南海北部海域重要经济鱼类资源声学评估

根据1997年12月至1999年6月利用“北斗”号调查船的SimradEK500回声探测-积分系统在南海北部海域获取的渔业资源调查资料,运用渔业资源声学评估方法对该海域的带鱼科(Trichiuridae)鱼类、蓝圆(Decapterusmaruadsi)、竹鱼(Trachurusjaponicus)、金线鱼科(Nemipterus)鱼类以及大眼鲷科(Priacanthidae)鱼类等5类23种经济鱼类进行了评估与分析。结果表明,在南海北部海域带鱼科、蓝圆、竹鱼、金线鱼科和大眼鲷科的资源量分别为50.4×104t、16.3×104t、10.4×104t、9.8×104t和9.2×104t,其中带鱼科的资源量密度以冬季和粤西海域最高,蓝圆和竹鱼的资源量密度都以秋季和粤东海域最高,但竹鱼的资源量密度秋季明显高于其他季节。金线鱼科秋季在112°30′～116°E珠江口近海海域自西南到东北出现高度密集分布带,大眼鲷科在南海北部海域的分布较广泛,没有出现明显的高度密集区。     

东海区短鳄齿鱼数量分布及其与环境因子的关系

根据2005年东海区(26°30′～35°00′N、121°00′～127°00′E)渔业资源监测底拖网调查资料,结合广义相加模型(GAM)方法分析了东海区短鳄齿鱼资源的时空分布特征以及水深、水温、盐度与数量分布的关系。结果表明:东海区短鳄齿鱼主要分布区域为:28°00′～30°00′N、123°00′～126°30′E;生物量季节变化明显,以秋季(9月)最高,春季(4月)最低;短鳄齿鱼适宜水深、温度、盐度范围分别为70～110 m、17～23℃、34.3～35.2。结合东海海流分布特点,初步推断短鳄齿鱼为暖水性海洋小型鱼类,其生物量分布和季节变化受台湾暖流影响。     

东海黄海头足类资源量的评估

本文用1996年、1997年浙江温岭渔7515、754两艘单拖渔轮的调查资料,采用资源密度面积法,对26°30′～30°00′N122°～126°30′E、20～150m水深海区的头足类的资源量进行评估。评估结果是:调查海区头足类资源量1996年为29055.84t,其中太平洋褶柔鱼为353.36t,剑尖枪乌贼为10734.10t,乌贼类为12384.9t,章鱼为5583.45t;1997年为35004.52t,其中太平洋褶柔鱼为1176.04t,剑尖枪乌贼为20511.30t,乌贼类为9658.50t,章鱼为3658.69t。东海区头足类资源量1996年为131747.81t,其中太平洋褶柔鱼为1602.24t,剑尖枪乌贼为48671.60t,乌贼类为56157.00t,章鱼为25317.02t;1997年为189441.07t,其中太平洋褶柔鱼为6364.61t,剑尖枪乌贼为111005.17t,乌贼类为52270.87t,章鱼为19800.48t。     

北太平洋柔鱼渔场的环境特征

采用棋盘式定点大面调查和中心渔场专项调查2种方式,于2001年5～8月对北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephesbartrami)渔场进行了渔业资源与渔场环境特征调查。调查范围为北太平洋152°00′E～171°00′W、39°00′N～43°00′N海域,渔场环境特征要素主要为各站点的温度、盐度、浮游植物、浮游动物和叶绿素a含量。调查海域的柔鱼资源密度采用渔场海域每个经纬度的单位捕捞力量渔获量表示。结果显示,北太平洋柔鱼中心渔场中部与西经渔场表温为18℃左右,100m水温为9℃左右;西部渔场表温为16～20℃,100m水温为7～8℃;在有温跃层海域的跃层面下易形成高产渔场。浮游动物生物量较高的海域与中心渔场的位置基本保持一致;浮游植物生物量较高的海域和叶绿素a含量高于0.1mg/m3的海域,以及它们东侧海域易形成高产渔场;盐度与中心渔场的关系不明显。     

