光照周期对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长、能量分配及生化指标的影响

在循环水实验系统中,设置1 L∶23 D、9 L∶15 D、12 L∶12 D、15 L∶9 D、24 L∶0 D(光L∶暗D)共5个光照周期处理组,研究其对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长及部分生化指标的影响。实验结束时褐牙鲆幼鱼的体质量为41.10~43.98 g,不同处理组间无显著差异,体质量未表现出与日光照周期长短的相关性。日生长系数只在21~30 d阶段内出现显著差异,整个实验期间的平均日生长系数为1.86~2.02,不同处理组间不存在显著差异,日生长系数随日光照周期的延长略呈下降趋势。不同阶段的摄食率在31~40 d阶段出现显著差异,12 L∶12 D处理组摄食率显著高于9 L∶15 D处理组。在整个实验期间,1 L∶23 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼摄食率为1.64,显著低于12 L∶12 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼的摄食率(1.79)。整个实验期间,1 L∶23 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼平均饲料转化效率为113.49,显著高于12 L∶12 D、15 L∶9 D、24 L∶0 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼,并略高于9 L∶15 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼,饲料转化效率随光照时间的延长呈下降趋势。实验期间摄食能的分配比例仅在排泄能上出现显著差异,15 L∶9 D最高,12 L∶12 D最低,其他各项能量分配均无显著差异。不同光照周期对耗氧率影响显著,15 L∶9 D最高,为0.252 mg/(g·h),24 L∶0 D最低,为0.173 mg/(g·h)。耗氧率随着光照时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势。血浆生长激素和类胰岛素生长因子I含量在不同处理组间也不存在显著差异,随光照时间延长也未表现出明显变动趋势。血浆褪黑素含量随光照时间的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,12 L∶12 D处理组MT含量最低,但与其他处理组差异不显著。实验结束时肌肉RNA/DNA比值随光照周期延长呈先上升后下降变动趋势,其中15 L∶9 D和24 L∶0 D处理组的肌肉RNA/DNA比值显著高于1 L∶23 D处理。肝脏RNA/DNA比值以12 L∶12 D最高,15 L∶9 D最低。实验结果表明光照周期对褐牙鲆幼鱼摄食量和饲料转化效率产生显著影响,但摄食量减少的处理组由于耗氧率降低因而饲料转化效率得到提高,因此光照周期对生长没有显著影响。光照周期明显影响血浆褪黑素、肌肉和肝脏RNA/DNA比值,但生化指标的差异与生长无明显相关性。     

夏季如何防治鱼亚硝酸盐中毒症

1　病因亚硝酸盐对鱼的应激是血液输送氧气能力的下降引起的 ,亚硝酸盐促使血液的血红蛋白转化为高铁血红蛋白 ,高铁血红蛋白不能与氧气结合 ,一般称之为“褐血症” ,水中亚硝酸盐浓度一般与氨浓度呈正相关 ,池塘中溶氧水平低时 ,亚硝酸盐毒性增强。2　症状当水中或饲料中亚硝酸盐含量过高时 ,亚硝酸盐通过鱼鳃进入血液 ,使血的颜色变成巧克力色。血液中运输氧气的血红蛋白与亚硝酸盐结合变成不能运输氧气的高铁血红蛋白。尽管池水中有充足的氧气 ,由于褐血不能运载足量的氧气而使鱼窒息。这说明褐血病的鱼即使在溶氧相当高的情况下 ,也可能…     

低盐度胁迫不同时间对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响

将驯养于海水盐度为19的褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）幼鱼放入盐度为5的海水中胁迫0周（对照）、1周、2周、3周和4周后,立即将海水盐度调节至19,养殖到第10周,观察幼鱼的生长情况。研究发现,低盐度海水养殖的褐牙鲆幼鱼体质量仅在低盐胁迫的第1周内显著小于对照组,不同处理的日生长系数在第3周与第5周呈现显著性差异,其余时间阶段内不同处理的体质量和日生长系数未见显著差异。胁迫阶段褐牙鲆幼鱼摄食率整体上略低于对照处理,但恢复阶段摄食率未出现大于对照处理的一致趋势。整个试验期间经低盐度处理的褐牙鲆幼鱼饲料转化效率略大于对照处理。试验结果显示,低盐度5对褐牙鲆幼鱼的生长没有产生长期影响,也不能通过较长时间的低盐度养殖引起褐牙鲆幼鱼的补偿生长效应。     

