水稻超高产栽培的技术路线及对策刍议

本文从对水稻产量构成因素的剖析入手,从更深层次了解水稻产量的最基本单位,并就这些基本单位与产量的关系进行了分析。结果表明:亩穗数与产量呈抛物线关系,成穗率、结实率和亩载花量与产量呈极显著的正相关,并明确了成穗率与结实率的关系。据此提出了“稳定穗数,主攻大穗,争取粒重”的技术路线和培育叶蘖中壮秧,少本合理稀植“稳促蘖、中壮苗、后攻粒”的栽培对策。     

机插单季晚粳稻氮肥施用及丛栽苗数试验结果分析

对机插单季晚粳稻秀水114进行施氮量、氮肥施用比例及丛栽苗数正交试验。结果表明,氮肥用量与秀水114最高苗数、有效穗数和产量呈正相关;施氮比例显著影响秀水114抽穗期、株高、成穗率、穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重及产量;丛插苗数对其最高苗数、成穗率、穗总粒数、结实率和纹枯病指数有影响。秀水114要获得高产,其适宜施氮量为纯N 20.7 kg/667 m2,施氮比例(基肥∶苗肥∶秆肥∶穗肥)为1∶5∶0∶4或3∶3∶2∶2,丛插苗数2～5本(基本苗3.2～7.9万/667 m2)。     

麦秆全量还田对水稻农艺性状、产量及土壤性状的影响

通过3 a麦秆全量还田,研究其对水稻农艺性状及产量形成、土壤性状的影响。结果表明,与不还田处理相比,麦秆全量还田抑制了前期水稻个体和群体生长发育,在栽后30～35 d内总茎蘖数减少,到达高峰苗时间推迟1个叶龄期,每667 m2高峰苗数少2.15万,但成穗率提高9.0%;每667 m2有效穗数增加7.62%,每穗粒数增加9.14%,结实率降低4.01%,千粒重降低0.5%,产量增加11.4%;麦秆全量还田使土壤pH值下降,土壤有机质提高9.4%、碱解氮提高4.5%、速效磷提高16.7%、速效钾提高16.9%。     

不同施氮量和栽插密度对晋稻8号产量及品质的影响

以晋稻8号为材料,在基肥施用量相同的情况下,设置不同的栽插密度和施氮量对晋稻8号产量及品质的影响试验。试验结果表明,在施氮量相同时,栽插密度加大,成穗率、穗长、结实率、千粒重及碾米品质的各项指标都呈明显下降,产量在栽插密度为16 660丛/667 m2时最高,说明足够的有效穗是保证晋稻8号具有较高产量的前提;在栽插密度相同时,增加施氮量,可有效提高晋稻8号的产量,有效穗、成穗率、穗长、总粒、碾米品质等也明显提高,但结实率下降。晋稻8号在施氮量为14 kg/667 m2、栽插密度为16 666丛/667 m2时产量最高,田间生长情况及稻米品质也较好。     

小麦高产群体茎蘖特征及产量构成因素分析

为探明小麦品种‘扬麦11’在崇明东滩盐碱地栽培的高产群体茎蘖特征和产量结构,收集整理了2012~2014年的试验资料,分析不同产量类型的群体建成茎蘖特征和产量构成因素。结果表明,崇明盐碱地区‘扬麦11’小麦高产(≥6000 kg/hm~2)群体适宜基本苗和最高茎蘖数为预期有效穗数的0.40~0.46倍和2.4~2.7倍为宜,小麦群体成穗率40%以上;不同产量类型的产量构成因素对产量的贡献大小依次为:有效穗数实粒数结实率千粒重。高产小麦群体应在稳定适宜穗数基础上,提高结实率,以争取粒数为主攻目标。对不同产量类型中产量与产量构成因素进行统计分析,明确了产量与产量构成因素间的相关性存在明显的差异,这对获得不同产量类型目标的产量构成因素调控具有重要指导意义。     