黄海南部、东海北部夏秋季小黄鱼数量分布及与浮游动物的关系

对夏秋季黄海南部、东海北部海域的小黄鱼和浮游动物的数量分布及其它们之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明:夏秋季节,黄海南部、东海北部小黄鱼主要出现在大沙、江外、吕四和沙外渔场,夏季最高生物量分布区出现在长江口和江外渔场交界处的31°30′N、125°00′E海域,秋季最高生物量分布区出现在大沙和沙外渔场交界处的32°30′N、125°00′E海域。2个季节浮游动物优势种的组成主要以浮游甲壳动物、浮游幼体以及毛颚类动物为主。浮游动物有2个密集分布区:一个在近岸一侧123°00′E经度线附近,夏季呈南北方向分布,秋季呈西北-东南走向;另一个在32°00′N、125°00′E附近海域。从夏季到秋季,浮游动物优势种的组成有了较大的更替,优势种的范围更加扩大;夏季占绝对优势的中华哲水蚤到秋季已经不在优势种之列。夏秋季小黄鱼主要分布区与浮游动物的高密度分布区存在着良好的对应关系。夏季小黄鱼和其他浮游食性鱼类的强烈的摄食影响可能造成了秋季浮游动物丰度的急剧下降。小黄鱼主要分布区内饵料浮游动物优势种的季节变化可能对其食物选择的变化有重要的影响。     

黄海南部和东海中北部黄鮟鱇数量分布及其与环境的关系

根据2004年4、6、9月和12月在黄海南部和东海中北部(27°00′~34°00′N、122°00′~127°00′E)进行的渔业资源大面定点底拖网调查资料,以相对资源密度指数作为指标值,分析了黄鮟鱇的时空分布特征。并利用GAM模型,分析了黄鮟鱇数量分布与经纬度、水深、底温和底盐等环境因子的关系。结果表明:黄鮟鱇主要分布在黄海南部和东海北部海区,4个季节的分布范围有明显不同,以春季为最大,冬季最小;黄鮟鱇适宜底温、底盐和水深范围分别为11~14℃、33.5~34.5和40~90 m;根据黄鮟鱇分布的底温范围,推断黄鮟鱇为冷温性鱼种。     

南海外海鲹科鱼类资源量及其分布

为查明南海外海鲹科鱼类的资源量及其分布,利用科学探鱼仪(Simrad EY60)并结合灯光罩网采样方法,2012年秋季和2013年春季对南海中南部(6°N~17°N)及2015年春季和秋季对南海北部外海(17°N~22°N)鲹科鱼类资源进行了调查与评估。在确定该方法的有效性基础上,调查结果显示,2012年秋季和2013年春季南海中南部鲹科鱼类资源量分别是4.13×105t和3.49×105t,两季调查中鲹科鱼类分布的高值区均是15°N断面;2015年春季南海北部外海鲹科鱼类资源量是2.03×105t,高值区位于18.50°N~19.50°N、113.00°E~116.00°E海域,而2015年秋季该海域其资源量仅0.59×105t。研究表明,南海外海鲹科鱼类种类组成存在明显季节变化;细鳞圆鲹(Decapterus macarellus)和长体圆鲹(D.macrosoma)是最重要的经济鲹科种类;2012年秋季中南部鲹科鱼类资源量密度明显高于2015年秋季北部外海(P0.01,t检验),但与2013年春季中南部无显著差异(P0.05,t检验);2015年春季北部外海鲹科鱼类资源量密度与2013年春季中南部无显著差异(P0.05,t检验),但明显大于2015年秋季(P0.01,t检验)。     

东海区七星底灯鱼数量分布以及与温盐度的关系

本文利用从2000年12月到2001年9月一个周年的渔业资源调查数据,对东海区七星底灯鱼的数量分布及其与温盐度的关系进行了研究。结果表明:东海区的七星底灯鱼可分为东海北部和浙江中南部近海2个群体。以东海北部群体较大,主要分布在30°N以北的海域;浙江中南部近海群体较小,且只有零星分布。七星底灯鱼在东海北部海域从沿岸到外海都有分布,但沿岸数量较少,主要分布在30°30′~32°30′N、124°00′~126°30′E之间的海域;以冬春季节分布面较广,夏秋季节的分布面较窄。东海北部群七星底灯鱼栖息海域的表层温度值变化较大,以春季最低,秋季最高;密集分布区的等温线变化范围在1~2℃左右。浙江中南部近海群的栖息水温变化较小,全年都在20℃以上。各季节浙江中南部近海群的适宜水温均高于东海北部群。各季节东海北部群密集分布区的表层盐度在32.0~34.5之间,以冬春季的盐度值较高,夏秋季的盐度值较低;浙江中南部近海群的栖息海域表层盐度除冬季较高外,其余季节相对较低。     

