墨西哥湾扇贝育苗及标粗技术试验研究

墨西哥湾扇贝(Argotecten irradians concentri-cus)原产于美国大西洋沿岸,我国由有关科研单位引进试养成功。因其生长周期短,适应性强,病害少,管养简便易行,产量高经济效益显著而倍受养殖业者的青睐。湛江近年来才发展该品种养殖,作为北部湾渔民转产转业的其中一个重要项目,在有关部门引导扶持下,发展迅猛,据统计,海上养殖面积已达4万多亩,获得很好的经济效益和社会效益。为了使广大群众能够更好地掌握墨西哥湾扇贝育苗和标粗过程中的关键技术,促进墨西哥湾扇贝养殖业的健康稳定发展,笔者将近年来在这方面的实践进行了总结,供参考。1、育苗海水处理从海区抽上的海水加入15ppm沸石粉沉淀24h,再经80cm细沙过滤层(细沙大小为0.1mm)过滤,作为育苗用水。2、亲贝选择与培养2.1亲贝选择。亲贝主要是从海区养殖一龄成贝中选购,要求活力好,个体大(壳高大于5cm)。壳体无破损,无太多附着,性腺饱满发育程度好,尽量避免高温运输,否则会影响亲贝活力,甚至成活率。2.2亲贝处理。运输路程远的亲贝回来时,要暂养1-2h,让其恢复体力后,除贝壳表面的附着物,洗刷干净,再用10ppm的高锰酸钾药物消毒10min,挑...     

马氏珠母贝亲代选择对子一代的影响

研究了马氏珠母贝不同亲本规格对后代的影响,以期为育种和苗种生产中的亲贝选择提供科学的理论指导。试验从来自同一养殖群体的2000个随机个体马氏珠母贝中选取规格最大（壳长55.89±1.65mm）、中等（壳长48.55±0.81mm）、最小（壳长42.22±2.51mm）的性成熟个体各50个作为亲贝（♀∶♂=1∶1）,按规格分成大、中、小3组,分别进行各组内亲本个体群交,在相同环境及试验条件下分析亲本选择对子代生产性能的影响。结果表明,大规格亲贝优于中规格亲贝（P〈0.05）;中规格亲贝优于小规格亲贝（P〈0.05）;马氏珠母贝亲代选择对子一代生产性能具有显著影响（P〈0.05）。这表明马氏珠母贝大规格亲贝群交后代表现出明显的生长优势,截断选择策略有效。     

墨西哥湾扇贝高起始致死温度的研究

于2004、2005年2个年度采用电子恒温控制装置(精度±0.1℃)研究北部湾海域养殖墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians concentricusSay)对高温的耐受性,以期为该贝在南方海域的养殖提供依据。样品规格设稚、小、中、大4种,平均壳高分别为0.52 cm、1.83 cm、3.13 cm、5.01 cm。实验温度梯度0.5℃,范围31.0～34.0℃。实验前各温度组从常温状态按1℃/4 h的速率先后升温至各预设温度;把高温敏感起始点(Upper sensitive incipient temperature)定义为采用Duncan法多重比较结果显示与常温对照组存活率有显著差异(P<0.05)的高温端最低温度(记为USIT);把高起始致死温度(Upper incipient lethal temperature)定义为高温端168 h内导致各规格贝50%死亡的温度(记为168 h UILT50)。研究结果表明,稚、小、中、大4种规格贝的168 h UILT50分别为(32.40±0.01)℃、(32.67±0.01)℃、(32.71±0.01)℃、(32.08±0.02)℃,不同规格的墨西哥湾扇贝对高温的耐受性存在显著性差异(P<0.05),耐受性排列为小贝=中贝>稚贝>大贝。实验期间,未经历产精排卵的大贝,其168 h UILT50为(32.41±0.02)℃,经历产精排卵的大贝则下降为(31.73±0.02)℃,两者对高温的耐受性也存在显著性差异(P<0.05);稚贝与大贝的USIT均为31.5℃,而小、中贝则为32.0℃,进一步说明稚贝与大贝高温耐受性比小、中贝低。研究结果肯定了北部湾6 m以上水深海域夏天养殖该贝的安全性,也为墨西哥湾扇贝养殖场合适度的评价提供依据。     