褐牙鲆幼鱼能量分配对限制溶解氧供应及恢复的响应

实验采用循环水养殖系统,通过水流量控制溶解氧供给,设计不同溶解氧供应和限制溶解氧供应及恢复两个实验来研究褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼生长及能量分配等指标的响应。在不同溶解氧供应实验中,溶解氧含量梯度设置为2.24 mg/L,3.14 mg/L,4.27 mg/L,5.38 mg/L,6.94 mg/L,实验结束时褐牙鲆幼鱼体重、日生长系数、摄食率、以湿重表示的饲料转化效率与溶解氧含量呈正相关(P0.05)。单尾鱼的摄食能随着溶解氧含量的下降而减少,生长能的比例在溶氧为5.38 mg/L时最高。排粪能的比例则随着溶解氧含量的下降而上升,排泄能比例随溶解氧含量下降也略有增加,代谢能的比例随着溶解氧含量的下降呈先下降后上升的趋势,在溶解氧含量为5.38 mg/L时最低(37.66%)。单位体重能量收支中,所有指标与溶解氧含量都有明显的正相关关系(P0.05),随着溶解氧含量的提高而显著提高。实验表明,低溶解氧含量下,褐牙鲆幼鱼通过减少能量供应降低摄食率和饲料转化效率,其生长受到抑制。在限制溶解氧供应及恢复实验中,经历10 d低溶解氧含量2 mg/L(S_2)和4 mg/L(S_4)胁迫的褐牙鲆幼鱼生长受到抑制,但在恢复正常溶解氧后10 d内体重即与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。恢复期间褐牙鲆幼鱼的摄食率明显高于对照组(P0.05),饲料转化效率略高于对照组。恢复阶段不同处理在摄食能、生长能比例和呼吸能比例上没有显著差异(P0.05),但经历低溶解氧胁迫的处理摄食能和生长能比例略高于对照处理,而代谢耗能比例略低于对照处理。S2处理的排泄能比例显著低于其余2个处理(P0.05)。实验表明褐牙鲆幼鱼对短期低溶解氧含量有较强的适应能力,能够通过提高摄食率在较短的恢复期获得完全补偿生长。本研究揭示了褐牙鲆在低溶氧胁迫下的能量分配规律,为深入研究鱼类适应溶解氧波动环境的策略积累资料。     

盐度对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响及其在盐度胁迫后的补偿生长

褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）幼鱼取自山东省胶南市养殖场,盐度设置范围分别为12-40和5-47。实验表明,盐度12-40对平均初始体质量约2.6g的褐牙鲆幼鱼的湿重生长、湿重摄食率和湿重饲料转化效率均没有显著影响（P〉0.05）,但对蛋白质和能量表示的特定生长率、摄食率、饲料转化效率都有显著影响（实验周期为30d）。盐度5（IS5）和47（IS47）处理能够使初始体质量为6.93g的褐牙鲆幼鱼在10d内的生长显著比盐度19（IS19）处理慢（P〈0.05）,并且由于低盐度（盐度为5）引起的生长阻滞能够在30d内得到完全补偿,而高盐度（47）引起的生长阻滞未能得到补偿。在整个恢复期间（11-40d）,IS5处理的摄食率显著高于IS47处理（P〈0.05）,IS19处理处于中间水平。在盐度恢复至19后,不同处理在所有阶段的饲料转化效率和整个实验期间的平均饲料转化效率相互之间不存在显著差异。以上结果表明,低盐度（盐度为5）导致的生长阻滞的补偿主要依靠提高摄食率获得。结论认为,褐牙鲆幼鱼对盐度尤其对低盐度的适应能力较强。     

舟山褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temmincket Schlegel)人工育苗技术初步研究

于2006年5月对舟山褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）进行了人工育苗，获得的60万粒受精卵孵化出仔鱼50万尾，孵化率为83．3％。在育苗海水盐度为28；pH为8．0～8．2；水温为18～22℃条件下经过36d共培育出平均体长3．1cm幼鱼16万尾，成活率为32％。     

江黄颡鱼瞬时耗氧率和窒息点的研究

在三种水温条件下(12℃、20℃、28℃)测定江黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus vachelli)幼鱼(6．5～8．6cm／p，3．953～8．407 g／p)的耗氧状况，据此计算出幼鱼的瞬时耗氧速率(V，mg／g．h)与溶氧量(DO，mg／L)及水温的相关关系。试验表明：江黄颡鱼耐低氧能力较强；其昏迷点、窒息点随水温的升高而有所增大，28℃时两者分别为0．3183、0．2750 mg／L；江黄颡鱼的瞬时耗氧速率随时间的延长、溶氧量的降低而降低，呼吸类型属于顺应型。     

