Aluminium-tolerant regenrants from potato cell cultures

Summary Cell cultures were developed from dihaploid clones ofSolanum tuberosum L. Selection in cell suspensions as well as plating of cells on selective medium supplemented with 5 mmol Al produced tolerant cell lines. The constancy of Al-tolerance of cell lines was confirmed by culturing the calli for 3 months in Al-free medium and then transferring them back to selective medium. 4 tolerant regenerant clones were obtained which maintained Al-tolerance also after subculture in control medium. Two of the 4 clones that constantly maintained Al-tolerance, originated from cell lines subcultured for 5 months under stress conditions. However, the regeneration rate of these cell lines was low compared with that of lines obtained after a shorter selection period.     

离体筛选耐盐碱马铃薯品种试验

试管模拟盐碱土对30个马铃薯品系材料进行了耐盐碱筛选。结果表明，当培养基中总盐含量达到0．1％时，耐盐碱能力最差的品系就开始死亡，如144－4、3－2、65等品系，而耐盐碱能力强的品系，即使总盐含量达到0．4％，植株仍能存活，如品系I、131、31等。耐盐碱能力强的品系，其培养基的pH值在培养过程中都逐渐下降，到取样时均达到了适宜植株生长的范围。这说明，耐盐碱的植株能够向土壤中分泌大量H＋。     

Response of potato cell cultures to aluminium and selection of tolerant cell lines

Summary We developed a method for the selection of aluminium-tolerant cell lines by using a liquid medium which more closely simulates acid soil conditions than media used previously. This medium has a pH of 4.8 and contains Al₂(SO₄)₃ instead of Al-EDTA as the selective agent to avoid the toxic effects of EDTA. It is shown that Al₂(SO₄)₃ exhibits a similar toxic effect on the growth of intact plants and cultured cells. With this medium, potato cell lines tolerating 2 mmol/l aluminium have been selected.     

Genotypic Difference of Sorghum bicolor in the Callus Formation and Callus Growth on Aluminum–Containing Medium

Abstract

We examined the genetic variation in the callus performance of the Al–tolerant and Al–susceptible genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) on Al–containing medium. Addition of Al to the medium with a low pH, low Ca and low phosphate resulted in a severe decrease in the percentage of callus formation (GF) in both Al–tolerant and Al–susceptible genotypes. However, the percentage of callus formation in the expiants from Al–tolerant genotypes was higher than that from susceptible genotypes on Al–containing medium. The genotypic difference in the relative growth of calli on Al–containing medium and in the suppression of callus formation by Al was in agreement with that in the hematoxylin staining score. Al might have been considered as a limiting factor that affected the callus growth. There was a significant correlation (r= –0.664*) between the percent relative suppression of callus formation by Al and the percentage of callus formation on Al–containing medium. The callus growth in fresh weight and size on Al –containing medium relative to that on Al–free medium (relative growth on Al–containing medium) was greater in Al–tolerant genotypes than in the other genotypes. The relative growth of callus in fresh weight and size on Al–containing medium significantly correlated (r=–0.820** and r=– 0.956**, respectively) with the percent relative suppression of callus formation by Al. The tissue culture is considered to be a useful tool for selecting Al–tolerant haploids at the callus stage.     

不同品种玉米萌发期和苗期耐盐性综合评价

采用220、270 mmol/L Na Cl模拟盐环境,测定玉米发芽指标和幼苗生长指标,对生产上47个玉米品种萌发期和苗期的耐盐性进行综合评价。以基于这些鉴定指标的耐盐系数为评价依据,根据各指标耐盐系数隶属函数值的变异系数划分各指标的权重,利用加权隶属函数法对供试玉米品种进行综合评价和耐盐性级别划分。结果表明,与对照相比,在220、270 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下,所有品种的各项鉴定指标都降低;不同品种和不同浓度胁迫在各个鉴定指标上都表现出差异。在所有鉴定指标中,发芽势和发芽率与萌发期耐盐性关系密切且权重高,但发芽率在品种间的表现比发芽势更稳定;根生长指标与苗期耐盐性关系密切且权重高。根据加权隶属函数值,将供试玉米品种分为4级,高耐盐品种有鲁单981、迪卡M9、德玉4号、隆平206、登海618、青农11号、士海928,高敏感品种有蠡玉16、丹玉405、祥玉11号、东单60、中科4号、良玉188。     

