外源基因导入鲤受精卵最佳时期的研究

本研究以鲤鱼受精卵为材料，通过显微注射技术，在受精卵的不同发育时期把鲤鱼ＭＴ启动子基因和大麻哈鱼ＧＨ基因导入受精卵中，按孵出的鱼苗数分别计算成活率，再通过斑点杂交和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ Ｂｌｏｔ杂交检测整合情况，计算整合率，孵化率最高的为单细胞中期（９０．８３％），整合率最高的为单细胞后期和囊胚期（４０％）。综合研究结果外源基因导入鲤鱼受精卵的最佳时期应选在单细胞后期。     

受精卵不同发育时期导入外源基因时整合效率影响的研究

从1985年以来,世界各国先后应用不同外源基因导入虹鳟鱼、鲤鱼、鲶鱼等有经济价值的养殖鱼类。但受精卵发育到何时注基因源射外获得高的成活率(孵化率)和整合率一直是研究人员所关心的问题。法国的Chourout等在1986年就做了虹鳟鱼受精卵不同发育时期注射外源基因与孵化率关系实验。美国的Thoms.T.then等人也做了鲤鱼等受精卵在不同发育时期注射外源基因对其成活率、整合率影响的研究。由于外源基因对受体鱼的整合机理比较复杂,不仅这方面的研究不多,而且各实验室之间的研究结果也很不一致,因此至今对某种鱼类的受精印发育到何时是注射外源基因的最佳时期还没有形成一致的意见。本研究以鲤鱼受精卵为材料,通过显微注射技术,在受精卵的不同发育时期把鲤鱼MT启动因子基因,大麻哈鱼CH基因的融合基因导入受精卵中,按孵出的鱼苗数分别计算成活率,再通过斑点杂交和Southern Blot杂交检查整合情况,计算整合率,以探索外源基因导入鲤鱼受精卵的最佳时期。     

鲤鱼受精卵导入外源基因最佳时期的研究

鲤鱼受精卵导入外源基因最佳时期的研究梁利群，孙孝文，沈俊宝，闫学春，王鹏（中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所，哈尔滨１５００７６）１９８５年以来，世界各国先后应用不同外源基因导入虹鳟鱼、鲤鱼、鲶鱼等人工养殖鱼类以提高鱼的质量和产量。但受精卵发育到何时...     

用显微注射技术导入外源DNA对鲤鱼和虹鳟鱼受精卵孵化率的影响

本报道了利用显微注射技术导入外源基因分别对鲤鱼和虹鳟鱼授精卵孵化率影响的研究。从1993年－1996年4年中，我们用显微注射方法，将全鱼生长激素基因导入虹鳟鱼授精卵（包括囊胚期卵）5，676粒，孵出鱼苗364尾，孵化率为6.4%(4年平均，虹鳟鱼正常孵化率为80％）；而用这种方法，将全鱼生长激素基因导入鲤鱼授精卵12，196粒，孵出鱼苗4，290，孵化率为34．0％（4年平均，鲤鱼正常孵化率为70％左右）。实验结果：显微注射技术在虹鳟鱼和鲤鱼两种受精卵上的效果明显不同，斑点杂交和SouthernBlot杂交结果相近。     

转牛（羊）生长激素基因工程鲤鱼研究

生产出转牛和羊生长激素基因实验鲤鱼一万余尾，筛选出生长速度快，含有外源基因的转基因鲤鱼１４３尾，遗传实验证实外源基因可遗传给后代，经池塘生长实验证明于代仍具有生长速度快的特征，建立了把外源基直接注入鲤鱼受精卵及确定了外源基因导入鲤鱼受精卵的最佳时期等构建转基因鱼的一整套技术。     

鱼类基因工程育种技术的研究—转基因野鲤虹鳟和鲫鱼的培育

本文报道了用鼠的MT启动子与牛生长激素基因的融合基因(mMT—bGH)为目的基因,通过显微注射等方法,导入鲤鱼、鲫鱼、虹鳟等的受精卵中,Dot杂交和Southern杂交检测,阳性信号率为9％,转基因鱼的个体体重与对照组出现明显的差异,其中一部分高于对照组,另一部分低于对照组。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因重组子的构建及其在鱼类受精卵中的表达