急性盐度胁迫对施氏鲟的皮质醇、代谢反应及渗透调节的影响

以淡水组为对照，通过对施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）幼鱼96h的急性盐度（15和22）胁迫试验，研究了幼鱼对水体盐度突变的血浆皮质醇和代谢反应，并探讨了施氏鲟适应环境盐度变化的渗透调节机理。结果表明，盐度胁迫导致幼鱼的血浆皮质醇、血糖及乳酸浓度呈现不同程度的升高，随后各项指标逐渐下降，并分别于24、48、96h时基本恢复至正常（对照组）水平。盐度15组的血浆皮质醇、血糖及乳酸浓度分别在胁迫5、24和48h时达峰值，而盐度22组则分别在0．5、24和24h时即达峰值，且胁迫后0．5h时的皮质醇浓度、12h时的血糖及12～48h时的乳酸浓度均显著高于盐度15处理组（P〈0．05）；各处理组的Na^＋浓度随着盐度的升高及时间的延长而升高，而Cl^-浓度在15和22盐度组中匀先升高后降低，血浆K^＋浓度在盐度组（15和22）与对照组之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。盐度突变导致血浆渗透压升高，并在24h达最大值，胁迫12h和24h时22盐度组幼鱼血浆渗透压的浓度显著高于15盐度组（P〈0．05）。15和22盐度组的Na^＋／K^＋-ATP酶活性变化趋势基本一致，均在12h时达最高值，随后下降，但在12～96h内均处于较高的水平，且均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结果提示，盐度突变可在第一时间内导致施氏鲟血浆皮质醇浓度显著升高，而血糖及乳酸的变化则明显滞后于皮质醇的变化，且通过对幼鱼血浆中皮质醇、血糖及乳酸浓度变化的分析，发现通过机体的生理调整，至96h时施氏鲟幼鱼对水体盐度突变有了较好的适应性。     

斑节对虾幼虾的高密度零换水养殖：人工底质和放养密度的评估

调研了流速对大菱鲆幼鱼生长的影响。在29天期间，将最初平均体重102g（标准偏差10．4）的幼鱼以相当于每小时1，2，3，4，6或8个池水量的流速养殖在容量为196L，温度为18±0．29℃，盐度为18．0±0．77和pH变化范围为6．02～7．21的水池中。在试验期间监测总氨氮、溶氧、pH、温度和游离二氧化碳值。结果显示，流速大到每小时4．7个池水量可促进大菱鲆的生长。水池中氨和二氧化碳的积聚以及含氧量受不同流速的影响。结论为流速增加则大菱鲆幼鱼的比生长率增高，这也许可用二氧化碳含量的不同来加以解释。     

中华鲟子一代亲鱼长途运输试验

根据中华鲟子一代亲鱼个体大、体表有硬骨板等生理生态学特征,设计构建大型车载水箱运输系统（4．2×2．0×1．0）m,为防止运输途中鱼体与箱体产生碰撞,在水箱内壁加装泡沫板。运输试验在高氧、适温条件下开展（水温控制在8．9．9．8℃,溶氧含量为10．0．20．1mg／L）,以氨氮含量指标作为水体可溶性有毒物质的评价标准,对其进行实时监测。结果表明：试验开始6h时水体中氨氮含量已增至O．8mg／L,此时箱内运输水体更换1,2,再注入等量的优质控温水,换水后运输水体的氨氮降到0．2mg／L以下。经过16h长途运输,亲鱼成活率100％,转入暂养池后,亲鱼能够迅速恢复正常活力。研究结果证实运用该种水箱运输系统进行中华鲟等大型鱼类的长途运输是切实可行的。     

Tolerance response of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier) to water pH

Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier) is a fish of primary importance in Amazon aquaculture. It has been described as an acid‐resistant species that moves seasonally between white (muddy) water and black water rivers and enters the extremely dilute acidic areas of flooded jungle to feed during the rainy season. To analyse the pH tolerance of this species, tambaqui were exposed to three water pH levels for 40 days (pH 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0). The water was acidified slowly over 3 h, allowing the fish to acclimate. A similar protocol was used to adjust water pH to 8.0. No mortality was observed during the exposure period. Several haematological parameters were significantly changed in alkaline‐exposed animals, with significant decreases in haematocrit (20%), haemoglobin concentration (8%) and red blood cells (12%). Tambaqui showed severe blood variations when exposed to alkaline pH. Fish final weight, condition factor and specific growth rate (SGR) was inversely proportional to a pH increase, and SGR were higher for fish reared in acidic water. The relative insensitivity of tambaqui to low pH confirms its acid tolerance and is in accordance with its natural occurrence in black water habitats.     

卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性的研究ⅢpH对幼鱼和成鱼消化酶活性的影响

研究了pH对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼和成鱼3种主要消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶)活力的影响。实验用鱼暂养7 d后解剖取样,在设计的10个酶反应pH值(2.2,3.2,4.2,5.2,6.2,7.2,8.0,8.6,9.6,10.6)下测定消化酶活力。结果表明:卵形鲳鲹胃内pH为强酸性,幼鱼肠内为中性偏酸性,肝、幽门盲囊和成鱼肠内为中性偏弱碱性。胃蛋白酶的最适pH值幼鱼为2.2,成鱼为3.2;肝、幽门盲囊和肠的蛋白酶活性最适pH值幼鱼为7.2,成鱼为8.0。淀粉酶活性的最适pH值幼鱼为8.0,成鱼为8.6。脂肪酶活性的最适pH值均为弱酸性,幼鱼和成鱼均为6.2。卵形鲳鲹幼鱼和成鱼3种相同消化酶活性的变化趋势相似,并以胃蛋白酶、肠淀粉酶、肠脂肪酶的活力最高。     

pH胁迫对中华绒螯蟹5种非特异性免疫指标的影响

测定了不同pH(4.5,6.0,7.5,9.0,10.5)胁迫1、4、7、10d后中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)血细胞呼吸爆发(RP)、血细胞破碎物上清液(HLS)酚氧化酶(PO)、血清溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的变化.结果表明:在pH胁迫后第1天,pH4.5组...     

Acute responses of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus 1766) to acid stress

Fish are potentially submitted to water acidification when reared in recirculating aquaculture systems. This study evaluated the responses of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum after acute exposure to acid water. Juvenile cobia (12.6 ± 0.5 g; 14.2 ± 0.2 cm) were acutely exposed to four pH levels (7.9 (control), 6.5, 6.0, and 5.5). After 24 h of exposure to different pH values, fish were sampled for physiological and histopathological evaluation. Acid water affected physiological parameters and induced morphological histopathologies on gill and skin of juvenile cobia, and these effects were more conspicuous with decreasing pH values. Acid stress induced blood acidosis in juvenile cobia, coupled to a decrease in bicarbonate (HCO₃^?) and saturated O₂ (sO₂) in fish blood. On the other hand, haematocrit, haemoglobin and glucose concentration increased their values (P < 0.01) comparing to control level. Hyperplasia with completely fusion of secondary lamella was observed in all pH treatments (6.5. 6.0 and 5.5), while telangiectasia and proliferation of chloride cells were present for fish exposed to pH 6.0 and 5.5. In skin hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucous cells, necrosis of these cells for fish exposed to pH 6.0 and 5.5 was observed. The results of this study demonstrate that acute acid water exposition affected physiology and histopathology in juvenile cobia, especially at pH values below 6.5. Accordingly, particular attention must be given to pH during cobia reared in recirculating aquaculture.     

Effect of temperature on copper toxicity and hematological responses in the neotropical fish Prochilodus scrofa at low and high pH

Copper sulfate has been widely used to control algae and pathogens in fish culture ponds. However, its toxic effects on fish depend not only on its concentration in water but also on water quality. The susceptibility of the neotropical freshwater fish Prochilodus scrofa to copper was evaluated at two temperatures with low and high water pH. Juvenile fish were acclimated at 20 and 30 °C and exposed to copper (static bioassay system) in water with pH 4.5 and 8.0. The 96 h-LC₅₀ were determined at each temperature and pH, as were the hematological parameters. The 96 h-LC₅₀ for copper (98 and 88 μg Cu L^− 1 in water with pH 4.5 and 16 and 14 μg Cu L^− 1 in water with pH 8.0 for fish kept at 20 and 30 °C, respectively) was significantly dissimilar in pH 4.5 and 8.0, but no difference was found between 20 and 30 °C in the same water pH. At 20 °C, regardless of the water pH, the hematocrit (Hct) increased while the red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration decreased compared to control pH 7.0. Copper exposure in water pH 4.5 and 8.0 causes an increase on the Hct, RBC and Hb concentrations in relation to the controls pH 4.5 and 8.0. At 30 °C, the changes on the blood parameters depended on the water pH and, after copper exposure at low and high pH, the blood changes indicated more complex responses. The changes in hematological parameters of the fish, regardless of the pH and water temperature, indicate ionoregulatory or respiratory disturbances that imply an increase in energy consumption to restore homeostasis instead of other physiological functions such as weight gain and growth.     