墨西哥湾扇贝选育系早期发育与生长

在水温28~29℃、盐度24~25条件下,研究墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)选育系的早期发育及幼虫和稚贝的生长。受精卵经50 min发育至卵裂,经22~24 h发育至D形幼虫,经11 d发育至眼点幼虫并出现足,进入附着变态阶段。选育系的胚胎发育时间和浮游幼虫前期壳长、壳高与对照系比较差异不显著(P0.05);浮游幼虫后期及至附着变态阶段,选育系与对照系的壳长和壳高差异显著(P0.05)。选育系的附着变态率和存活率与对照系比较均差异显著(P0.05),且优势明显。本研究表明,墨西哥湾扇贝浮游幼虫发育前期缓慢,幼虫后期、稚贝期生长迅速;壳长和壳高的生长速度不同步,幼虫前期壳长生长快于壳高,后期壳高生长快于壳长,并于第28~30天时壳高超过壳长。墨西哥湾扇贝选育系在幼虫和稚贝阶段生长速度明显快于对照系,具有明显的生长优势及生长潜力。     

合浦珠母贝完全双列杂交组合生长性状比较

对合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)三亚(SY)、越南(VN)、深圳(SZ)3个不同地区的养殖群体进行完全双列杂交,构建了6个杂交组合和3个自交组合,分别在135日龄、205日龄和260日龄从每个组合随机抽取100 ind个体,测量其壳长、壳高、壳宽和体重4个生长性状,分析杂交子代和自交子代的生长情况和杂交优势率,为群组选育提供科学依据。结果表明,在135日龄SYSY的4个性状生长速度最快,VNSY的生长速度最慢,显著性分析表明,SYSZ、SZSZ和VNSZ三个组合在壳高、壳宽和体重3个性状上差异不显著(P0.05),正反交组合差异极显著(P0.01);在205日龄SYVN的各性状生长速度最快,其次是SZVN;在260日龄SZSY的壳长、壳高、壳宽和体重增长最快,分别为39.32 mm、38.36 mm、14.19 mm、9.85 g,其次为VNSY和SZVN。合浦珠母贝早期主要集中在贝壳的形态性状上的生长,随着时间推移其生长速度下降,而体重生长上升。由杂种优势可知,不同阶段杂交组均表现出一定程度的杂种优势率,并随着日龄的增长,杂交组合SZSY和VNSY的杂种优势率随之增加。其中以SZSY在各性状的杂种优势率最大,分别为26.71%、22.87%、18.56%、49.12%,SZVN次之。杂交组合SZSY、SZVN、VNSY具有明显的生长优势,可作为进一步定向培育生长快速、个体大的合浦珠母贝的基础材料。     

扇贝新品系“紫海墨”F4的生长特征和生产性能分析

为考察扇贝新品系"紫海墨"的生产性能,为新品系选育效果提供依据,在同一海域养殖、相同管理模式和相同养殖周期下,对新品系"紫海墨"F4与墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)养殖群体的壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量、闭壳肌质量和壳质量等7个性状及各阶段成活率进行生长特征和生产性能分析。结果表明,新品系"紫海墨"F4从10月13日养殖至翌年4月28日,壳长从1~1.5 mm长至50~60 mm的成品时,累积成活率为51.32%,显著大于墨西哥湾扇贝的29.18%(P<0.01);养殖周期内,两个养殖群体同一时期的壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量也有极显著差异(P<0.01),新品系"紫海墨"F₄的生长速度高于墨西哥湾扇贝;经过6.5个月的养殖,新品系"紫海墨"F₄的壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量和闭壳肌质量分别比墨西哥湾扇贝提高了19.50%、19.84%、16.23%、56.30%和20.20%。     

海湾扇贝育苗技术要点

<正>海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradias),属瓣鳃纲,异柱目,扇贝科,扇贝属。又称大西洋内湾扇贝。贝壳中等大小,近圆形。壳表黄褐色,放射肋20条左右,肋较宽而高起,肋上无棘。生长纹较明显。无足丝。壳顶位于背侧中央,前壳耳大,后壳耳小。其营养和经济价值较高,贝壳又可作为高级工艺品、装饰品的原料。本人多年从事海湾扇贝育苗工作,现将技术要点介绍如下。1亲贝的选择及入池时间1.1选择标准     

