壳聚糖作为罗非鱼饲料添加剂的效果研究

为了研究壳聚糖作为饲料添加剂对罗非鱼生长性能的影响，实验采用单因子浓度梯度法，把0．25％，0．5％，1．0％，2．0％剂量的壳聚糖(Chitosan)添加到基础饲料中，以基础饲料为对照，饲养尼罗罗非鱼种。3个月后测定各实验组的蛋白质效率和饲料系数。统计分析发现，0．5％壳聚糖剂量组的饲料系数比对照组的饲料系数下降11．63％，下降幅度最为显著；1．0％，2．0％组的饲料系数也显著低于对照组；0．25％组与对照组无显著性差异。同时发现实验组的蛋白效率与对照组相比也有显著差异。研究表明，壳聚糖作为罗非鱼添加剂是有明显效果的。     

鲫鱼中草药诱食剂的研究

本实验采用咬球法和摄食生长法相结合，系统地研究了大茴香、苏叶、植物肽、木香、公丁及复合氨基酸等对鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）的诱食效果，并筛选出各中草药诱食效果最佳的浓度，然后按照最适浓度将中草药分别添加到基础饲料中，对鲫鱼进行15d摄食率试验，通过测定其日摄食率、增重率、饲料系数等指标来判断中草药对鲫鱼的诱食和促生长效果。实验结果表明：各种中草药对鲫鱼诱食效果最佳的浓度为：大茴香0．05％、苏叶0．75％、植物肽025％、木香0．05％、公丁0．15％。复合氨基酸为0．35％。鲫鱼在摄入添加不同中草药的饲料后，在生长速度上均比对照组有了不同程度的提高，在饲料中添加0．35％复合氨基酸和0．05％木香的效果最佳，分别比对照组增重率高282．5％和228．9％，添加0．05％大茴香和0．25％植物肽的效果次之，而添加0．75％苏叶和0．15％公丁的效果最差。     

JH—1新型动物蛋白料替代秘鲁鱼粉养殖罗非鱼试验

用廉价的JH－1新型动物蛋白料以1／2、2／3和100％的比例替代饲料配方中的秘鲁鱼粉，在自然水体中网箱养殖尼罗罗非鱼。56天的试验结果表明以1／2的替代比例其效果最佳：试验组比对照组饵料系数下降16．2％，公斤鱼的饵料成本减少20．2％，鱼净产量增加21．7％，饲料经济效益提高25．5％，饲料蛋白质效率提高25．9％。     

添加螺旋藻粉饲喂月鳢的试验

在月鳢配合饲料中添加螺旋藻粉进行养殖试验，2％添加组与对照组和3％添加组比较，个体平均日增重分别提高48．5％和40.5％，饲料系数分别降低26．7％和24．5％，差异显著；3％添加组仅比对照组个体增重提高5．7％，饲料系数降低2．8％，无明显差异。     

JW活菌酶的作用机理及在畜禽饲料中的应用效果

酵母培养物含有丰富的维生素、酶、其它营养物质及一些重要的辅助因子。以酵母培养物、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶、酸性蛋白酶等为主要组成成分的“JW活菌酶”在仔猪非常规饲料(15％次粉、5％麦麸替代20％的玉米)中添加0．1％时，日增重比对照组提高14．3％，比酶制剂组提高4.35％、饲料利用率比对照组提高3.8％～7.5％，比市售酶制剂组提高0．4％；在仔猪常规饲料中添加0.1％的JW活菌酶试验组比对照组日增重提高8，5％，饲料报酬提高6％；在蛋禽浓缩料中添加0.1％的JW活菌酶，试验组比对照组产蛋率提高0.43％，饲料利用率提高6．38％。     

复合矿物盐添加剂对河蟹生长的影响

用三种不同配比的复合矿物盐和一种鲤鱼用矿物盐，均按２％的添加量分别掺入到基础饲料中，制成４种试验饲料，喂养平均规格为２．９ｇ／只的幼蟹３０天，观察其生长效果，结果表明，多矿－１号，多矿－２号复合矿物盐具有显著的促生长功效，幼蟹的增重率比对照组分别提高５３．７％和４４．２％；饵料系数比对照组分别降低６９．３％和５８．１％，而添加鲤鱼用矿物盐的试验组，幼蟹的增重率与对照组之间没有显著性差异。     