稀植条件下杂交稻分蘖成穗规律和穗粒结构研究

研究了19.5,13.5和7.5穴/m2 3个种植密度下杂交稻组合中优6号和两优培九不同时期的分蘖成穗规律和穗粒结构.结果表明,稀植促进分蘖发生,并导致最高分蘖期和有效分蘖期延迟,13.5和7.5穴/m2比19.5穴/m2的最高分蘖期分别推迟7和14 d;随种植密度下降,中后期发生的分蘖在茎蘖数中的比例提高,相应成穗率也提高;早期分蘖所成的穗与后期分蘖所成穗的每穗粒数差异较大,结实率差异较小,两者的产量差异主要由穗粒数差异引起;随种植密度下降,分蘖力较弱的组合产量显著下降,而分蘖力较强的组合产量没有差异.     

水稻产量性状相关性及通径分析

通过对影响水稻产量性状的相关性及通径分析,结果表明:结实率、667m 2穗数、667m 2穴数与667m 2实际产量之间有较大的正相关性,相关系数分别为0.7009、0.5900和0.6520。而千粒重和平均每穴的有效穗数与产量呈较弱的负相关性,其相关系数分别为-0.1290和-0.0681。因此,在制定水稻高产栽培措施时,应在稳定较高结实率的基础上,提高667m 2穗数和穴数,达到高产稳产。     

两系杂交稻两优培九产量构成及其生态关联

为探明两系杂交稻两优培九在不同生态条件下的产量水平及其构成,揭示引发产量变异的主要构成因素及其与生态因子的关联性,应用2006和2007年中国南方稻区8个气候生态试验点的生育进程、茎蘖消长、籽粒灌浆、产量及其构成与同期气象数据,建立了产量与其构成因素、各构成因素与温光因子的统计关系。两优培九稻谷产量变幅为5~18 t/hm2。以每平方米总粒数引发产量变异的贡献率最高(60.5%),其次为结实率(32.9%)。扩增总粒数主要依赖每平方米穗数与每穗粒数的平衡增加。华南双季早稻生育中期的梅雨寡照对于每穗粒数、开花期持续高温对于结实率、长江中下游麦(油)茬稻生育前期高温对于穗数、乳熟期日照骤减对于结实率都有负面影响。云南河谷地区稻作期的适温、长日、强辐射,促成每平方米425穗、7.2万粒、结实率90%的产量结构,产量高达18.2 t/hm2。结实率累积动态呈左偏不对称的S形曲线。谷粒干物质积累呈Logistic曲线,拐点在花后8~14 d。穗数与本田营养生长期、每穗粒数与生育中期日照时数、结实率与后期日照时数都呈极显著正相关。开花期持续高温、乳熟期障碍型冷害和台风等气象灾害制约结实率的提高。每平方米总粒数是影响两优培九产量的主要因素,发挥其大穗优势、在有效分蘖临界期形成目标穗数的茎蘖数、构建足穗大穗群体,是进一步提高其产量的主攻方向。     

种植密度对双季超级稻群体发育和产量的影响

选择超级杂交早、晚稻组合陆两优996和淦鑫688为材料,研究种植密度对双季超级稻群体发育和产量的影响.结果表明,陆两优996稻谷产量、干物质产量和N素积累量均随密度的增加递增,淦鑫688稻谷产量和N素积累量以中等密度处理M2和M3较高.有效分蘖期随着密度降低而后移,最高茎蘖数和有效穗数随密度的提高而递增.有效穗数与移栽基本苗数显著正相关,成穗率与移栽基本苗数和最高茎蘖数显著负相关,低密度有利于提高成穗率.早稻移栽基本苗数对有效穗数的影响大于晚稻,早稻群体自动调节能力不如晚稻.每穗粒数和结实率均随密度的提高而递减.二次枝梗和颖花的退化率与其分化数量关系密切.     