不同花纹文蛤杂交育种初步研究

挑选不同花纹并且性腺成熟较好的文蛤亲贝进行阴干刺激,在水温约30 ℃,海水相对密度1.016～1.018,pH 7.9～8.1的条件下采用升温刺激、异性产物等诱导方法促使其产卵排精.共育出2组文蛤苗种.亲贝于2004年6月30日(即自交组)排放的精卵经过受精后,受精卵在底面积为0.1 m2、体积为60 L的水桶中,经过孵化、附着变态等生长发育过程, 至9月6日, 共得到平均壳长2.18 mm,壳高1.87 mm的稚贝8703个,共15.57 g;经过室内培养至12月8日,测量得到壳长8.32 mm, 壳高7.03 mm的幼贝1843个,共150 g.至2005年6月28日,得到壳长19.22 mm,壳高16.39 mm文蛤2.5 kg.亲贝于7月9日(即杂交组)排放的精卵受精后,经孵化、附着变态等生长发育过程,至9月6日,共得到平均壳长4.19 mm,壳高3.71 mm的稚贝12721个,共102.50 g.至12月8日,测量得到壳长15.32 mm,壳高12.93 mm的幼贝4999个,共4000 g.2005年6月28日,称量得到壳长28.06 mm,壳高22.73 mm文蛤30 kg.在文蛤幼虫培育及稚贝培育过程中,观察了文蛤稚贝生长状况及贝壳花纹的形成变化过程.试验中发现文蛤稚贝生长状况较好,并且稚贝在生长发育过程中贝壳出现不同形状的花纹.     

温度和盐度对扇贝“渤海红”稚贝存活和生长的互作效应

使用中心复合试验设计与响应曲面分析法研究温度(16~28℃)和盐度(22~34)两个因素对扇贝“渤海红”稚贝存活和生长的互作效应。试验结果显示,温度的一次效应、二次效应和盐度的二次效应对扇贝“渤海红”稚贝的存活率、壳长增长率和体质量增长率的影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01);盐度的一次效应、温度和盐度的互作效应对扇贝“渤海红”稚贝的存活率达到显著水平(P<0.05),但对稚贝的壳长增长率与体质量增长率的影响不显著(P>0.05)。存活率、稚贝的壳长增长率与体质量增长率的回归模型的相关系数分别为0.9696、0.9969、0.9966,校正系数分别为0.9391、0.9938、0.9932,预测系数分别为0.7622、0.9726、0.9662。3个模型均有较好的拟合度,可用于预测扇贝“渤海红”稚贝的存活率、壳长增长率和体质量增长率。经过软件优化,得到温度和盐度的共同影响下存活率、壳长增长率和体质量增长率的最优结果:温度22.65℃、盐度28.51时,存活率为95.33%,壳长增长率197.50μm/d,体质量增长率21.58 mg/d,其可靠性为0.975。     

合浦珠母贝不同壳色选育系F6数量性状的相关性和通径分析

为深入了解不同壳色合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)形态性状与体重间的关系,为亲贝的选择提供策略,本研究使用合浦珠母贝传统壳色、金壳色、白壳色、红壳色和黑壳色5种壳色选育系F6各1000只个体的性状数据进行通径分析和聚类分析。测量的性状包括壳长(SL,mm)、壳高(SH,mm)、壳宽(SW,mm)、绞合线长(HL,mm)和体重(BW,g)。结果显示,5种壳色合浦珠母贝所有形态性状与体重间的相关系数均达到极显著(P0.01)。通径分析表明,壳长对传统壳色和白壳色贝体重的直接影响最大,壳高对金壳色和红壳色贝体重的直接影响最大,壳宽对黑壳色贝体重的直接影响最大。利用多元回归方法构建不同壳色合浦珠母贝形态性状与体重(BW,g)间的回归方程,其中传统壳色:BW=-24.999+0.467SL+0.387SH-0.259SW+0.244HL;金壳色:BW=-38.661+0.305SL+0.477SH+0.242SW+0.375HL;白壳色:BW=-4.130+0.332SL+0.300SH-0.307SW+0.088HL;红壳色:BW=-27.307+0.327SL+0.321SH+0.252SW+0.305HL;黑壳色:BW=-40.921+0.278SL+0.335SH+1.076SW+0.269HL。聚类分析显示,传统壳色与金壳色形态特征相近,而白壳色、红壳色和黑壳色形态特征相近。     