鳗鱼饲料添加稀土甲壳素的应用研究

在国产鳗鱼饲料中添加稀土甲壳素，可使僵鳗在２０天内生长复苏和体色好转，日增长率比对照组提高３．２５至４．６０倍。正常鳗种摄食稀土甲壳素后，可起到增强体质，促进生长的作用，日增长率比对照组提高２２．５－２９．０％。在国产饲料中添加１－１．５％的稀土甲壳质，饲料系数在僵鳗可降低６９．２８％，正常鳗种可降低２６．４７％，基本上可以取代进口饲料。     

一龄草鱼促长防病饲料添加剂研究：三,VM—I号复合添加剂维生素添加量的…

对ＶＭ－Ｉ号复合添加剂中的维生素分四组不同添加量进行了６０天的网箱饲养夏花草鱼试验，结果表明，不论是鱼体相对生长率，饲料利用率或草鱼成活率，饲料组均高于对照组。１－４＾＃网箱组草鱼的相对生长率均值分别为１０９．６％，１０７．４％，１１６．８％和１２９．６％，与对照组（７８．６％）相比提高２８．８－５１．０％；饲料利用率比对照组高２２．４－４３．０％；草鱼成活率比对照组高３．０－９．６％。对同一配方     

中草药免疫增强剂对银鲫促生长效果的研究

饲料中分别添加1％的党参、黄芪、黄芩、刺五加、大蒜、黄连、螺旋藻，对银鲫均有促生长的作用，其中以螺旋藻组生长最快，增重率比对照组提高11．55％（P＜0．01），饲料系数比对照组下降了11．48％。增重率与对照组有显著差异的还有党参组、大蒜组、黄芪和刺五加组，分别提高了10．18％、7．99％、7．36％和7．29％，黄连和黄芩组增重率分别比对照组提高2．04％、2．00％，但差异不显著。     

向日葵花盘粉对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响试验

将采集晒干粉碎后的向日葵花盘粉添加于体重40kg左右的生长仔猪饲料中直接饲喂，饲喂至育肥出栏，时间60日，设置3个试验组别，分别添加5％、10％和15％，结果表明：育肥猪日增重比对照组提高11．87％、11．34％和4．93％。差异均显著（P＜0.05）。经济效益比对照组分别提高30％、35％和24％。获得了较好地增产效果和经济效益。     

甲壳素发酵液养殖草鱼、鲢鱼幼鱼试验

为研究甲壳素发酵液对草鱼和鲢鱼幼鱼养殖效果,用商品壳聚糖作参比,基础饲料为对照组,分析甲壳素发酵液对鱼体生长和水质环境等影响。试验结果表明,甲壳素发酵液处理组草鱼和鲢鱼幼鱼质量相对增长率比对照组高36.25%和122.47%(P0.05),草鱼体内脂肪酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶3种消化酶分别比对照组高144.39%、29.53%和29.75%,鲢鱼体内消化酶比对照组高48.06%以上(P0.05)。与对照组比较,甲壳素发酵液显著降低水中亚硝态氮(61.84%)、氨态氮(30.06%)、总磷含量(52.43%),提高了草鱼对嗜水气单胞菌抗性。在试验条件下,甲壳素发酵液对草鱼和鲢鱼幼鱼起到一定的促生长作用,并能改善水质环境,甲壳素发酵液具有作为微生态制剂开发应用的潜力。     

一株功能益生菌的简易发酵及其在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖中的应用

对一株有脱氮作用的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)进行简易发酵,以对虾饲料及赤砂糖为培养基,通过正交实验及发酵条件优化,在对虾饲料3 g/L、赤砂糖6g/L、接种量1×108 CFU/ml、发酵温度31℃、装液量40％条件下,发酵24 h可获得活菌数为1.16× 1010 CFU/ml的发酵产物.使用发酵得到的巨大芽孢杆菌进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖实验.结果显示,添加芽孢杆菌和赤砂糖的增强絮团组的絮团形成速度较添加赤砂糖的絮团组及传统养殖的对照组明显提升(P＜0.05),整体上增强絮团组的亚硝酸氮水平与絮团组和对照组差异显著(P＜0.05).养殖结束时,添加巨大芽孢杆菌组的对虾体长、体重水平均显著高于另2组.本研究建立了一种简单可行的功能益生菌发酵方式,并验证添加功能益生菌可提高生物絮团技术在对虾养殖中的效果.     

