重力式网箱浮架结构的动力响应特性研究

利用离岸网箱进行水产养殖近年来受到了越来越多的重视,离岸区域海况条件恶劣,浮架结构的安全性对于网箱的设计具有极其重要的意义。为研究网箱浮架结构在动态波浪荷载作用下的动力响应,采用有限元法利用PIPE单元建立了浮架的数值模型,并根据物理模型试验结果对该数值模型进行验证,发现有限元模型的计算结果与模型试验结果吻合较好。基于该模型,重点分析了网箱的连接构件数量和个别锚绳发生断裂对浮架动力响应的影响,得到了浮架结构连接处的应力值、变形值以及浮架的变形模式图。结果显示,数值模型能较好地模拟网箱浮架的受力和运动响应;连接构件数量增加时,浮架的应力和变形将会减少;当下游同侧两根锚绳同时断裂时浮架应力和锚绳力最小。研究表明,动力特性是结构优化分析的重要依据,24套连接构件的浮架应优先使用。     

水流作用下自升降式张力腿网箱水动力学特性试验研究

自升降式张力腿网箱因其在水流作用下能够下潜到水中,具有在恶劣海况条件下,避免海水表面的风浪冲击,降低网箱系统被破坏风险的优点,具有良好的市场前景。根据田内准则,运用水槽模型试验方法,研究了周长60 m,网高16 m张力腿网箱在水流作用下的缆绳张力、网箱下潜深度、容积损失率与流速的关系。结果显示:张力腿网箱缆绳张力随流速增加而增加,且主要受力集中在迎流面的缆绳上;张力腿网箱可以在水流作用下自动下潜,流速0.8 m/s时,下潜深度可达11.91～17.79 m,从而能够实现网箱抗风浪的目的,另外可根据需要调整浮架浮力使网箱沉降深度达到合理水层区间;在低流速下各配置张力腿网箱容积损失率较小,在流速0.8 m/s时,最大容积损失率32.5%,小于类似配置的重力式圆形网箱。研究结果可为张力腿网箱的设计与应用提供参考。     

波流作用下深水网箱受力及运动变形的数值模拟

基于已建立的浮架和网衣数学模型,对不同波况和流速共同作用条件下HDPE深水网箱所受的锚绳力、波流力、容积损失率以及浮架倾角进行数值计算,设计的波流要素值为:波高H=4～6 m,周期T=6.0～8.6 s,流速U=0.3～0.9 m/s.结果表明,网箱锚绳受力、波流力和容积损失率均与波高和流速成正比,与周期的关系不明显,且网箱系统所受的波流力约为网箱迎浪侧两根锚绳受力的合力.在波高H=4～6 m、流速U=0.75 m/s时,网箱容积损失率达到47%～56%,网箱变形较为严重,为此建议网箱养殖区域应选择流速小于0.75 m/s的海区较为适宜.周期对网箱容积损失率的影响很小,对浮架倾角的影响较为明显,波高和流速不变时,随着周期的增大,浮架倾角会有所减小.本研究旨在探讨波浪流对深水网箱受力及运动变形的影响,为高海况网箱养殖的风险评估提供参考依据.     

系泊方式对深水养殖网箱动力特性影响研究

针对一种三角形高密度聚乙烯深水养殖网箱,该研究基于有限元法建立了波浪流作用下网箱动力响应计算模型,并通过开展模型比尺1∶15的水池试验,分析比较了网箱在纯波、波流组合条件下动力响应的计算结果与试验数据,两者相对误差均在10%以内。在此基础上,考虑原型网箱海况数据,将波流要素值取为:波高(H) 4～6 m、周期(T) 9 s、流速(v) 0.5～1.5 m·s~(-1),分析了单点系泊和多点系泊方式浮架变形以及网箱系泊力的情况,并进一步探讨了系泊方式对网箱运动特性的影响。结果表明,波流作用下,多点系泊布置时的系泊力峰值大于单点系泊情况,且随着流速和波高的增加,两者相差幅度增大;在大浪强流条件(H=6 m, T=9 s, v=1.5 m·s~(-1))下,多点系泊能在一定程度上降低浮架的变形;2种系泊方式对浮架的升沉影响极小,但多点系泊时浮架在x轴上的位移大于单点系泊时,两者峰值相差25.64%;单个周期内网衣平面轮廓图显示网衣的变形程度几乎一致。     

