首页 | 官方网站   微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
鱼菜共生系统中植物密度对水质及鱼菜生长的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为评估不同植物密度对鱼菜共生系统水质及鱼菜生长的影响,于2017年开展鱼菜共生试验。鲫鱼养殖水体有效体积350 L,养殖密度10 kg/m3;水雍菜栽培面积为1. 0 m~2,植物密度为60、45、30株/m~2。结果显示:系统水温29. 37℃~31. 40℃,溶氧2. 33~5. 00 mg/L,p H 6. 22~7. 42,电导率(EC) 0. 19~0. 66 m S/cm,水质基本符合鱼菜生长需求;系统氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮质量浓度随时间变化显著(P=0. 000),不同处理组的硝酸盐氮质量浓度存在显著差异(P=0. 028),且植物密度为45株/m~2的系统其平均硝酸盐氮质量浓度最高;试验共持续33d,鱼总鲜重增量为(1. 70±4. 36) kg、(1. 50±1. 57) kg、(1. 67±6. 01) kg,菜总鲜重增量为(7. 71±2. 27) kg、(6. 15±5. 49) kg、(4. 04±3. 01) kg;植物密度对地上部分含氮量相对增长率的影响显著(P=0. 037),且植物密度为45株/m~2的系统其地上部分含氮量相对增长率为正值。研究表明,3种植物密度系统的鱼菜生长良好,植物密度为45株/m~2组的系统具有较高的氮素转化效率,可通过扩大植物栽培面积来促进系统的氮素转化并获取更多的经济产出。  相似文献   

2.
循环水高密度养殖珍珠龙胆石斑鱼效果研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为研究循环水高密度养殖珍珠龙胆石斑鱼[Epinephelus lanceolatu(♂)×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus(♀)]的养殖效果,在自行研制的循环水养殖系统中进行了试验。试验中对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长指标及养殖系统主要水质指标进行分析测定。结果显示,养殖期间的水质指标:水温26~29℃,盐度25~30,溶氧(DO)≥8 mg/L,氨氮浓度0.20~1.16 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮0.05~0.40 mg/L。试验共持续250 d,分3个生长阶段:第1阶段87 d,密度由13.82 kg/m3增加到28.89 kg/m3,存活率95.28%,平均体重由(150±18)g增加到(329±42)g,特定生长率(SGR)为(0.90±0.06)%;第2阶段106 d,密度由28.89 kg/m3增加到53.36 kg/m3,存活率90.44%,平均体重由(329±42)g增加到(672±66)g,SGR为(0.67±0.02)%;第3阶段57 d,密度由46.98 kg/m3增加到69.50 kg/m3,存活率98.6%,平均体重由(676±52)g增加到(1 014±75)g,SGR为(0.71±0.02)%。养殖期间的平均SGR为(0.76±0.02)%,总存活率84.9%,饲料系数1.04,投入产出比为1∶2.02。本研究成果可为高密度养殖珍珠龙胆石斑鱼提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
为探索解决罗非鱼越冬问题,开展了利用循环水养殖系统进行暂养的试验研究。以具有代表性的吉富罗非鱼(Orcochromis niloticus)为研究对象,设计并构建了一套室内罗非鱼循环水养殖系统,并对罗非鱼进行了为期30 d的养殖试验。整个养殖周期内,罗非鱼养殖系统环境稳定、水质稳定良好。结果显示,系统养殖负荷总量从1 024.2 kg增长到2 309.1kg,鱼体平均体重由(170.7±10.8)g增重至(385.5±7.5)g,养殖密度由(22.9±3.5)kg/m3增加到(51.5±4.2)kg/m3,存活率达99.8%,饵料系数1.35。水质检测结果显示,水体进水口总氨氮0.21~0.33 mg/L,去除率20.64%;亚硝酸盐氮0.067~0.13 mg/L,去除率13.82%;溶氧6.5~7.4 mg/L,pH 8.15~8.65,水温23.9~24.7℃。研究表明,罗非鱼生长状况良好,系统中各水质参数符合养殖要求。循环水养殖系统用于罗非鱼冬季暂养具有一定的可行性。  相似文献   