通过体外重组，将绿色荧光蛋白基因编码序列克隆到鲤鱼肌动蛋白基因启动子下游，构建成能在鱼体内表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组分子。用限制性内切酶PvuI酶切线性化后，通过显微注射法导入金鱼受精卵内，在转化后48h，可观察到绿色荧光，经PCR初步筛选后，对显阳性个体进行Southern杂交检测，结果表明，转化个体表现出较强的杂交信号。这说明绿色荧光蛋白基因能在金鱼体内整合、表达。     

我国育成转基因鲤鱼

我国育成转基因鲤鱼从牛、羊、大马哈鱼等动物体内提取生长激素基因，把它导入鲤鱼的受精卵内，出生后的鲤鱼生长速度要比普通鲤鱼快２０％左右，而且这种快速生长的势头还会传给它们的子孙。这项高科技研究项目最近通过了国家科委的鉴定。专家们认为，其成果达到了９０年...     

鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能影响研究

为探讨用鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能的影响,以初始体重为（70±1．0）g的鲤鱼为试验对象．以2％和4％鸡肉粉分别替代1％和2％的鱼粉,配制成3种等氮的饲料,在水泥池中进行为期62d的生长试验。结果表明,当2％鸡肉粉替代1％鱼粉时,在鲤鱼生长前期,其增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）比对照组降低,饵料系数（FCR）升高;在鲤鱼生长后期,其增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）比对照组升高,饵料系数（FCR）降低;当4％鸡肉粉替代2％鱼粉时,在鲤鱼生长前期,其增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）比对照组降低,饵料系数（FCR）升高;在鲤鱼生长后期,其特定生长率（SGR）比对照组升高。增重率（WGR）和饵料系数（FCR）降低。     

转生长激素基因工程鲤鱼研究

约10000余尾注射牛和羊生长激素基因的鲤鱼已被生产出来，并从中筛选出生长速度快且整合了外源基因的个体143尾，也证明外源基因可传递给子代同时子代也具有快速生长的特征。建立了把外源基因直接注入受精卵的方法，确定了注入外源基因的最佳时期。     

青蛤受精卵和幼虫密度对孵化和生长的影响

本文报道了青蛤受精卵密度对孵化的影响和青蛤幼虫培养密度对生长的影响。受精卵密度在26个/ml、30个/ml、38个/ml、44个/ml、53个/ml时,孵化率在87.8～89.9％之间;受精卵密度为53个/ml时,幼虫畸形率较高。实验发现,幼虫的培养密度应控制在6～11个/ml,幼虫变态后,减少培养密度,可以提高幼虫成活率。     

大弹涂鱼仔鱼的摄食、生长和成活的研究

本文主要论述大弹涂鱼仔鱼阶段有关摄食和生长发育，以及不同饵料对仔鱼生长和成活的影响。结果表明，孵化后3—5日龄即仔鱼危险期，正处于内源性(包括混合性)营养转入外源性营养。颗粒有机碎屑是仔鱼的开口饵料，培育期间以底栖硅藻分解后形成的颗粒有机碎屑为饵料，其后期仔鱼成活率高达42．04％。6日龄起逐渐加投桡足类幼体和成体，其16日龄后期仔鱼平均全长可达6．15mm，平均体重1．24mg．     

Breeding and larval rearing of the camouflage grouper Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker) in the hypersaline waters of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia

This is the first report on the successful year-round natural spawning and larval rearing of Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker) in captivity and under hypersaline water conditions of 42-43%₀ salinity in the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Although the fish spawned naturally once or twice a year during 1992-94 culture period, incorporation of cod-liver oil in the broodstock diet during the 1995 culture period enabled the fish to spawn continuously for 2-3 days in each month during March, April, May and August. The egg fertilization and hatching rates also increased during the 1995 spawning period. The egg fertilization rate varied from 90 to 100% with a mean of 96.5 ± 3.38%. The egg hatching rate varied from 70 to 95% with a mean of 83.1 ± 10.12%. The fertilized egg diameter averaged 757.3 ± 37.36 μm. There was a linear relation between the fertilized egg size and the egg hatching rate. The increase in the hatching rate relevant to the egg size was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The egg development time until hatching lasted for 19 h at 29°C. The newly hatched larval size ranged from 1.55-1.71 mm with a mean of 1.65 ± 0.052 mm in total length. The larval growth was slow in the early stages and the growth curve until metamorphosis showed a curvilinear pattern. Wide variations in larval size, range 22-47 mm with a mean of 33.40 ± 7.01 mm, were observed during the metamorphosis stage at day 50. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth and survival was observed between the larvae reared using white and grey coloured tanks. The larval survival up to metamorphosis was 1.6-4.7% with a mean of 2.98 ± 1.56% in the grey coloured tanks and 1.6-1.9% with a mean of 1.73 ± 0.16% in the white tanks. The results demonstrated the possibility of breeding E. polyphekadion under captive culture conditions. However, methods to improve the larval survival have to be pursued further for commercial farming of this species.     

盐度对杂交石斑鱼受精卵孵化和卵黄囊仔鱼形态及活力的影响

为了研究盐度对褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)♀×清水石斑鱼(Epinephelus polyphekadion)♂杂交后代(简称杂交石斑鱼)受精卵孵化、卵黄囊仔鱼形态及活力的影响,将杂交石斑鱼受精卵置于不同盐度水体中,观察盐度胁迫下卵径、油球径、孵化率及畸形率,以及孵化后卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化和活力状况。结果表明,在本研究条件下,受精卵卵径随盐度降低而增大,油球径不随盐度变化而变化。在盐度18~36范围内均能孵化仔鱼,但因盐度不同孵化率和初孵仔鱼畸形率有显著差异(P0.05);随盐度升高,孵化率呈先升后降的变化,初孵仔鱼畸形率则相反。盐度24~36组孵化后3 d仔鱼卵黄囊几乎完全消耗,组间无显著差异(P0.05)。在盐度24~36范围内,随着盐度的增加,仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI值)呈先升后降的变化曲线;盐度30~33范围内,初孵仔鱼SAI值大于5;5日龄仔鱼全部死亡,半数死亡时间出现在孵化后3.5 d。综上分析表明,该杂交石斑鱼受精卵孵化及仔鱼培育的适宜盐度范围为24~36,最适盐度范围为30~33。     

维生素C对圆斑星鲽早期发育的影响

本研究旨在探究维生素C(V_C)对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)早期发育中孵化率、出膜率和成活率的影响,对其消化酶和脂蛋白脂酶(Lipoprotein lipase,LPL)及肝脂酶(Hepatic Lipase,HL)的影响。实验用圆斑星鲽为人工受精卵,分为5组,孵化水体V_C浓度分别为0、20、25、30和35 mg/L,分别在成熟卵、受精卵、原肠中期、晶体出现期、内源营养期(2日龄)、混合营养期(6日龄)及外源营养期(9日龄)取样。记录圆斑星鲽的出膜时间、出膜率和成活率,测定对照组和生长指标优越组的消化酶活性和2种酯酶的活性。结果显示,25 mg/L的V_C能显著提高圆斑星鲽的出膜率和成活率,并缩短出膜时间(P0.05)。V_C能促进圆斑星鲽早期发育过程中蛋白质的沉积。外源营养期后,胃蛋白酶活性显著提高(P0.05),淀粉酶活性在混合营养期显著提高(P0.05),脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性在内源营养期就显著提高(P0.05)。25 mg/L V_C溶液浸泡使圆斑星鲽胚胎发育过程中的LPL和HL比活力显著升高(P0.05)。合子中的LPL和HL基因可能在原肠期开始表达,合成脂质水解酶分解脂质,为胚胎发育供能。研究表明,圆斑星鲽成熟卵受精后脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶酶优先发挥作用,分解卵黄中的碳水化合物为胚胎发育迅速提供能量。25 mg/L的V_C能显著提高消化酶活性,并促进蛋白质的沉积,有利于孵化成活的V_C浓度可以显著促进圆斑星鲽早期发育的脂质代谢。     