HDPE圆形重力式网箱受力变形特性的数值模拟

该研究旨在综合探讨不同网箱周长、浮管管径、网衣高度及网目大小对整体网箱受力变形的影响,为网箱的科学合理选型提供数据参考。设定的网箱周长40—80m,浮管管径250～630mm,网衣高度6～20m,网目大小45～115mm。通过数值模拟方法对4种规格高密度聚乙烯圆形网箱在不同组合条件下网箱锚绳受力、波流力以及容积损失率进行了数值计算。结果表明,大规格网箱的锚绳受力、波流力更大,容积损失率更小,锚绳数量的增加可以大大降低锚绳受力。相比浮管管径,网衣高度和网目大小对网箱受力变形的影响更显著。整体网箱的受力变形随着网衣高度的增加而增大,随网目的增大而减小。     

波流入射方向对网格式锚碇网箱水动力特性的影响

运用集中质量方法和刚体运动学原理,建立了单体网格式网箱在波流联合作用下浮架、网衣和锚碇系统受力和运动的数学模型.利用物理模型试验对本数学模型的正确性进行了验证.在此基础上计算了2种波流作用方向、各工况下单体网格式网箱3类锚绳(锚碇锚绳、连接锚绳、网格锚绳)受力、浮架运动及网衣变形的结果,并分析了波流作用方向对网格式锚碇网箱水动力特性的影响.结果表明,当波流作用方向由正向变为斜向(45°)时,锚碇锚绳与连接锚绳受力有较大程度的增加,网格锚绳受力有较小程度的增加;浮架水平方向、竖直方向运动幅度有一定程度减小,浮架倾角及网衣变形变化不明显.     

波浪作用下圆形网箱浮架系统的运动特性分析

作为深水养殖网箱的重要组成部分，浮架系统在网箱抗风浪性能中扮演着极为重要的角色，研究浮架系统在波浪作用下的运动特性是深入了解网箱抗风浪性能的关键。基于集中质量法将圆形浮架离散成众多微元，并运用线性波浪理论和刚体运动学原理，建立了波浪作用下网箱浮架系统的运动响应数学模型。针对圆形浮架的实际尺寸参数，在不同波高（H=4.2～7.0 m）和周期（T=7.2, 8.6 s）条件下，采用计算机数值模拟方法，对浮架前后点运动轨迹、浮架质心水平和垂直位移、浮架倾角进行了数值计算。通过对计算结果的比较及分析表明：（1）浮架垂直位移幅度大于水平位移幅度，波浪周期对浮架垂直位移的影响要小于对水平位移的影响；（2）浮架水平位移、垂直位移以及倾角都和波高具有显著的正比关系。在波高H=4.2～7.0 m范围内，周期T=7.2 s时，水平位移、垂直位移和倾角的增量分别为1.84 m、1.0 m和7.18°；周期T=8.6 s时，三者的增量分别为1.66 m、1.05 m和5.43°；（3）周期增大，浮架垂直位移增加，水平位移和倾角减小。     

波浪作用下一种鲆鲽类方形网箱水动力特性数值模拟研究

针对鲆鲽类方形重力式网箱在纯波浪条件下的水动力特性,采用数值模拟的方法对鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的主要部件——浮架系统、配重系统、锚碇系统进行了模拟。将模拟结果与实验结果进行分析比较表明,数模与物模各量值吻合良好,平均相对误差均不超过9%,表明数值模拟的方法能较好地模拟鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的水动力特性。在此基础上,用数值模拟的方法,进一步研究了底框质量和网衣高度的改变对网箱各参数的影响,模拟结果显示,底框质量改变主要影响锚绳受力和底框倾角,底框质量从80 g升至100 g再升至140 g的过程中,锚绳受力平均增幅分别为13%和19%,同时增大底框质量有助于减小底框运动倾角,其平均降幅分别为8.8%和9.3%;网衣高度由20 cm增至30 cm后,锚绳受力平均增加15%,同时网衣的增高导致对浮架和底框的牵制作用加大,使得浮架和底框的运动幅度有所减小,降幅不超过10%。在以上研究结果的基础上,为鲆鲽类网箱的设计与优化提供了参考建议。     

深水抗风浪网箱水动力学特性研究

深水网箱抗风浪能力和耐流特性是深水网箱养殖首要解决的主要问题,也是网箱设计的核心技术问题.深水抗风浪网箱系统水动力特性研究相当关键.文中对深水抗风浪网箱水动力特性研究中物理模型试验和数值模拟方法,包括网衣模型相似准则、网箱整体模型试验、运动特性分析技术、网箱整体模型试验,以及网衣模拟、浮架模拟、整体网箱模拟、网衣周围流...     