4.
为探明凡纳滨对虾养殖尾水中悬浮物的物质组成和粒径分布特性,2021年11月对上海市3口典型对虾养殖池塘(SP1、SP2、SP3)尾水排放过程进行动态监测,采集不同排水深度的尾水样品,分析尾水中悬浮物物质组成和变化规律,研究尾水中悬浮颗粒粒径数量和体积分布特征。试验结果显示,尾水中悬浮物、颗粒态氮、颗粒态磷含量随排水深度的增加呈递增趋势,在排水深度达2/3以后增幅明显升高,悬浮物中氮、磷含量平均占比则随之下降,分别由排水前的6.11%和1.20%降至排水末期的0.38%和0.11%;悬浮颗粒粒径分布受排水过程驱动,排水末期SP1、SP2和SP3尾水悬浮颗粒体积组成的中值粒径分别为11.69、20.89μm和38.23μm,主要以<100μm的胶体和细颗粒为主,平均体积占比达92.68%;虾塘尾水悬浮颗粒粒径数量分布符合可变β模型(r2=0.849±0.128),粒径体积分布符合对数正态分布模型(r2=0.879±0.141)。  相似文献   

5.
冷水鱼循环水养殖中的低温氨氮处理技术研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为解决冷水鱼养殖过程中养殖水体中的氨氮累积问题,根据低温生物滤器及臭氧催化氧化处理氨氮的特点,设计了冷水鱼工厂化养殖氨氮处理系统并进行了试验。试验基于以臭氧氧化为主、低温生物处理为辅的处理工艺,试验鱼为虹鳟鱼,养殖密度为23 kg/m3,试验水体约为10 m3,试验周期为7 d。结果表明,该系统能够满足冷水鱼工厂化养殖过程中有关氨氮处理的水质指标要求,处理后的养殖池进水口的水质指标总氨氮≤0.18 mg/L,硝酸盐氮氮≤29.43 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮氮≤0.1 mg/L;养殖水体氨氮浓度监测表明,臭氧在水中残留低于0.008 mg/L,符合养殖鱼类对水体臭氧浓度的安全要求。  相似文献   

6.
高密度循环水养殖系统微细悬浮颗粒物(30μm)的去除,是其水环境调控的关键。采用库尔特粒度分析仪分析大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)循环水养殖系统微细悬浮颗粒的时空分布,结果显示:系统中粒径为1~3μm的颗粒占总颗粒数的98.36%,3~15μm的占1.63%,15~30μm的仅占0.01%,系统内微细悬浮颗粒数量、总体积、总表面积的范围分别为(0.36~2.10)×10~6个/mL、(0.97~6.30)×10~(6 )mm~(3 )/mL、(0.24~1.30)×10~(7 )mm~2/mL;颗粒数量分布方面,随着粒径的减小,各样品颗粒数量迅速增加;体积分布方面,颗粒粒径越大,颗粒总体积越大;表面积分布方面,随着粒径的增大,总表面积呈现先减小后增大的趋势;泡沫分离器和浸没式生物滤池都呈现了很强的微细悬浮颗粒截留能力。本研究可为揭示稳定运行的循环水养殖系统的微细悬浮颗粒的分布状况,为选用不同的固液分离技术、提高固体颗粒物的去除效率提供参考。  相似文献   

7.
贝藻处理工厂化养殖废水的研究   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8  
研究了常见大型藻类对氮、磷营养盐的去除效果和贝类对悬浮颗粒物的去除效果。结果表明,石莼和海带在同样的实验条件下吸附氮、磷营养盐的效果明显高于鼠尾藻和马尾藻,密度2g/L的石莼和7.52g/L的海带是较好的养殖密度。与扇贝和文蛤比较,牡蛎具有较高的去除悬浮颗粒物的效率,可以在24h内除去养殖废水中93%的悬浮颗粒物。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和40g石莼组成的净化养殖废水的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物具有最好的去除效果,其去除效率分别为PO4P67.8%、NO2N60.2%、NH4N55.8%、NO3N59.0%和SPM82.5%。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和150g海带组成的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物的去除效果较好,其去除效率分别为PO4P62.6%,NO2N55.7%,NH4N46.0%,NO3N56.6%和SPM84.5%。  相似文献   