温度对四川华鳊胚胎发育的影响

为探索温度对四川华鳊胚胎发育的影响,笔者观察16、19、22、25、28、31℃6个温度条件下四川华鳊的胚胎发育过程,描述总结(25±0.5)℃下胚胎发育各个阶段的形态特征。研究结果显示,四川华鳊胚胎发育过程可划分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官分化和出膜等8个连续发育阶段;在(25±0.5)℃下孵化总历时44.83 h;在温度为16℃时,胚胎发育至原肠胚晚期全部死亡;19℃时孵化率为30.00%,其中畸形致死占87.19%,显著高于其余4个温度组(P<0.05);温度由19℃升至31℃时,胚胎发育所需时间变短,各温度间差异显著(P<0.05),其中器官分化阶段均用时最长,占整个胚胎孵化历时的72.53%~77.07%;胚胎畸形率随着温度升高而上升,31℃的胚胎畸形率约为28℃的2倍;在22~28℃时,胚胎的受精率和孵化率、成活率最高,畸形率最低。研究结果表明,水温在(19±1)℃,卵径(y)与胚胎孵化时间(x)的关系为y=49.56-44.36x+47.92x^2(r^2=0.996);水温22~28℃为适宜孵化温度,最佳水温约为25℃;胚胎发育的生物学零度为12.69℃,有效积温为522.35~595.11℃·h。     

Biochemical changes during embryogenesis of the Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis (Schmidt)

Abstract Eggs of Pacific halibut held in a conical incubator at 6deg;C hatched 422 h post-fertilization. Levels of moisture, monosaccharides and total carbohydrates in the embryos demonstrated significant linear increases during this period of development. Significant linear declines in levels of total lipid and ash occurred, but polysaccharide and protein contents were virtually unchanged. The ratio of RNA:DNA, signifying rate of protein synthesis, declined during embryogenesis from 9·74 in the egg to 4·49 in the larvae. The slight increase in relative proportions of the essential eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids was offset by a decline in palmitic add and indicated catabolism of only the saturated acid as a source of energy. Energy derived from carbohydrate, protein and lipid in the eggs increased, remained constant and decreased, respectively, with embryonic development. Total accountable energy expended during embryogenesis, principally by lipid catabolism, was 88·11 J/g wet weight or a decline of 6·96% of the original energy in the fertilized egg. However, non-protein nitrogenous constituents may also have contributed considerably to the total energy expended during embryogenesis.     

Factors Influencing Early Survival and Growth of Laboratory‐reared Pacific Bluefin Tuna,Thunnus orientalis,Larvae

The collection of fertilized eggs for mass culture of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) relies on the spontaneous spawning of broodstock in captivity, and the spawning season of the broodstock is generally from mid‐May to September. The diameter of fertilized eggs from the broodstock decreases during the spawning season. To investigate the influence of three potential factors, the egg diameter (larger or smaller), the rearing water temperature (25 or 28 C), and the aeration rate during the night (strong or weak), on early survival and on growth of PBT larvae, replicate trials were conducted to assess these three factors until 7 d after hatching (d.a.h.). At 7 d.a.h., survival rates of larvae reared with strong nighttime aeration were found by a three‐way ANOVA to be significantly higher than for larvae reared with weak aeration. Furthermore, growth rates of PBT larvae hatched from larger eggs were significantly faster than those from smaller eggs. However, a significant difference in the survival rate was not detected for the factors, egg diameter and rearing water temperature. The results indicate that rearing with strong nighttime aeration significantly improved the early survival of PBT larvae and the egg diameter (a proxy for egg quality) and influenced growth.