东海南部海域蟹类种类组成及其数量分布

主要根据1998~1999年和2008~2009年在东海南部海域(26°00′~28°00′N、120°00′~125°30′E)开展的各季度月蟹类资源调查资料及1989~1990年在福建东北外海渔业资源调查等相关资料,研究分析该海区蟹类的种类组成、数量分布及主要渔获种类的变化特点。结果表明,该海区蟹类有66种,隶属于15科,39属;2008~2009年东海南部海域蟹类数量明显比1998~1999年减少,蟹类占总渔获量的比重下降9.8个百分点,平均资源密度指数减少36.2%;两次调查蟹类数量均以春季和夏季为高,但主要渔获种类不同,1998~1999年细点圆趾蟹渔获量占绝对优势,而2008~2009年细点圆趾蟹数量降幅最大,资源密度很低,光掌蟳、双斑蟳数量明显增多,取代了细点圆趾蟹成为最主要的渔获种类,其余种类如卷折馒头蟹、银光梭子蟹、武士蟳等所占比例变化不大;2008~2009年蟹类主要分布区域与1998~1999年不同,在海区内侧水深60 m以内海域数量分布较多,这与主要渔获种类双斑蟳分布海域范围关系密切;细点圆趾蟹资源量明显减少的原因有待以进一步调查和研究。     

山东半岛南部海域小黄鱼时空分布及其与环境因子的关系

小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)是山东半岛南部海域重要的渔业种类之一。本研究根据 2016 年 10 月及 2017 年 1 月、5 月、8 月在山东半岛南部海域(35°N~37°N, 119.5°E~124°E)开展的底拖网渔业资源调查和环境观测数据, 分析了该海域小黄鱼相对资源量的时空分布特征, 并运用广义可加模型(GAM 模型)探究了影响其时空分布的环境因子。结果表明, 小黄鱼的相对资源量具有较明显的季节变化, 夏季相对资源量最高, 冬季最低。GAM 分析表明, 该海域小黄鱼相对资源量分布的主要环境影响因子为水深和底层水温。随着水深增加, 小黄鱼相对资源量呈现先增加后减少的趋势, 在水深为 50 m 附近时其相对资源量最高; 在一定水温范围内, 小黄鱼相对资源量随底层水温升高而增加, 但不同季节最适底温有所差异。山东半岛南部海域水深和底层水温的季节变化对小黄鱼资源量的分布具有较大的影响, 这可能与小黄鱼的洄游习性相关。     

Hybrid catfish (♂Ictalurus punctatus X ♀Ictalurus furcatus) production: Does mixed-size production make economic sense?

Alternative management strategies will be required to produce hybrid catfish (♂Ictalurus punctatus X ♀Ictalurus furcatus) year-round to provide continuous market supply. Hybrid catfish fingerlings were stocked at 9,880 head/ha singly or in co-culture with sub-marketable (mean weight = 454 ± 16 g) hybrid catfish carried over the winter from a previous year’s multi-size trial. Economic analyses compared cost of production ($/kg of market-size fish produced) and cash flow of single- and multiple-batch production of hybrid catfish for a single- and two-year period. Gross total and marketable yields were significantly greater in the mixed-size treatment as compared to the single-size treatment, in spite of the significantly greater percentage of market-size fish (84%) in the single-size treatment than in the mixed-size treatment (71%). Cost of production ($/kg) was 4% to 10% lower in the multi-size treatment in the single-year analysis, but 18% to 20% lower when the full two-year cycle was assessed. Cash flow and cash flow risk were improved substantially with the multi-size treatment primarily because the overwintered sub-market-size fish from the previous year reached market size three to four months earlier than in the single-size treatment.     