杂交中稻群体数量与质量性状关系的研究

 以杂交水稻组合80优121（中粳）和协优57（中籼）为材料,进行栽插密度试验,以培育数量和质量不同的群体,研究群体数量与质量的关系。试验结果表明,基本苗数、最高茎蘖数等群体数量性状之间和分蘖穗率、茎蘖成穗率等群体质量性状之间都呈正相关。群体数量与质量性状之间呈负相关,其中基本苗数与分蘖穗率、最高茎蘖数与茎蘖成穗率、总颖花数与结实率、有效穗数与平均穗谷重4对性状间相互关系最密切。在试验条件下,有效穗数、平均穗谷重、总颖花数和结实率对产量的直接作用较大,因此高产栽培需在适宜穗数和总颖花数的前提下提高结实率和平均穗谷重。     

四川小麦分蘖冗余及理想群体构成研究

为探究四川小麦分蘖冗余及理想群体构成,以5个典型冬小麦品种为材料,在分蘖始期至拔节期每2d剪一次分蘖,设置3个处理[仅保留主茎,剪除所有分蘖(B0);保留主茎和1个大分蘖(B1);保留主茎和2个大分蘖(B2);不剪分蘖(CK)],对成熟期小麦株高、穗部性状和单株产量进行调查分析。结果表明,5个品种间各性状对剪除分蘖的反应表现较一致。单株穗数以B0处理最低(1.00穗),B1、B2和CK处理单株穗数在同一水平(1.96~1.98穗);B0处理下穗粒数(49.5粒)、千粒重(53.2g)、穗长(11.3cm)、有效小穗数(17.7个)较CK显著增加,但株高(86.5cm)和单株产量(2.54g)均最低;B2处理的单株产量(4.27g)介于B1(4.39g)和CK(4.13g)之间,但与二者差异均不显著;B1处理下株高(88.1cm)适中,主茎和分蘖的穗长(11.0、10.6cm)增加,有效小穗数(17.8、16.4个)增多,最终主茎和分蘖的穗粒数(47.4、39.5粒)显著高于B2(44.2、34.7粒)和CK(43.8、36.0粒),主茎和分蘖的千粒重(50.7、52.5g)略高于B2(50.3、50.9g)和CK(49.6、51.3g),穗数、穗粒数、千粒重协调,单株产量(4.39g)最高。因此认为,保留主茎1个分蘖处理消除了冗余分蘖对资源的浪费,减少了内耗,是四川小麦优质、低耗、高产的最佳茎蘖组合。     

种植密度对不同小麦品种产量构成及抗倒伏性的影响

为了探索雨养农业区不同小麦品种对种植密度的响应特点,以黄淮南部大面积种植品种济麦22、安农0711和烟农19为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,设置4个密度处理(225×10~4株·hm~(-2)、375×10~4株·hm~(-2)、525×10~4株·hm~(-2)和675×10~4株·hm~(-2)),对其分蘖特性、产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、茎秆强度、倒伏指数等性状进行测定。结果表明,随处理密度增加,各品种的冬前茎蘖数呈上升趋势,穗粒数和茎秆强度呈下降趋势,倒伏指数呈先升后降趋势,最高茎蘖数、穗数、成穗率及产量等性状变化趋势受品种及试点区域影响。在五铺和大杨试点,当处理密度由225×10~4株·hm~(-2)增加为675×10~4株·hm~(-2)时,济麦22、安农0711和烟农19的冬前茎蘖数(2015年)分别增加75.2%和133.1%、72.3%和72.6%、127.1%和80.1%,且差异均达显著水平;穗粒数(2015和2016年)平均分别减少13.0%和12.6%、12.6%和9.7%、19.9%和14.3%,且在五铺试验点2015年烟农19以及2016年各供试材料在两种处理密度间差异均达到显著水平;茎秆强度(2016年)分别减少36.3%和6.2%、22.8%和21.0%、45.6%和33.2%,且在五铺试验点各供试材料在两种处理密度间差异均达到显著水平。综合来看,本区域小麦生产可通过选择茎秆强度高、抗倒伏的品种,在保证一定穗数的基础上,充分发挥穗粒数和千粒重的潜力,最终获得高产。     

The effect of light intensity after anthesis on dry matter distribution and seed yield of Lolium perenne L.