一株耐铝甜瓜枯萎病拮抗细菌的分离鉴定及其耐铝特性研究

从甜瓜根际酸性土壤中分离筛选到1株耐铝甜瓜枯萎病拮抗菌，命名为A2。根据表型、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析，将其鉴定为Pseudomonas sp.。菌株A2对甜瓜枯萎病病原菌的相对防效为68.3%，且拮抗能力具有遗传稳定性。相比AlCl3处理，菌株A2对Al2(SO4)3表现出了更好的耐受性，最高可耐受50mmol/L Al3+。在含有A13+的S-LB培养基中，菌株最适生长温度为30 ℃；培养基初始pH值的降低会加剧A13+对菌株A2的毒害作用。研究结果可为含活性铝的酸性土壤中甜瓜枯萎病的生物防治提供优良菌株资源和理论基础。     

氯化钠胁迫下甜菜不同品种(系)种子发芽率和幼苗生长的差异

研究了不同浓度的氯化钠胁迫下甜菜不同品种(系)种子发芽率和营养液培养幼苗生长的差异。以相对发芽率和幼苗干物质量来判断甜菜不同品种的相对耐盐能力,氯化钠胁迫适宜浓度为280mmol/L。甜菜不同品种(系)幼苗相对生长量和种子相对发芽率均存在较大差异,且两者相关性达到显著水平。用种子相对发芽率评价甜菜耐盐能力应统一种子繁育年份;通过营养液培养法用幼苗相对生长量评价甜菜耐盐能力准确可靠。采用上述方法,初步筛选出耐盐较强、中间型和盐敏感品种(系)各10余份。     

Different Aluminum Tolerance among Indica,Japonica and Hybrid Rice Varieties

Hydroponic cultures were conducted to compare the aluminum(Al) tolerance among different rice(Oryza sativa L.) varieties, including indica, japonica and their hybrids. The results showed that the root growth of rice plant was inhibited in different degrees among Al treated varieties. The Al tolerance observed through relative root elongation indicated that five japonica varieties including Longjing 9, Dharial, LGC 1, Ribenyou and Koshihikari were relatively more tolerant than indica varieties. Most indica varieties in this study, such as Aus 373 and 9311(awnless), were sensitive to Al toxicity. The Al tolerance of most progenies from japonica × indica or indica × japonica crosses was constantly consistent with indica parents. The differences of Al tolerance among Longjing 9(japonica), Yangdao 6(indica) and Wuyunjing 7(japonica) were studied. Biomass and the malondial-dehyde content of Yangdao 6 under Al exposure decreased and increased, respectively, while there was no significant effect on those of Longjing 9 and Wuyunjing 7. Remarkable reduction of root activities was observed in all these three rice varieties. Significantly higher Al content in roots was found in Yangdao 6 compared to Longjing 9 or Wuyunjing 7.     

Root growth response of serradella species to aluminium in solution culture and soil

Serradella (Ornithopus) species are high‐quality pasture legumes that originate from the Mediterranean basin and have been increasingly used in southern Australian temperate grazing systems. They are generally regarded as tolerant of soils with low pH and, by inference, elemental toxicities such as aluminium (Al). No studies have examined the effect of high Al concentrations on the growth of French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) or newly developed cultivars of yellow serradella (O. compressus L.). Several cultivars/accessions of each species were grown in low ionic‐strength nutrient solutions at pH_Ca 4.5 containing a range of Al concentrations. Their susceptibility to root growth inhibition by Al was benchmarked against reference species ranging from Al‐sensitive to Al‐tolerant. Most serradella cultivars had moderate‐to‐high Al tolerance in solution culture but one yellow and two French serradella cultivars ranked alongside the Al‐sensitive reference species. A subset of cultivars and reference species were then grown in an Al‐toxic soil to test the validity of the solution culture results; these cultivars spanned the apparent range in Al sensitivity/tolerance indicated by the solution culture experiment. Variation in the relative root length achieved in Al‐toxic solution culture explained ~59% of the variation in the relative root length achieved in the acidic Al‐toxic soil. This result supports the conclusion that Al tolerance varies among serradella and that some cultivars may not thrive in soils with pH_Ca < 4.5 and elevated extractable Al concentrations.     