Technical efficiency of carp production in India: a stochastic frontier production function analysis

This paper aims to examine the levels and determinants of technical efficiency in carp pond culture in India. The stochastic production frontier technique involving the model for technical inefficiency effects is applied separately to samples of semi‐intensive/intensive and extensive carp producers interviewed during 1994–95. The results showed significant technical inefficiencies in carp production in India, especially among extensive farms. The mean technical efficiencies for semi‐intensive/intensive and extensive sample farms were estimated to be 0.805 and 0.658 respectively. By operating at full technical efficiency levels, the semi‐intensive/intensive farms could, on average, increase their production from about 3.4 Mt ha^?1 to 4.1 Mt ha^?1. Likewise, the extensive farms could increase their production from 1.3 Mt ha^?1 to 1.9 Mt ha^?1. Much of these efficiency gains would come from improvement in the adoption of recommended fish, water and feed management and monitoring practices. Besides expanding production area, the results indicated several other possibilities for increasing carp production in India by increasing yields per hectare, such as: (1) increased intensification of carp culture (i.e. moving from extensive to semi‐intensive or intensive systems); (2) improvement in technical efficiency at the farm level; and (3) technological progress. However, the realization of these potentials will depend on continuous efforts by the government in ensuring an adequate supply of inputs, technology transfer and development and adequate provision of research, extension and credit services in aquaculture.     

Technical efficiency of carp production in Nepal: An application of stochastic frontier production function approach*

Abstract

Modern aquaculture is a relatively new activity among Nepalese farmers and a small contributor to the economy. Given the abundance of water resources and fish species, rising demand for fish, and its high profitability, aquaculture has potential for future expansion if it is given appropriate attention from the government. In Nepal, productivity in aquaculture is much lower compared to other countries in the region, which suggests that there is potential for increased fish production through technological progress and improvement in farm‐level technical efficiency. However, no formal analysis has yet been conducted to assess the productive performance of Nepalese aquaculture and its potential for future improvement. Against this background, this paper examines the technical efficiency and its determinants for a sample of fish pond farms from the Tarai region of the country using a stochastic production frontier involving a model for technical inefficiency effects. The estimated mean technical efficiency is 77%, with intensive farms being more efficient than extensive farms. The adoption of regular fish, water, and feed management activities has a strong positive effect on technical efficiency.     

Technical efficiency of carp production in Pakistan

Abstract

The main objective of this study is to examine technical efficiency and its determinants in carp pond culture in Pakistan. A stochastic production frontier involving the model for technical inefficiency effects is applied separately to the samples of semi‐intensive/intensive and extensive carp producers. The mean technical efficiencies for semi‐intensive/intensive and extensive farms were 0.673 and 0.561, respectively. By operating at full technical efficiency the semi‐intensive/intensive farms could, on average, increase their production from 3.0 to 4.5 Mt/ha and the extensive farms from 2.6 to 4.6 Mt/ha. Much of these efficiency gains would come from the improvement in fish, water and feed monitoring and management. Besides improving technical efficiency, potential also exists for raising carp productivity through increased intensification and technological progress. However, the realization of these potentials will depend on continuous government support for adequate provision of inputs, market and infrastructure, technology transfer and development and extension and credit services to carp farmers.     

水产养殖清洁生产的内涵与技术

清洁生产作为循环经济的主要生产方式适用于各生产性行业并有助于各生产行业的可持续发展。以陆上工厂化水产养殖为例，讨论了水产养殖业实施清洁生产的技术。     

Optimizing multi-stage shrimp production systems

Multi-stage penaeid shrimp grow-out systems have considerable advantage over conventional single-stage grow-out systems. A multi-stage shrimp grow-out system has more than one production stage wherein the shrimp stocking density changes as the shrimp grow in size and are moved from one production stage to the next. The shrimp stocking density (shrimp/m²) is at its highest when the shrimp post larvae enter the first production stage and is reduced each time the shrimp are transferred to subsequent stages. The use of multi-stage instead of single-stage production systems has been considered by numerous authors. This paper presents a methodology by which to select the optimum number of stages for a production system and, using available data, demonstrates that optimum efficiency can be achieved, in most cases, by using a two-stage production system consisting of a prolonged nursery stage followed by a grow-out stage.     

