延长拖网伏季休渔期的渔业资源养护效应

海洋伏季休渔制度是当前中国最主要的渔业资源管理制度之一,并在实践中得到不断调整与完善,新的海洋伏季休渔制度已于2017年发布实施。为论证新制度延长拖网休渔期的渔业资源养护效应,本研究依据2015—2017年每年5月东海区拖网大面定点调查资料,利用Ricker动态综合模型,从拖网的渔获结构特征和带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)的种群动力学过程视角开展了相应的量化分析研究。研究结果表明, 5月拖网利用主体为带鱼和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),带鱼和小黄鱼的性成熟比例分别为92.04%～95.57%和13.82%～29.55%,幼鱼比例分别为74.94%～88.90%和0.03%～4.19%;带鱼种群经过4.5个月的休渔,其单位补充量资源量、单位补充量渔获量和平均渔获质量与3.5个月休渔期相比较,分别增加了7.04%、8.96%和20.78%。以上结果表明,提前并延长拖网休渔期,东、黄海主要经济渔业资源带鱼与小黄鱼的产卵群体和幼鱼得到进一步保护,资源增殖效果随着休渔期的不断延长而增加,新制度的休渔时间设置更趋合理。但由于开捕后的带鱼与小黄鱼渔获仍主要以当龄鱼为主,有必要同时配套执行现已颁布的最小网目尺寸和开捕标准等其他渔业资源管理措施,以确保伏季休渔制度主导下的渔业资源养护效果能真正得到巩固,渔业资源的种群结构能够得到切实好转与不断合理化。     

2004年夏季东海区带鱼资源状况及其秋冬汛渔况的分析

东海带鱼为我国最重要的捕捞对象之一，其产量多年来一直位居我国海洋捕捞鱼类产量的首位。由于6月～9月是东海带鱼的繁殖与索饵盛期，因此，自1995年以后伏季休渔制度实施以来，每年的伏季休渔期间，带鱼群体得到了有效的生长和补充，伏季休渔结束后，渔获产量显著提高。本文以东海区渔业资源动态监测调查资料为依据，对2004年东海区伏季休渔期间带鱼资源状况进行了分析，并预测了秋冬汛的带鱼生产趋势。一、研究材料与方法利用1999年～2004年东海区渔业资源动态监测网重点渔场的常规监测和大面定点调查的资料，对历年的夏季带鱼资源密度、…     

应用改进的Leslie法估算东海区小黄鱼资源量

针对Lesile法未考虑自然死亡因素的不足,提出了改进形式的Lesile法,使得该方法也能适用于长渔获周期的资源群体,并结合2009～2010年全国海洋捕捞信息动态采集网络评估的渔业统计结果和东海区渔业资源监测调查资料,估算东海区小黄鱼(Lartmichtlys polyaetis)资源量。结果表明,伏季休渔开捕后可供利用的小黄鱼资源量为16.99×104t,到4月底余存4.65×104t,年平均资源量7.70×104t,最大持续产量8.93×104t,全年开发率达到0.87,处于过度开发状态。     

东海区伏季休渔渔业生态效果的分析研究

以１９９０ ～１９９８ 年我国东海区的海洋渔业统计资料和渔业资源动态监测资料为依据,分析研究１９９５ ～１９９８ 年伏季休渔对东海区渔业生态效果的影响。结果表明,带鱼等主要经济鱼类的产卵群体得到了有效保护;经济幼鱼的渔获比例及其资源密度指数有所提高,幼鱼群体养护效果也较明显;渔获个体的生物学特征值具有转好的趋势;主要经济鱼类资源生物量明显增加;渔业资源的种间结构得到一定程度的改善;年渔获产量明显增加,单位捕捞努力量渔获量（ＣＰＵＥ） 有所提高。     

东海区夏、秋季大型水母分布区渔业资源特征分析

本文根据1999～2004年的夏季和秋季东海区大型水母和渔业资源的状况,分析了大型水母分布区内的渔业资源特征。结果表明大型水母夏季主要分布于30°30′～33°00′N间,秋季主要分布于32°00′N以北海域,并呈现由夏季到秋季逐渐往北转移的趋势;2003年是大型水母数量最高的年份,该年水母主要分布区内的渔业资源种类数最少,CPUE最低,Margalef种类丰富度指数也最低;2003年夏季水母高发区内渔获种类的优势度也较其它年份发生了显著变化,优势种变为黄;2003年水母高发区内带鱼、小黄鱼和银鲳的当龄鱼较少,银鲳的肥满度增加,小黄鱼的肥满度降低,而带鱼的肥满度未发生显著变化。本文对水母高发区内渔业资源变化的原因进行了初步解释,并对水母的防治措施提出了初步的建议。     