HDPE圆柱形网箱与圆台形网箱受力变形特性的比较

介绍了一种用于模拟水流作用下网箱受力变形的数值计算模型,并利用海上实测数据对计算模型进行了验证。验证结果表明,网箱锚绳力的计算结果与实测数据十分接近,最大相对误差为7.0%。在此基础上,分别对圆柱形网箱和圆台形网箱在不同配重(GW₁=350 kg、GW₂=600 kg)和流速(U=0.3～0.9 m/s)条件下所受的水流力以及容积损失率进行了数值计算。结果表明,两种网箱无论在所受的水流力方面还是在变形后保持的网箱容积方面随流速和配重的变化趋势基本一致。圆柱形网箱的容积损失率远大于圆台形网箱的容积损失率,在较小流速(U=0.3 m/s)研究时,圆柱形网箱的容积损失率达到了28%左右,具有较明显的初始变形。圆台形网箱的初始变形很小,具有较好的耐流特性和抗变形能力。     

Numerical simulation of deformations and forces of a floating fish cage collar in waves

The dynamic behavior of a fish cage collar in waves was investigated using a numerical model based on the finite element method. The floating collar and mooring system were divided into a series of line segments modeled by straight massless model segments with a node at each end. To verify the validity of the numerical model, research data from other authors were cited and compared with the simulated results, the comparison of results showed a good agreement. The numerical model was then applied to a dynamic simulation of a floating cage collar in waves to analyze its elastic deformation and mooring line tension. The simulated results indicated that the greatest deformation of the collar taken place in the position of the mooring line connection point when incident waves were in the same direction. An increase in the length of mooring line would help to decrease the mooring line tension of the collar. Furthermore, the effects of collar dimension, including collar circumference, pipe diameter in cross-section, and pipe thickness, on the dynamic behavior of the floating collar were discussed. The results of this study provided a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of the fish cage collar.     

Evaluation of the structural strength and failure for floating collar of a single-point mooring fish cage based on finite element method

Deep-water fish cage floating collar also referred to as float, bears a load in the form of waves, fishing nets, and moorings, in which the longitudinal wave force is the main type of loading. The long-term continuous effects caused by wave force could cause reduction in strength, or vibration failure in the floating collar. In this study, the peak responses of a single-point mooring (SPM) cage floating collar, due to either static or vibration loadings, were calculated by the finite element method (FEM) based on an elastic model. In this model, the float exhibited macro-plastic deformation when the stress of 26.1 MPa, generated under 100 kN load, was greater than the yield limit (25 MPa). With the increase in order modes from 1 to 18 (1.2–7.9 Hz), the stress increased. Moreover, the harmonic stress corresponding to 8 and 0.1 Hz was clearly higher than that for 0 Hz under 100 kN loads, due to structural resonance. The range of stress values due to the random vibration was 16.0–63.7 MPa, when the angular velocities (k) were in the range of 0.01–16 rad s^―1. Moreover, the transient response (34.4 MPa) was maximum when the angular velocity was 10 rad s^―1 (range 1–100 rad s^―1). The reliability rate of the entire body was 53.1% and 97.0% after 10⁸ loading cycles for 100 kN and 10 kN loads, respectively. Furthermore, the fatigue modes of the key components were determined from the outer triangular tops and inner hexagonal intersections. In short, static analysis, vibration analysis, and fatigue analysis of FEM could be used as reliable ways to evaluate structural strength and failure for floating system. Finally, the floating parts could be strengthened with partially double pipes or optimized by increasing the stiffness, and appropriate damping could be widely used.     