The effect of light intensity after onset of anthesis on dry matter distribution, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration and seed filling in Lolium perenne was investigated in a pot experiment. Spaced plants of five clones were brought to flowering and exposed to four light intensities (24%, 57%, 100%, 115% of natural light) from 7 days after onset of anthesis onwards. The two oldest flowering tillers (i.e. the main and the first tiller) were separated from the rest of the plant and dissected after a seed-filling period of 450°Cd (temperature sum counting from 7 days after onset of anthesis). Their stem dry weight and WSC concentration were reduced at the lowest light intensity. WSC amount was more reduced in the first, younger, tiller. Seed yield per ear of the main tiller was reduced by 14% because seed set and average seed weight were lower at the 24% light intensity. Seed yield and seed number per ear of the first tiller were lowered by 21% and 17%, respectively, at the 24% light intensity, but average seed weight was not. The relative contribution of the seeds to total tiller weight was about 20% and was similar for both tillers and all light intensities. WSC concentration and WSC amount in the stem + rachis were reduced only at 24% light in the main tiller and at 24% and 57% light in the first tiller. It is inferred that seed yield was not limited by assimilate availability, but by the ability of the seeds to utilize fully the abundantly available reserves in the stem. The tiller can support seed yield under a wide range of tight intensities.     

Contribution of main stem and tillers to durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) grain yield and its components grown in Mediterranean environments

Under terminal drought conditions, cereal varieties with limited tillering have been suggested to be advantageous, because they have fewer nonproductive tillers, thereby limiting water consumption prior to anthesis. In this study, four field trials were conducted over two growing seasons in southern Spain, under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Twenty-five genotypes were studied to evaluate the contribution of the main stem (MS) and tillers to grain yield and its components. Significant differences were found among genotypes for these contributions under non-stressed environments, but these differences were not significant under water-stress conditions. The contribution of the MS to plant grain yield was higher than that of tillers (68% vs. 32%) and was stable between years in irrigated trials. However, in the rainfed trials, MS contributed differently depending on year-to-year climate variations. Thus, under favorable weather conditions the contribution of MS to grain yield was higher than in the unfavorable year (85% vs. 59%). In irrigated environments, MS and tiller grain yield depended on the number of grains per spike, spikelets per spike, and thousand kernel weight (TKW). Under water-limited conditions, MS yield depended on the number of grains per spike and grains per spikelet, whereas the number of spikelets and TKW had less influence on MS grain yield. Furthermore, under water-stress conditions, high tillering genotypes showed yield levels similar to the genotypes with restricted tillering. Additionally, there was no significant evidence of a positive or negative effect of maximum tiller number on grain yield under rainfed conditions.     

硫酸钾钙镁肥对水稻茎蘖发生和产量形成的影响

以当地主栽品种南粳9108为供试水稻品种,设置常规肥料和硫酸钾钙镁肥2个肥料处理,研究硫酸钾钙镁肥对水稻分蘖发生、产量形成等方面的影响。结果表明,硫酸钾钙镁肥处理的产量较常规处理的高,增幅达8.29%。从产量构成因素来看,2个处理的穗数、每穗总粒数和千粒质量差异较小。硫酸钾钙镁肥主要是通过增加结实率来提高产量,结实率增幅达9.32%,其他产量构成因素差异不大;硫酸钾钙镁肥处理较常规处理对分蘖发生无促进作用,其高峰苗低于常规处理,但高峰苗后分蘖退化慢,至有效分蘖终止期,其有效分蘖数略高于常规处理,增幅为2.55%,成穗率显著增加,增幅为9.83%。     

Difference in Grain Yield and Quality among Tillers in Rice Genotypes Differing in Tillering Capacity