初级生产力的不同测定方法

初级生产力 (ｐｒｉｍａｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ) ,即自养生物通过光合作用或化学合成制造有机物的速率。初级生产力包括总初级生产力 (ｇｒｏｓｓｐｒｉｍａｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ)和初级生产力 (ｎｅｔｐｒｉｍａｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ)。前者是指自养生物生产的有机总碳量 ;后者是总初级生产力扣除自养生物在测定阶段中呼吸消耗掉的量 (沈国英 ,施并章 ,1996 )。初级生产力是食物链的基础环节 ,是反映生态系统生产潜力的基本参数 ,对于水域生态系统而言 ,它不仅决定该系统的溶氧状况 ,还直接或间接地影响其它生物和…     

New production in the equatorial Pacific: a coupled dynamical–biogeochemical model

A simple 3-D biogeochemical model is coupled to a dynamical model forced by weekly winds deduced from ERS1 scatterometer data, to simulate new production in the equation Pacific from April 1992 to June 1995. The biogeochemistry is modelled as a nitrate sink modulated by chlorophyll, using nitrate/chlorophyll regressions derived from field data. The first simulation was carried out assuming that remineralization below the euphotic layer is totally controlled by sinking particles. In the second simulation, it is shown that the simulation of nitrate and new production by the biogeochemical model is improved, in comparison with field data, by adding an explicit dissolved organic nitrogen compartment. In the equatorial band, the model simulates a nitrate-poor region (low new production) in the fresh warm pool separated from richer waters of the upwelling region by a salinity front. The zonal displacement of this salinity/nitrate front is associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The modelled new production and physics, both in good agreement with the field data, represent useful tools for the study of skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) forage distribution in the Pacific.     

Technical efficiency analysis of milkfish (Chanos chanos) production in Taiwan—an application of the stochastic frontier production function

Milkfish has been farmed in Taiwan for over 300 years. Faced with limited land resources, a labor shortage, decreasing demand, and growth of imported fisheries products, the industry is looking at the problem of how to maintain a sustainable and efficient production. This study specifies a stochastic production frontier function to estimate potential milkfish farm output and efficiency by using 1997–1999 data from a survey of 433 aquaculture milkfish farms. Both Translog and Cobb–Douglas frontier production models are estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation method. Empirical results show that the Translog stochastic production function model fits the data better and that milkfish farming in Taiwan exhibits diminishing returns to scale. We also compare estimated maximum potential milkfish production per hectare under various pond conditions to provide managers with information about how to boost efficiency. In addition, this study estimates substitution elasticities and complementarity of input factors for milkfish farms to provide helpful information for milkfish farmers on how to reallocate input resources and help raise milkfish productivity through improvements in technical efficiency.     

渤海近岸叶绿素和初级生产力研究

1998年 5、8和 10月分别对渤海近岸水域进行了综合调查 ,调查的内容包括海洋生物资源、浮游生物、叶绿素以及水文化学要素。作者在对 3个航次调查中叶绿素资料分析、整理的基础上报道了渤海近岸水域表层叶绿素 a和初级生产力的分布特征及季节变化。渤海近岸水域表层叶绿素 a的含量为 0 .5 4～ 16 .78mg/ m3 ,平均值为 2 .88mg/ m3 ,且季节变化明显。 5、 8和 10月 3个航次叶绿素的含量依次降低 ,其平均值分别为 3.4 7mg/ m3 (1.30～ 16 .78mg/ m3 ) ,3.0 1mg/ m3 (0 .5 8～ 15 .36mg/ m3 )和 2 .15 mg/ m3 (0 .5 4～ 14 .0 9mg/ m3 )。初级生产力采用叶绿素法测定。计算结果显示 ,渤海近岸水域初级生产力的平均值具有明显的季节变化 ,夏季 (8月 )初级生产力最高 ,平均为 4 2 0mg C/ m2 · d (32～ 180 9mg C/ m2 · d) ,春季 (5月 )次之 ,平均值为 319mg C/ m2 · d(6 8～ 12 6 7mg C/ m2 · d) ,再次为秋季 (10月 ) ,平均值只有 189mg C/ m2 · d(17～ 10 5 1mg C/ m2 · d)。整个调查水域 3个航次初级生产力的平均值为 32 7mg C/ m2·d(17～ 180 9mg C/ m2·d)。