Recovery of Chitin from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) Shell Waste by Microbial Deproteinization and Demineralization

A two-stage fermentation process of deproteinization and demineralization was used to purify chitin from Antarctic krill shell waste. Two bacterial cultures were isolated and tested for the degradation of krill shell waste. According to the morphological examination, physiological tests, and applied molecular techniques conducted, isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum. At a temperature of 37°C, both strains were cultivated separately in flasks containing krill shell waste. At determined periods of time, deproteinization and demineralization of residuals were measured. For deproteinization tests, the liquid phase fermentation of krill shell waste showed protein removal of 88.9% after 60 h. For demineralization tests, the liquid phase fermentation of krill shell waste showed calcium carbonate removal of 84.6% after 72 h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of chitin prepared by the process was carried out and compared with spectra of samples treated by strong acids and bases.     

Lactic acid bacteria effective for regulating the growth of contaminant bacteria during the fermentation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Undaria pinnatifida</Emphasis> (Phaeophyta)

ABSTRACT:   Lactic acid fermentation of seaweed is a recent topic and quite limited information is available on culture conditions. To know the suitable strains for use as a starter culture for seaweed fermentation, 14 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, including 11 species, were tested in culture conditions prepared with or without salt. A commercial product of Undaria pinnatifida powder was used as a substrate for fermentation without sterilizing. Starter-suitability of the LAB strains was assessed from their predominance after culture. Among the tested strains, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus showed high (>90%) predominance in their cultures, while control cultures prepared without inoculation of LAB did not show any detectable growth of acid producing bacteria and spoiled. A total of 102 strains not showing acid producing activity were isolated and characterized from spoiled cultures, and all the isolates were observed as Bacillus strains, including 64 strains (62.7%) and 16 strains (15.7%) of a Bacillus cereu s-related and B. fusiformis -related species, respectively. The Undaria substrate before fermentation contained culturable microorganisms at 1.4–3.1 × 10² CFU/g, but the Bacillus cereu s-related strain was not a major composition, suggesting a concern of selective growth of the Bacillus cereu s-related strain during the spoiled fermentation.     

甜菜碱和二甲亚砜对麦穗鱼的诱食活性及麦穗鱼摄食行为的研究

分别采用液体迷宫和固体诱饵实验方法研究了DM(二甲亚砜,下同)和甜菜碱对麦穗鱼的诱食活性,并对麦穗鱼的摄食行为进行了观察。结果表明,0.01％的DM对麦穗鱼有诱食活性,在饵料中添加0.5％的甜菜碱时鱼的咬饵次数最高。麦穗鱼摄食行为的引发和继续是在视觉、嗅觉、味觉的共同作用下完成的,此外,麦穗鱼对饵料的形状和颜色也有较强的选择性。     

乳酸杆菌L1对致病弧菌的抑制作用

以致病弧菌T1、T2为检测菌,采用平板抑菌圈检测法,研究乳酸杆菌L1及其代谢产物的抑菌能力。结果表明:L1发酵上清液对两种弧菌的抑制效果和发酵液对弧菌的抑菌作用相似,即对弧菌T1的抑制作用强于T2;L1 发酵液对弧菌T1、T2的抑制能力强于上清液,表明乳酸杆菌及其代谢物质对弧菌具有协同抑制作用;L1的发酵液经3倍稀释仍对弧菌T1有抑制作用;乳酸杆菌L1生长不同时期的代谢产物对弧菌的抑菌活性不同,代谢产物的抑菌能力在衰退期>稳定期>生长期;L1的发酵液经沸水浴处理15 min其抑菌活性不变,表明抑菌代谢物质具有较好的耐热性。     