东海区小黄鱼伏季休渔效果及其资源合理利用探讨

以1991-2002年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料为基础,系统分析研究了伏季休渔制度对东海区小黄鱼(Larim-ichthys polyactis Bleeker)资源的养护效果及其局限性,并根据Ricker繁殖模型解析现行资源状况下的最大持续产量,探讨巩固伏季休渔效果的相关管理措施。结果表明,伏季休渔措施对小黄鱼资源的养护作用十分明显,经3个月休渔期,海域中小黄鱼资源增重率达1.71倍,开捕时刻(9月)的相对资源密度为全年最高。但伏季休渔的效果在当年的秋冬汛后即被消耗殆尽,12月份时的资源残存量仅为伏季休渔结束时刻的11％;与伏季休渔制度实施前相比,目前东海区小黄鱼资源的群体结构已发生了质的变化,当龄鱼的渔获比例由伏季休渔制度实施前的43.14％上升至近年来的74.64％,剩余群体的渔获比例由56.86％下降至25.36％,资源结构的脆弱程度进一步加剧;伏季休渔制度对小黄鱼资源的长期恢复效果因捕捞力量的居高不下而难以持续体现。坚持产出控制,在现行资源状况下实行9.34×104t最大持续产量的管理目标,伏季休渔制度对东海区小黄鱼资源保护和恢复的长期效果才能得以逐步实现。     

东海区带鱼底拖网昼夜渔获率差异的统计分析

以2004年和2005年东海区重点渔场底拖网渔业资源监测资料,从中选取带鱼渔获率作为指标值,并将昼夜不同网次渔获率分成4组,应用最小显著性差异法(LSD)对东海区带鱼昼夜渔获率进行了统计学分析,以揭示带鱼昼夜的活动规律,并利用样本均值的95%置信区间法估算带鱼昼夜渔获率的差异程度,为东海区渔业资源大面定点调查带鱼昼夜网次间渔获率的差异修正提供量化指标。结果表明,东海区带鱼昼间与夜间的渔获率具有统计学上的显著性差异,昼间的渔获率显著地高于夜间的渔获率,带鱼昼间栖息于底层和近底层,夜间垂直移动到中上层;使用拖网规格为100◇×4 m/88 m、网囊网目为25 mm的调查网具,2004年昼间和夜间带鱼渔获率均值的95%置信区间分别为:220.89±12.94和128.23±10.75;2005年昼间和夜间带鱼渔获率均值的95%置信区间分别为:176.28±20.63和105.23±9.71;取2年带鱼昼夜差异程度的平均值,最保守的估计是昼间网次的渔获率均值是夜间的1.69倍。本研究从统计学分析角度证实了以往的无量化的带鱼昼夜渔获率存在差异的观察结果,推断了带鱼具有昼夜垂直移动的习性,其意义在于利用LSD法可以分析其它鱼种的昼夜栖息特征并提供昼夜渔获率均值差异程度的量化指标。     

东海鲐鱼资源合理利用的研究

利用1970~2006年每年取样鲐鱼所得叉长体重组构成资料,重点分析了70、80、90年代的鲐鱼生物学表征;并结合我国围网捕捞的发展变化情况,应用体长结构实际种群分析法(LVPA)对各个年代的鲐鱼捕捞死亡系数(F)做了分析对比,研究显示,东海区日本鲭F由70年代的0.68上升为90年代的1.60,开发利用程度在不断地加大中。根据1990年以来的日本鲭渔获量资料,估算了1990~2001年东海区日本鲭资源量,结果表明,东海区日本鲭年平均资源量在(73.34~116.88)×104t之间波动。以LVPA法估算所得的90年代鲐鱼F值和最小开捕叉长的数据,利用B-H动态综合模型估算了不同渔业条件下的单位补充量渔获量(Y/R)的变化,结果显示,以目前的捕捞强度,日本鲭的开捕年龄从0.25龄提高为1.22龄,即最小开捕叉长由185 mm调整为247.61 mm,Y/R可提高15.1%,具有一定增产潜力。建议在实际渔业中,渔期适当推迟,禁止利用日本鲭幼鱼。     

南沙群岛西南部陆架17种鱼类最佳开捕规格和多鱼种拖网最佳网目尺寸

以Beverton-Holt模型的单位补充量渔获量方程估算南沙群岛西南部陆架海域17种渔获种类的最佳开捕年龄，再用von Bertalanffy生长方程估算最佳开捕规格；初步研究该海域多鱼种底拖网作业的产量最佳网目尺寸和产值最佳网目尺寸均为65nm。建议实行最佳开捕体长和最佳网目尺寸的限制措施对该海域的渔业资源进行保护利用，从而实现该海域渔业资源的可持续利用。     

东海区拖网新伏季休渔渔业生态和资源增殖效果的分析

为了更好地养护和合理利用海洋渔业资源,中国政府于2009年开始实施新的伏季休渔制度,其中从6月1日~9月15日在东海区禁止拖网作业,较原3个月的伏季休渔期提前增加半个月。本研究依据2006~2008年每年6月上半月拖网监测资料,从渔业生态和资源增殖的角度,着重分析研究拖网在6月上半月这一时段休渔的渔业生态效果和资源增殖效果。结果表明,6月上半月禁止拖网作业,主要养护了带鱼、小黄鱼和日本鲭等资源群体,并在一定程度上保护了带鱼的产卵亲体繁殖,对带鱼资源数量的补充起到了增殖作用,同时在较大程度上养护了带鱼和日本鲭幼鱼的自然生长,起到了资源增重作用,但对分布在拖网渔场外的小黄鱼幼鱼保护作用甚微。应用R icher动态综合模型估算,以带鱼为代表种,提前增加半个月伏季休渔期其资源增殖效果较以往3个月伏季休渔期可使年平均资源量增加11.86%,渔获量增加8.06%,平均渔获体重增加9.33%。东海区以拖网占捕捞主导地位的伏季休渔时间的延长,可进一步改善繁殖群体栖息地生态环境。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.