Accuracy improvement of numerical simulation with the determination of drag coefficients of floating collars

To install aquaculture facilities in the open sea, which is significantly influenced by tidal currents and waves, technology must be developed to withstand severe natural conditions. Many studies have been performed on cage structures that can operate in such an environment. To analyze the performance of the cage structure, it is necessary to derive the drag coefficient of the floating collar according to the degree of submergence of the floating collar in the sea; however, studies on this have not been published. Therefore, in the present study, we determined the drag coefficients according to the extent of submersion of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, which are the most commonly used pipes for cage floating collars. Using three types of HDPE pipes with different diameters, we derived drag coefficients for 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, and complete submersion of the pipe’s cross section at different attack angles and current speeds. The drag coefficient of the HDPE pipe derived from a flume-tank experiment was employed for modeling the floating collar. Additionally, a numerical simulation was performed. The deformation of the sides of the cage according to the current speeds agreed well with the model test and numerical simulation results, and the overall calculation error for the tension of the mooring line was within ±5%. Furthermore, the accuracy of the simulation was improved by about 7% through the numerical calculation method of the floating collar applied in this study. According to the results of the model test and numerical simulation, cage structures with various properties can be modeled consistently using a mass–spring model, enabling relatively accurate numerical calculations and behavior simulation of the cage.     

A prediction on structural stress and deformation of fish cage in waves using machine-learning method

Generally, the hydrodynamics of a fish cage are investigated using numerical simulation, physical model experiments, and field measurements. However, these traditional research methods are time consuming and low in efficiency. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is built such that the hydrodynamic characteristics of a fish cage in waves can be predicted rapidly. The training data of the ANN model are generated by a well-developed numerical model from our previous studies. The parameters in the hidden layer of the ANN model are determined considering the prediction accuracy of the hydrodynamic results of the fish cage. The ANN model is validated against a well-developed numerical model with satisfactory accuracy. Using the proposed ANN model, the hydrodynamic results of the fish cage including the maximum tension in mooring lines, minimum effective-volume ratio, and maximum stress of the floating collar are predicted for various waves. Overall, the predicted results indicate a trend consistent with that of the previous studies. The present model can potentially forecast disasters for an oncoming typhoon, which is important for the hazard prevention of a fish farm.     

Field measurements of cage deformation using acoustic sensors

As aquaculture continues to supply an increasing share of the worldwide seafood demand, it will become critical for farmers to maximize their efficiency. Presently, the majority of marine finfish are produced in gravity type net pens which can deform when they are subjected to currents. The water velocity loading affects the overall net shape which results in net cage volume loss and consequently, increases fish stress and decreases growth rates.In this study, an acoustic method is utilized to monitor the deformation of a small-scale fish cage deployed in currents. Twelve acoustic sources and four hydrophones were deployed on and around a small scale net pen for 60 days to monitor the net cage movement and volume. Local current velocities were recorded using two current meters, one inside and one outside the net pen. Three volume approximation techniques were examined, using the positions of the acoustic sources to predict net chamber volume as it responded to the currents. A numerical model of the system was then configured, set with loads under similar water velocities and results between field measurements and the model were compared.The use of acoustic sources and hydrophones to monitor cage deformation was shown to accurately monitor net deformation. Field measurements compared well to numerical model predictions, with errors ranging from −3.8% to 32%, depending upon the number of acoustic sources employed in the volume calculations. At low water velocities, six acoustic sources were found to accurate predict the net pen volume. In higher currents, a minimum of nine acoustic sources was recommended.     

Water-tank experiment and static numerical analysis of the mooring system of a controllable depth cage

Recent variations in marine environments have increased the risk of aquaculture accidents at sea. This risk can be reduced by installing fish cages at the desired depth, based on environmental conditions such as wave height, the vertical profiles of water temperature, algal concentration, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Most submergible fish cages can be located at only two depths: the sea surface and a submerged depth. In the present study, a fish cage installed at various depths, i.e., a controllable depth cage (CDC), is proposed for avoiding undesirable environments. A water tank experiment is conducted to measure the drag of the cage and the static deformation of the mooring system using a scale model of the actual cage. Then, a simple numerical model based on the balance of forces on each component is developed to analyze the position and the attitude of the cage and the mooring tension of the system. The numerical model is verified by comparing the experimental and numerical results. The outcome showed that the cage and floats moved downstream at an increasing velocity. The results of the numerical simulation supported those of the water tank experiment. However, the simulated vertical positions of a cage and floats were higher compared with experimental results. Additionally, the inclination of angle increased alongside increasing velocity in the numerical simulation, whereas a complex variation was observed in the experiment. This happened because of underestimating the drag on the mooring rope in lower water current velocities; additionally, cage lift was not considered in the numerical model. Despite these discrepancies, the tension of each mooring rope was well predicted because of the dominant tension of the horizontal component. In future studies, the balance of forces on the rope should be predicted more precisely, and variations in cage drag and inclination angle should be included in the numerical model. Additionally, the effect of waves should be considered alongside water currents to ensure the safety of the CDC.     

