青田水利枢纽工程建设对渔业资源的影响预测

通过鉴定标本、社会调查和查阅相关资料,预测了浙江省青田水利枢纽工程建设对所涉及流域渔业资源的影响.调查发现,该区域内现有浮游生物10大类、36种(属);鱼类隶属8目、16科、43属、55种;其中,国家重点保护经济鱼类13种,洄游性鱼类3种.根据工程开发的实际情况,从生态学角度阐述了水库建设不同时期对渔业资源的负面影响,指出了水库建设造成的悬浮物、爆破施工、大坝阻隔、水文情势变化、饵料和生境改变等因素将会对该流域鱼类多样性造成影响.为减缓这些影响,宜采取相应的措施,切实有效地保护该区域内的鱼类资源.     

洞庭湖水系资江干流鱼类资源现状调查

资江作为洞庭湖一级支流,对洞庭湖乃至长江水系鱼类资源的维持或补充有着重要作用。为了解资江的鱼类资源现状,于2010年11月～2012年12月对湖南境内资江干流鱼类资源进行调查。共采集鉴定鱼类82种（包括1种湖南鱼类新纪录,2种引进种）,隶属7目18科52属。种类组成以鲤科鱼类为主,占48．78％。鱼类物种数按上、中、下游依次增加,分别为52种、73种和77种,其中上游与中、下游之间鱼类群落为中等相似,中游与下游鱼类群落为极相似。资江鱼类在洄游、摄食、栖息习性等生态类型上呈现多样化特征。调查江段渔获物组成虽存在差异,但主要以鲫（ Carassius auratus ） 、鲤（Cyprinus carpio ）、蟹（ Hemiculter leucisculus） 、翘嘴鲐（Culteralburnus）、蒙古铂（emongolicus）、蛇绚（Saurogobiodabryi）、鲇 （ Silurus asotus ） 和黄颡鱼（ Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ） 等湖泊定居性鱼类为主,“四大家鱼”等洄游性鱼类所占比例极低,鱼类小型化现象明显。     

世界内陆水域人工增殖鱼类资源概况及我国发展途径的探讨

江河、湖泊和水库是内陆水域的重要组成部分。随着人类生活的进步，工农业的蓬勃发展，水资源的开发利用不同程度地影响了淡水鱼类资源和渔业的发展。工业“三废”的污染，严重地影响水生生物的索饵、繁殖及其生态环境；过度捕捞使鱼类资源得不到恢复和补充；江河修筑闸坝，严重影响洄游性鱼类上溯产卵场进行繁殖。世界各国多年实践经验表明，在内陆水域开展人工放流移殖鱼苗，对保护和增殖鱼类资源，发展渔业生产是行之有效的途径。     

湖南挂榜山中国小鲵--生物特征资源量及保护措施探讨

本文阐述了挂榜山小鲵的分布区域、栖息环境、体型特征、生活习性、食性、繁殖习性及种群资源状况，为小鲵的资源保护及今后进行人工繁殖提供了重要的理论依据。     

浮控型拖网模型试验

<正> 在我国海洋渔业中,机轮底拖网是主要渔具,其捕捞对象以近海底层鱼类为主.由于作业方式较单一,近海底层鱼类资源受到破坏,而中上层鱼类如鯷、鲱、鲐、沙丁鱼等及东黄海的主要捕捞对象如马面纯、带鱼、乌贼等具有垂直洄游或栖息水层变动的习性,而中上层鱼类资源尚未得到充分开发利用.     

国外简讯

提升式鱼类洄游水道　　当河道上修建了水坝以后 ,鱼类就无法洄游到河流的上游进行繁殖了 ,这使一些洄游鱼类的生态系统遭到了破坏。为了鱼类能洄游到上游 ,传统的作法是修建斜坡式鱼类洄游水道。但这种水道没有供鱼类栖息的中间水槽 ,水量也不足 ,因此鱼类依然很难洄游到上游 ,遇到高水位大坝时尤其如此。为了解决这一问题 ,现已设计出一种提升式洄游水道。在水坝下端设置一个巨大的筐形水槽 ,以诱使鱼类聚集在其中栖息 ,过一段时间后 ,将筐形水槽连同里面的鱼一起提升起来排放到上游。采用这种方式 ,即使修筑了百米以上的高坝 ,也能解决鱼…     

塔里木河流域叶尔羌高原鳅的生物学调查

由于塔里木河流域的水质不断受到污染、鱼类生态遭到破坏,研究开发塔里木河流域土著鱼类迫在眉睫.2005年9月至2007年5月,先后数次对塔里木河流域优势七著鱼类--叶尔羌高原鳅的生活习性、周期洄游习性、生长繁殖习性等方面进行了调查和详细的观察研究,并随机取168尾,解剖其肠道,观察内容物.其结果显示:塔里木河流域优势土著鱼类--叶尔羌高原鳅具有底栖生活、周期性洄游、择地产卵繁殖、摄食凶猛等生物学特点,是以动物蛋白质为主的偏肉杂食性鱼类.     

北盘江董箐水电站建设对鱼类资源的影响及对策

调查河段发现有鱼类49种(亚种),没有海河间洄游的鱼类。董箐电站建设将导致长薄鳅、叶结鱼、乌原鲤、长臀鮠、卷口鱼等濒危保护鱼类和珠江水系特有鱼类以及部分经济鱼类减少,甚至绝迹,应予以保护。通过对比分析,建立鱼类增殖保护站,结合资源、环境和渔政的保护管理,合理调度电站的生产运行,可以将电站建设对鱼类资源的影响降到最低的程度。同时,需要进行长期的调查、分析,针对性地采取措施,才能使资源得到长期、有效的利用和保护。     

鱼类的标志

鱼类标志法对研究鱼类资源变动，鱼类的选育种都是十分重要的。因为鱼类是生活在水中，不同于陆生动物。它们栖息的水体大小深浅各不一样，有的在淡水，有的在咸水，有的在内陆水域，有的在海洋。鱼类在水中的生长、繁殖、洄游、越冬等活动，光凭人的视觉是很难研究清楚的。     

对塔里木河流域叶尔羌高原鳅有关生物学的调查

由于塔里木河流域的水质不断受到污染、鱼类生态遭到破坏，研究开发塔里木河流域土著鱼类迫在眉睫。２００５年９月至２００７年５月，先后数次对塔里木河流域优势土著鱼类———叶尔羌高原鳅的生活习性、周期洄游习性、生长繁殖习性等方面进行了调查和详细的观察研究，并随机取１６８尾，解剖其肠道，观察内容物。其结果显示：塔里木河流域优势土著鱼类———叶尔羌高原鳅具有底栖生活、周期性洄游、择地产卵繁殖、摄食凶猛等生物学特点，是以动物蛋白质为主的偏肉杂食性鱼类。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).