地毯草对铝胁迫响应及临界浓度的研究

以地毯草为研究对象,利用水培法进行耐铝鉴定,初步研究不同铝浓度处理对地毯草坪用质量、叶色和枯黄率的影响。结果表明,不同处理浓度之间存在显著或极显著性差异,中等浓度(0.72、0.96、1.20 mmol/L)铝处理下,地毯草坪用价值明显优于低浓度(0、0.24、0.48 mmol/L)和高浓度的铝处理(1.68、1.92、2.16 mmol/L),呈抛物线形状;0.72 mmol/L铝处理最适宜地毯草的生长。其它高浓度或低浓度都抑制了地毯草的正常生长,从而导致地毯草草坪使用价值下降。通过建立回归方程,以枯黄率下降50%作为地毯草存活临界铝离子浓度,可得地毯草具有50%存活的临界铝离子浓度为2.04 mmol/L。     

茶园芽孢杆菌QM7促生特性及耐酸铝机制初步研究

目前含芽孢杆菌等微生物制剂的有机肥料在酸性茶园土壤中的生物活性不高,难以起到有效的促生作用,达到部分替代和减少化肥使用量的目的。本实验分离得到1株耐酸铝芽孢杆菌,命名为QM7。试验发现菌株促生能力受到铝离子浓度的影响,在无铝条件下菌株生长素(IAA)的分泌量为85.6 mg·L~(-1),当铝离子浓度为1 mmol·L~(-1)时IAA分泌量为36.8 mg·L~(-1);盆栽结果表明,在6周内菌株可以增加茶苗根系表面积56.8%,根尖数27.3%;蛋白电泳分析发现高浓度的铝胁迫会导致菌株胞内64种与转录、翻译和代谢相关蛋白的表达发生差异,使得菌株生长受到抑制。     

大豆基因型在组织培养条件下对NaCl耐性的研究

以3个大豆基因型为材料,以固体培养基中大豆出苗率、苗高和下胚轴长度为指标,研究大豆对NaCl的耐受性.结果表明,大豆不同基因型对NaCl的耐受性不同,东农46对NaCl的耐受性较差.在3个苗期性状中,以苗高和下胚轴长度对NaCl的耐受性较差,当在培养基中加入35～65 mmol/L NaCl时大豆的苗高和下胚轴长度的增加受到明显地抑制.     

长江中下游麦区小麦地方品种幼苗耐镉性的差异

为了明确不同小麦地方品种耐镉（Cd）性的差异,采用水培方法,测定了长江中下游麦区32个小麦地方品种的苗期生长指标、叶绿素含量、荧光参数和光合参数,并对参试品种的Cd耐性进行了比较和聚类分析。结果表明,32个小麦地方品种镉耐性指数变异系数为10.4%～49.4%,耐Cd性差异较大。根据耐性指数可将参试品种分成耐镉型（7个）、较耐镉型（4个）、中间型（6个）、镉较敏感型（8个）、镉敏感型（7个）5组。     

过表达GmNHX1基因提高大豆根系的耐盐性

Na+/H+反向转运蛋白可调控细胞质pH值、钠离子浓度和细胞体积,从而减轻盐胁迫对植物的伤害.利用发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)介导法,向大豆根系导入由CaMV35S启动子调控的Na+/H+反向转运蛋白编码基因GmNHX1的cDNA序列,通过该基因的过量表达,提高大豆的耐盐性.通过潮霉素...     

Effects of Toxic Levels of Aluminium on Seedling Parameters of Rice under Hydroponic Culture

The presence of Al in the rhizosphere of rice in acid soil restricts root growth and significantly reduces crop productivity.In this study,the effects of Al(30,60 and 90μg/mL)on seedling root growth,number of primary roots per seedling,seedling shoot length,number of leaves per seedling,seedling fresh weight,and seedling dry weight were studied.Rice genotypes were classified into three different classes,namely,tolerant,moderately tolerant,and susceptible,based on root tolerance index.The method of hydroponic culture was modified,and elaborated in the text.Toxic levels of Al in nutrient solution significantly decreased seedling root growth,number of primary roots,seedling shoot length,number of leaves per seedling,seedling fresh weight,and seedling dry weight.Few genotypes showed longer root length at 30μg/mL Al in nutrient solutions compared with the control.High levels of Al in nutrient solutions were highly toxic for rice seedlings.Based on root tolerance index,Radhunipagal,Gobindobhog,Badshabhog,Kalobhog,UBKVR-11,UBKVR-16,UBKVR-18,Khasha and IVT4007-B were classified as tolerant genotypes,and these genotypes may be used as donors for breeding of Altoxicity tolerance.     