墨西哥湾扇贝与华贵栉孔扇贝的远缘杂交

为进一步研究扇贝属间远缘杂交的可行性,以墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)与华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)作为亲本,建立了两种扇贝的正交组MH、反交组HM、墨西哥湾扇贝自交组MM和华贵栉孔扇贝自交组HH。对各实验组的胚胎发育速度、受精率、孵化率、D形幼虫发生率和幼虫生长速度进行比较,分析了不同温度、盐度和精子浓度对各实验组配子亲和力及合子育性的影响,并尝试运用BP神经网络模型预测杂交组浮游幼虫的生长趋势。结果表明,两种扇贝的正反杂交均可获得早期杂交子代(F_1)。从胚胎发育情况看,正反杂交组幼虫发育到D形幼虫的时间均少于两个自交对照组;其受精率、孵化率、D形幼虫发生率也低于两个自交对照组;即使在不同温度、盐度和不同精子浓度下正反交组的受精率和孵化率也均低于两个自交组。从浮游幼虫生长情况看,正反交组D形幼虫的壳长和壳高均高于两个自交组,具有显著的差异性(P0.01),表现出较明显的杂种优势。运用BP神经网络模型对正反交组的浮游幼虫进行预测,其预测值与实测值的误差率均小于4%。     

ELISA分析技术在华贵栉孔扇贝与墨西哥湾扇贝病毒检测的应用

运用ELISA分析技术,对湛江地区不同时期的华贵栉孔扇贝和墨西哥湾扇贝体内感染的病毒粒子的季节性变化进行了研究。结果表明1龄华贵栉孔扇贝体内病毒粒子的含量在11月份最高,其P/N值和OD值分别为0.8558和2.51,相比华贵栉孔扇贝大规模死亡提前10-20d。1龄墨西哥湾扇贝的OD值在10、11月份的检测中大于1,即表示墨西哥湾扇贝中可能存在华贵栉孔扇贝病毒粒子,其他月份的检测结果均为完全阴性,即没有检测到华贵栉孔扇贝病毒粒子。     

The culture of the southern bay scallop in Tampa Bay, an urban Florida estuary

Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus (Say), stocks were collected from a Homosassa (Florida) population in 1991 and were kept in seawater from Bayboro Harbor on Tampa Bay, an urban Florida estuary. They were fed with Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis sp. Spawning was allowed to occur after the scallops became ripe. The hatching rate of the F1 eggs to D-shaped larvae was 72%. Settlement and metamorphosis began 11 days after fertilization. When spat reached a shell height of 0.8 mm in the laboratory, they were placed with substrates into 300 and 800 m mesh bags, and later in lantern nets, suspended from a dock in Bayboro Harbor. The F1 scallops successfully survived to gonad maturity in the fall of 1992, with mean (sd) shell height of 49.8 (4.0) mm on 6 September 1992. The scallops experienced heavy mortality during the summer, partially as a result of heavy fouling. From early August to October of 1992, F1 scallops grown in Bayboro Harbor were successfully spawned in the laboratory. Growth and survival of the F2 scallops were comparable to those of the F1 scallops. Results have shown that bay scallops can complete an entire life cycle in an urban estuary such as Tampa Bay, and a hatchery for bay scallops on the estuary can assist in the restoration of the population. Fouling represents a possible severe limitation and alternatives to caging for grow-out should be considered.     

Production of a base population and its responses to F1 selection in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck (1819)

A base population of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck, was produced by crossing two cultured bay scallop populations. After 1 year of rearing, the top 10% truncation selection of the top 10% ( i =1.755) was carried out in the base population of about 1300 adults. A control parental group with a an identical number to the select parental group was randomly selected from the entire population before isolation of the select parental group. The result showed that, at the larval stage, the growth rate of larvae in the selected line was significantly higher than that of the control ( P <0.05), and that the genetic gain was 6.78%. Owing to the lower density of control at the spat stage, the mean shell length of the control line was larger than that of the select line at day 100. When the same density was adjusted between two lines in the grow-out stage (from day 100 to 160), the daily growth rate of the selected line was significantly higher than that of the control line ( P <0.05). Survival of the select line was significantly larger than that of the control line in the grow-out stage. In conclusion, the results obtained from this experiment indicate that selective breeding from a base population with a high genetic diversity established by mass spawning between different populations appears to be a promising method of genetic improvement in bay scallop, A. irradians irradians Lamarck.     