WEANING OF DOVER SOLE (Solea vulgaris) USING ARTIFICIAL DIETS

We conducted three experiments in which several types of weaning diets were compared using one-month-old soles which had been fed previously on living Artemia. The diets were: a) ground and frozen molluscs (Laevicardium crassum), b) dry pelleted diet stabilized with corn gluten (14%) including different attractive matter (ground polychaetes [Nephthys hombergii] or molluscs, 10% of the diet dry basis), c) the same dry pelleted diet lacking attractive matter, d) wet paste containing 50% of ground molluscs dry basis, and e) dry pelleted diet stabilized with 15% sodium algin. Fish were examined after 55 days of feeding on the diets. In spite of large variability of growth, several facts were apparent. The presence of attractive matter seemed to enhance food intake and, consequently, growth. Concerning ground polychaetes, the attractant was found in the liquid phase after high speed centrifugation. Contrary to previous observations, frozen molluscs and wet paste containing ground molluscs did not give good results, especially for growth. The best results were obtained with dry artificial diet stabilized with algin. This seemed to be due to the high stability in water of the diet. Weaning is an important step in the life of fishes and only a few of them can go through it with few difficulties. However, the growth of these latter fishes is similar to that of fish fed living prey.     

褐藻胶裂解酶产生菌的发酵优化研究

以筛选的羊栖菜腐败菌系不动杆菌属X8菌株为研究对象,对其产褐藻胶裂解酶的发酵培养条件进行优化研究.结果表明,该菌株最适液体培养基组成为(m/V):0.6%褐藻酸钠,0.7%蛋白胨,0.2% KH_2PO_4,0.2 % NaCl,初始pH 7.0.该菌株于25 ℃,150 r/min 振荡培养16 h后,褐藻胶裂解酶酶活可达157.32 U/ml,较优化前提高了1.59倍.Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(2+)对菌株产酶有一定的抑制作用.     

酸败油脂和黄曲霉毒素对中国对虾（Penaeus Chinensis）生长的影响

分别在对虾配合饲料中添加酸败鱼油和含黄曲霉毒素花生饼粉养虾，鲑油的酸价为０．２，８．０，２２．４，３１．０ｍｇ／ｇ，黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１的含量为４７２．０ｐｐｂ，７８．７ｐｐ。试验进行了２８天，其结果如下；随着鱼油酸价的增高，以上四组对虾的增重率依次为７２．４％，３７．０％，２９．２％，２７．５％；成活率依次为８３．１％，５９．６％，５８．０％．５３．０％；消化率依次为７８．７％，６８．５％，６３．３％     

Effects of dietary supplementation of citrus by‐products fermented with a probiotic microbe on growth performance,innate immunity and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda in juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)

Two consecutive studies were conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of citrus by‐products (CB) fermented with probiotic bacteria on growth performance, feed utilization, innate immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile olive flounder. In Experiment I, five diets were formulated to contain 0% (control) or 3% four different CB fermented with Bacillus subtilis (BS), Enterococcus faecium (EF), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) and L. plantarum (LP) (designated as CON, CBF‐BS, CBF‐EF, CBF‐LR and CBF‐LP, respectively). During 10 weeks of a feeding trial, growth performance and feed efficiency were not significantly different among all the fish groups. However, fish fed CBF containing diets had significantly higher survivals than the CON group. Disease resistance of fish against Edwardsiella tarda was increased by the fermentation of CB. In Experiment II, we chose the BS as a promising probiotic and formulated five diets to contain 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% CBF‐BS. Growth performance was not significantly affected by the CBF‐BS supplementation during 6 weeks of a feeding trial. Innate immunity of fish was significantly enhanced by CBF‐BS supplementation. Myeloperoxidase and lysozyme activities were increased in a dose‐dependent manner by dietary CBF‐BS inclusions. In a consecutive challenge test against E. tarda, an increased disease resistance was found by CBF‐BS supplementation. These studies indicate that the fermentation process of CB with probiotic has beneficial effects on innate immunity and thereby increases disease resistance of olive flounder against E. tarda. Bacillus subtilis can be used as a promising probiotic microbe for by‐product fermentation in fish feeds.