8.
工厂化养鱼实用技术模式研究中,水质监测为试验提供了基础数据,并且成为试验顺利进行的有利保证;分析报告可供其它研究、生产人员参考。本次工厂化养鱼试验自2002年5月24日开始,至7月25日结束,养殖品种为奥尼罗非鱼和短盖巨脂鲤(亦名淡水白鲳),单位水体鱼获量奥尼罗非鱼78.2kg/m3,淡水白鲳82.2kg/m3。试验期间每两天检测水质一次,共检测32次。监测的水质理化指标有水温、pH、溶解氧、氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、磷酸盐、碱度。一、材料和方法1.仪器设备723型分光光度计、F-20A酸度计、YSI自动溶氧分析仪、表层水温计等。2.试剂及化验用水试…  相似文献   

9.
换水率和密度对刺参生长和水质的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探究日换水率(0、10%、20%、30%和100%)和养殖密度[0.980±0.008、1.760±0.005、2.810±0.007和(3.640±0.006)kg/m3]对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长率和养殖水质的影响,养殖试验首先在非循环水养殖条件下,测定各组刺参综合特定生长率(ISGR)及养殖水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度。结果显示,日换水率为10%和20%处理组的ISGR分别达到每天(1.330±0.161)%和(1.410±0.182)%,显著高于其他处理组;密度养殖试验证明,随着养殖密度的增加,ISGR逐渐降低,分别达到每天(0.610±0.500)%,(0.570±0.030)%,(0.560±0.045)%和(0.320±0.040)%,各组换水率及养殖密度组水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮均在安全浓度范围内波动;养殖结果显示,循环水养殖试验组刺参的ISGR高于非循环水养殖组,可达(0.130±0.007)%,且氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度在0.020 mg/L以下,而非循环水养殖的分别积累到(0.600±0.015)mg/L和(0.076±0.002)mg/L。研究表明,在换水率15%,养殖密度(2.810±0.007)kg/m3的循环水养殖条件下,可以保证水体水质稳定,刺参生长良好。  相似文献   

10.
养殖密度对工厂化对虾养殖池氮磷收支的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
本实验设置300尾/m3、600尾/m3、1 200尾/m3和1 800尾/m3 4个养殖密度,探讨了工厂化对虾养殖池中养殖密度对氮磷收支的影响.结果表明,饵料对系统氮、磷的贡献率分别为84.3%~98.3%和93.2%~97.3%,且随养殖密度的增加而提高;通过水层输出的氮、磷分别为总输出量的27.5%~36.3%和8.4%~23.9%,通过底泥沉积的氮、磷分别为总输出量的30.9%~43.9%和51.5%~62.3%.结果说明,在系统氮磷的总输出中,水层输出和沉积均占到了相当的比重,相比较而言,沉积作用更为重要.养殖密度增加会在一定程度上降低水层和提高底泥沉积的氮磷量;总氮磷的投入中有14.5%~28.7%的氮和7.4%~16.5%的磷最终转化为对虾生物量,表现为随养殖密度的增加而降低;池壁附着物中积累的氮磷量在总氮磷输出中所占比重较小,分别为0.3%~3.2%和0.2%~3.0%,且其比重随养殖密度的增加而降低.结果说明,养殖密度显著影响对虾工厂化养殖池氮磷的收支.  相似文献   

11.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

12.
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.  相似文献   

13.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

14.
在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。  相似文献   

15.
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.  相似文献   

16.
Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.  相似文献   

17.
Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m3. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.  相似文献   

18.
The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.  相似文献   

19.
20.
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司    京ICP备09084417号-23

京公网安备 11010802026262号