Acidified seawater suppresses insulin‐like growth factor I mRNA expression and reduces growth rate of juvenile orange‐spotted groupers,Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822)

Ocean acidification, resulted from high level of carbon dioxide (CO₂) dissolved in seawater, may disturb the physiology of fish in many ways. However, it is unclear how acidification may impact the growth rate and/or growth hormones of marine fish. In this study, we exposed juvenile orange‐spotted groupers (Epinephelus coioides) to seawater of different levels of acidification: a condition predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pH 7.8–8.0), and a more extreme condition (pH 7.4–7.6) that may occur in coastal waters in the near future. After 6 weeks of exposure, the growth rates of fish in pH 7.4–7.6 were less than those raised in control water (pH 8.1–8.3). Furthermore, exposure at pH 7.4–7.6 increased blood pCO₂ and HCO₃^? significantly; exposure at pH 7.8–8.0, meanwhile, did not affect acid–base chemistry. Moreover, exposure to pH 7.4–7.6 resulted in lower levels of hepatic igf1 (insulin‐like growth factor I) mRNA, but did not affect levels of pituitary gh (growth hormone) or hypothalamus psst2 and psst3 (prepro‐somatostatin II and III). The results show that highly acidified seawater suppresses growth of juvenile grouper, which may be a consequence of reduced levels of IGF‐1, but not due to diminished growth hormone release.     

不同pH和滤料对硝化细菌消氨效果的影响

为了解在不同pH和滤料条件下硝化细菌对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)的去除效果,通过试验,探讨了5.0~10.0等6个pH梯度以及陶环、珊瑚石、生物刷和生物球等4种滤料的消氨效果。在pH 8.0~9.0时,至试验第7天氨氮去除率分别达99.86%、98.95%,明显高于pH 6.0、7.0和10.0组(去除率分别为66.18%、71.43%和70.51%)。在pH 7.0~9.0时,亚硝酸盐氮浓度的增加小于氨氮浓度的下降,特别是在pH 9.0时两者浓度变化差异明显。生物刷、陶环、珊瑚石和生物球分别在试验的第3、4、6、7天,氨氮去除率达100%。陶环组和珊瑚石组,NO_2~--N质量浓度在达到最高值(9.60 mg/L和10.00 mg/L),之后开始逐步下降。生物刷组和生物球组在达到最高值(9.55 mg/L和11.00 mg/L)之后基本维持不变。结果表明:硝化细菌适宜碱性的环境条件(pH 8.0~9.0),水体pH 9.0最有利于硝化细菌对NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除。不同滤料对硝化细菌去除NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N有不同的影响。陶环对硝化细菌去除NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N都有良好效果,生物刷只对去除NH_4~+-N有良好效果,珊瑚石只对去除NO_2~--N有良好效果。多种滤料配合使用有利于产生优势互补的效果。     

The effect of water pH on swimming performance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri,Richardson)

A Brett-type respirometer was used to measure the effect of water pH on swimming performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Variations in water pH between 6 and 9 had no measurable effect on maximum aerobic swimming speed. At water pH 4, 5, and 10, however, the critical velocity was only 55, 67, and 61% respectively of that recorded for fish in water of pH 7. Exposure to acid conditions increased coughing and breathing frequency. Acid exposure resulted in a decrease whereas alkaline exposure resulted in an increase in both whole blood and red blood cell pH. Blood gas and acid-base characteristics showed little change during swimming at 2.0 BL/second, but exhaustive swimming resulted in a marked and immediate drop in blood pH in fish in acid, alkaline and neutral water. The blood acid-base status was restored to resting levels after exercise in neutral and alkaline water, but the acidosis was maintained following exercise in acid water. Fatigue occurred earlier and blood lactate levels increased to a higher level in fish swum to exhaustion in acid or alkaline water, compared with fish in neutral water.     

Gut pH as a limiting factor for digestive proteolysis in cultured juveniles of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

After the development of the gastric function in juvenile fish, dietary proteins enter a two-phase digestive process comprising an acidic gastric phase followed by an alkaline intestinal phase. However, the main gastric protease, pepsin, is strictly dependent on the existence of a low-enough environmental pH. In 20-g gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, the mean minimal gastric pH is close to 4.5, while the mean pH in the duodenal portion of the intestine was nearly fixed at 6.5. The mean maximal gastric content of HCl was approximately 20 microEq for a low-buffering diet. Gastric proteases were more severely affected than intestinal proteases when assayed at actual sub-optimal pH values, 4.5 and 6.5, respectively. When the gastric proteases of juvenile fish were pre-incubated with a citric acid buffer at pH 6.0, the activity at pH 4.5 was very low, whereas when they were pre-incubated with the same buffer at pH 3.0, the activity at pH 4.5 was significantly increased; this fact suggests a deficient activation of zymogens during the gastric digestion and points to a potential approach to improve protein digestion in juvenile gilthead sea bream.