海湾扇贝南部亚种闭壳肌质量的双性状选择效应

采用双性状选择方法在经群体继代大壳高选育的海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus Say)南部亚种F₃养殖群体中进行闭壳肌定向选育, 以评价闭壳肌的选择效果和现实遗传力, 为海湾扇贝南部亚种育种提供理论依据。结果表明, 在以壳高为第一选择性状、体质量为第二选择性状、壳高选择压力为10%、体质量选择压力为1%情况下, 正、负向选择组、对照组在产卵量、受精率、孵化率、幼虫期壳长增长率、中培期存活率、成体各形态参数等方面的差异不显著(P>0.05); 在稚贝育成率、养成期存活率、成体各质量性状等方面均存在显著差异(P<0.05), 各指标值均呈现正向选择组>对照组>负向选择组; 正、负向选择组中, 体质量与闭壳肌质量均出现较高的现实遗传力, 且正向选择组高于负向选择组; 双性状选择时, 体质量与闭壳肌质量的当代遗传获得明显高于单性状选择结果。壳高和体质量对闭壳肌质量均具有密切的遗传相关, 任何一个性状的选择均可对闭壳肌质量产生显著影响, 双性状同时选择可对闭壳肌质量产生叠加效应, 使闭壳肌质量性状的遗传进展达到最大。

     

海湾扇贝个体间单向人工授精的分子生物学验证

Hybrid family of Argopecten irradians irradians was created by fertilization between two northern bay scallop individuals. Two families were analyzed in this study. The first family, P_a-P_b, is a pair mating between two scallops named P_a and P_b, while the second one crossed by individuals of Y₁ and P₀. Marker inheritance and segregation were studied in the 10 progenies of each family by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. 102 RAPD primers were first screened by parental animals of both families. Only the primers with polymorphisms between the two parental animals in each family were select ed for further analysis. In both families, parents and 10 progeny were nalyzed with selected primers. In family P_a-P_b, a total of 122 bands generated from 12 selected primers. 37 of them were polymorphic between two parents. The maternal P_a of this family had 17 molecular markers while paternal Pb had 20 markers. In Y₁-P₀，95 bands were produced by 10 selected primers. 32 bands were polymorphic between maternal Y₁ and paternal P₀, who had 17 and 15 molecular markers respectively. In both families, each progeny analyzed in this study had at least 8 maternal markers and 5 paternal markers. Based on segregation patterns at all markers analyzed, we concluded that none of the progeny analyzed were from self-fertilization, and oneway hybridization between two individuals was successful in both of the two bay scallop families.     

拟除虫菊酯和有机磷农药对三种扇贝稚贝的急性毒性效应

采用静水实验法测定拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类农药对三种扇贝稚贝的急性毒性效应.结果表明:联苯菊酯对海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝稚贝24 h的LC50的分别为1.460、1.662和2.909 mg/L;辛琉磷对海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝稚贝24 h的LC50的分别44.598、182.167和39.334 μg/L;马拉...     

Crosses between two subspecies of bay scallop Argopecten irradians and heterosis for yield traits at harvest

In order to improve the yield of bay scallop Argopecten irradians by exploiting geographic subspecies heterosis, crosses between and within two subspecies, the northern A. i. irradians (Lamarck) and the southern A. i. concentricus (Say), were created and the offspring were cultured under the same environmental conditions. The two parental populations were collected from Bohai Bay in northern China and Beibu Bay in southern China, which were distinct in particular shell colours. The results indicated that the shell colour of bay scallop was inheritable and could be used as a morphological mark to distinguish hybrid and purebred individuals. At harvest, hybrid offspring always produced a significantly higher yield than purebred offspring. Positive heterosis was achieved for shell length, shell height, shell width, total weight and adductor weight, which was 5.02, 5.22, 3.88, 7.53 and 9.47 respectively. Hybrid gain was 10.86% for shell length, 10.48% for shell height, 9.77% for shell width, 34.90% for total weight and 41.69% for adductor weight, respectively, and all were significantly >5%. The present study reveals that it is effective for improving yield by hybridization between different geographic subspecies in the bay scallop.