我国常用玉米自交系的耐旱性评价

2007年冬季和2008年春季分别在海南三亚和新疆乌鲁木齐对196份玉米自交系采用两种不同干旱胁迫处理,依据形态性状及产量相关性状评价其耐旱性。通过典型相关分析发现,株高、雌雄开花间隔天数(ASI)、单穗粒重和结实株数百分率4个性状可以作为玉米自交系耐旱性评价指标。采用因子分析方法,计算株高、雌雄开花间隔天数、单穗粒重和结实株数百分率4个性状的综合耐旱系数,对196份玉米自交系进行耐旱性评价,将试验材料分为耐旱、中度耐旱、中度干旱敏感和干旱敏感4种类型。两点试验耐旱级别完全一致的材料有58份,其中耐旱自交系有7份(H201、Mo113、英64、H21、早49、丹598、吉842);中度耐旱自交系有14份(丹黄02、8902、中106、郑22、中黄68、K22等),这些材料为耐旱育种提供了种质基础。     

电子束辐射诱变及克隆选择培育好好芭抗寒无性系的研究

利用电子辐射处理好好芭试管苗，从改变基因型入手提高其抗寒力，以获得稳定遗传的好好芭株系。研究表明150GY的辐射量是诱发好好芭发生变异的最佳剂量，结合生化标记，抗寒相关的酶类——淀粉酶和过氧化物酶活性分析，人工模拟低温实验的克隆检测，筛选出了具有较高抗寒能力的好好芭株系，这些株系通过无性系繁殖可用于抗寒育种。     

大麦耐盐生理性状遗传研究

以耐盐性不同的材料为亲本配置 10个F1双列杂交组合 ,在一定盐胁迫处理下 ,双亲都为耐盐性强或耐盐性中等的品种 (系 )的杂交组合与双亲都为盐敏感品种的组合相比表现为质膜透性变化小 ,渗透势下降值大 ,双亲中一方为耐盐性强或耐盐性中等的品种 (系 ) ,一方为盐敏感品种 ,其F1各项生理指标介于上两种组合之间。     

几个龙生型花生的耐旱形态性状研究

通过人工模拟干旱胁迫处理和比较其它花生类型的耐旱品种，研究几个龙生型花生在缺水条件下的形态特征及恢复生长能力，试验表明，干旱胁迫显著抑制花生地上部营养体生长，但促进主根伸长和根系干物质积累，龙生型花生耐旱性状突出，但不同材料差异较大，马山二洋和托克逊小花生是耐旱性良好的龙生型种质。     

大豆耐盐碱种质资源鉴定

盐碱胁迫伴随作物生长各个阶段,筛选获得全生育期耐盐碱大豆资源意义重大。试验通过测定大庆地区盐碱土含盐碱种类、含盐量及pH值等指标,确定筛选用盐碱种类、浓度。在培养皿、发芽袋和盆栽试验筛选中,通过大豆芽期发芽率、芽苗期物质生长量、成熟期物质生长量鉴定耐盐碱大豆种质。结果显示大庆地区盐碱土壤为硫酸盐苏打盐碱土,确定盐碱溶液为NaCl、Na₂CO₃、NaHCO₃和Na₂SO₄（摩尔比为1∶1∶9∶9）的混合盐碱溶液,以Na离子含量计算总盐浓度为80 mmol·L^-1,溶液pH值为8.9,盆栽筛选用土壤盐含量为3.3‰,pH值为8.9。鉴定的887份种质资源中种皮颜色有黑、褐、红、绿、黄及双色等,相关性分析发现大豆耐盐碱性与大豆种皮颜色极显著正相关。通过芽期耐盐碱鉴定,887份大豆资源中筛选获得296份耐以上资源,进一步芽苗期筛选有123份显示高耐,再经过全生育期筛选获得7份高耐资源,5份来源于南方,2份来源于黄淮,62份耐资源,盆栽筛选比例为56.10%。本研究建立了从芽期、芽苗期到全生育期的逐级筛选方法,从887份大豆种质资源中筛选获得69份耐盐碱资源,为耐盐碱育种与耐盐碱基因资源利用提供基础材料。