼最适生长,鱼体水分最低,肝体指数最小,脂肪含量有较大幅度提高,肝脏极性脂中EPA和DHA达到最大积累;在肝脏和肌肉的非极性脂部分,各组间的脂肪酸组成没有显著变化,而极性脂部分能体现出饲料中n-3 HUFA含量对鱼体脂肪酸组成的影响,极性脂中的EPA和DHA含量远高于非极性脂;在肌肉和肝脏的极性脂和非极性脂中都含有较高的16:0和18:1n-9; 18:1n-9/n-3HUFA可以作为必需脂肪酸满足程度的一个判据,18:1n-9值的升高往往是缺乏必需脂肪酸的表现,在生长最佳时18:1n-9/n-3HUFA比值下降,为0.62和0.74.