Design development of porous collar barrier for offshore floating fish cage against wave action,debris and predators

This paper presents a design concept of a porous collar barrier for a novel floating open-net fish cage that is integrated with a floating spar wind turbine (referred to as COSPAR fish cage). The COSPAR fish cage has an octagonal shape with each side length of 30m. The collar barrier, having an array of rectangular cut-outs with round corners, is installed at the top portion of the cage to attenuate wave transmission inside the cage as well as to protect fish from external predators and debris. Single and double collar barrier designs corresponding to single net and double net cages are studied. The wave transmission, reflection and energy-loss coefficients of barriers are determined from numerical analysis based on the linear potential wave theory and the eigenfunction expansion method. Various underwater heights (2m ≤ h ≤ 8m) and porosity (0.25≤ ε ≤ 0.75) of the collar barriers are examined with the view to obtaining the barrier design for minimal transmission coefficient and energy-loss coefficient. Without a collar barrier, the single net and double net cage can only provide average wave transmission coefficients of 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. This study finds that the transmission coefficient could be reduced below 0.4 by having a single collar barrier with h = 4m and ε = 0.25. On the other hand, the transmission coefficient could be further reduced below 0.3 by a double collar barrier with the same h and ε. In addition, the double collar barrier gives lower energy-loss coefficient and better proofing against fish escape, biosecurity and predator intrusion than the single collar barrier. A double collar barrier design with porosity combination of ε₁ = 0.25, ε₂ = 0.5 is recommended for the COSPAR fish cage as it yields competitive wave scattering performances and saves collar material by 25 % when compared with the best performing porosity combination of ε₁ = ε₂ = 0.25.     

水流作用下筏式养殖设施动力响应的数值模拟

利用有限单元法建立了水流作用下筏式养殖设施动力响应的数学计算模型,通过数值求解对浮标和吊笼结构的最大位移以及锚绳受力进行分析。计算机模拟结果表明,筏绳在水流作用下产生明显的变形,其形态变化与实际基本相符。当流向一定时,浮标和吊笼的最大位移值以及左右两侧的锚绳受力均随流速的增加而增大。其中,浮标最大位移值7.6m,吊笼最大位移值9.6m。当流速一定时,浮标和吊笼的最大位移值与右侧锚绳受力随着来流角度的增加而增大。左侧锚绳力受来流方向变化影响不明显,其最大值为3 780N。     

双层网底鲆鲽网箱耐流特性的数值模拟

双层网底鲆鲽网箱的网底结构在水流作用下会发生倾斜与转动。为确保网底结构的安全,需对其耐流特性进行动力分析。为此,根据有限元法建立了流场中双层网底网箱受力的数学模型,通过计算机数值模拟对双层网底的最大位移与倾角进行研究,并将双层网底的计算结果与单层网底进行对比分析。模拟结果显示,随着流速的增大,上层网底与下层网底的倾角逐渐增加,并且两层网底的倾斜方向恰好相反。研究发现,当实际海区流速超过93 cm/s时,双层网底网箱的上、下两层网底会发生接触碰撞,从而影响网底的稳定。此外,双层网底网箱的下层网底位移要大于单层网底网箱,但其倾角却小于后者,这可能与双层网底网箱的上层网底设计有关。     

水流作用网衣过程的数值模拟

网衣是深水网箱的主要组成部分，也是整个网箱系统中受力最为复杂的部件之一。文章介绍了水动力作用下一种基于集中质量法的网衣数学模型，并引用前人的试验结果对数学模型进行了验证。在此基础上，利用此数学模型在不同配重（CW1=400kg和CW2=800kg）和流速（U=0．3—0．6m·s^-1）条件下分别对网衣所受的水流力、网衣形状和网衣运动位移三者随时间的变化过程进行了数值模拟，给出了网衣达到稳定状态前、后网衣受力变形的计算结果，揭示了网衣在水流作用过程中的动态变化规律，并进一步分析了配重及流速大小对网衣受力、变形及运动特性的影响。