A japonica variety and its iso-allelic mutant with high tillering ability were used to investigate the differences in grain yield and quality among different tillers. There was a distinct difference in panicle weight among tillers during grain filling for both genotypes, with Xiushui 11 having a greater increase rate in panicle weight, and being earlier in reaching the maximum panicle weight than the mutant. There was a great significant difference between the two genotypes in grain yield and its components, with Xiushui 11 having higher grain yield, more grains per panicle, higher filled grain percentage and grain weight than the mutant for each type of tiller. Moreover, a significant difference was found in grain yield and yield components among different tillers for both genotypes, with grain number per panicle showing the greatest variation over tillers among all yield components. Compared with Xiushui 11, the mutant had higher brown rice rate and greater ratio of length to width of brown rice, and lower chalky rice rate, amylose content, and protein content of rice. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in grain quality among tillers within a plant for both genotypes, with later initiated tillers being lower in chalky rice rate, amylose and protein contents than early initiated ones. The variation of most quality parameters among tillers within a plant was markedly larger for the mutant than for Xiushui 11.     

灌溉模式与施氮量互作对水稻茎蘖产量形成的影响

【目的】明确灌溉模式与施氮量及其互作对水稻根系形态、茎蘖产量形成的影响,以期为水稻绿色生产及水肥高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验的方法,以两优287为材料,设置浸润式灌溉(W1)、常规灌溉(W2)和淹水灌溉(W3)三种灌水模式,不施氮(N0,0 kg/hm²)、常规施氮(N1,165.0 kg/hm²)和高氮(N2,247.5 kg /hm²)三个氮肥用量共9个处理。在水稻关键生育期取样,测定根系形态和活力、茎蘖动态、生物量和养分含量,研究灌溉模式与施氮量及其互作对水稻生长发育、产量、氮肥利用率和品质的影响。【结果】与W2处理相比,尽管W1处理水稻成穗率平均减少9.2%,但主茎、一次分蘖和二次分蘖的产量分别增加32.7%、18.1%和33.4%,总体产量平均增加18.5%;W3处理水稻成穗率平均减少5.0%,主茎、一次分蘖和二次分蘖的产量分别平均增加9.3%、2.0%和46.4%,总体产量无显著差异。与N0处理相比,各施氮处理的水稻成穗率平均增加6.1%,主茎和一次分蘖的产量分别平均增加8.1%和92.6%,二次分蘖产量平均增加0.57 t/hm²(N0处理无二次分蘖),总体产量平均增加88.0%。方差分析结果显示,灌溉模式与施氮量对茎蘖产量、总体产量及每穗粒数存在显著交互作用。此外,灌溉模式与施氮量对根系形态、根系活力、氮素吸收以及氮素干物质生产效率均产生了显著影响。方差分析结果显示,灌溉模式与施氮量对总根长、根体积、根尖数、根系伤流速度以及根、茎、叶、穗各器官生物量、群体生长速率等均存在显著交互作用。【结论】灌溉模式和施氮量显著影响水稻根系形态、分蘖形成及产量,且存在明显的交互作用。本试验条件下,浸润式灌溉模式下施用适量氮肥(165.0 kg/hm²)可在获得较高产量的同时提高水分和氮肥利用效率并改善稻米品质。     

我国北方不同年代玉米自交系穗部性状的演变及与产量的关系

采用我国北方地区60年代～2000年有代表性的47个亲本自交系的穗部性状进行研究,探讨不同年代玉米自交系穗部性状的演变规律及其与产量的关系。结果表明,随着年代的更替,自交系的单位面积产量、单株产量均呈增加趋势;穗粗、千粒重呈持续增加趋势;穗粒数呈缓慢降低趋势,与千粒重呈负相关关系;秃尖度、出籽率自70年代以来没有得到正向改良;穗长、穗行数各年代间差异不显著,改良效果不明显。在主要穗部性状中,对单株产量贡献率最大的是穗粗,其次是行粒数。     

小麦核质杂种主要性状遗传参数的研究

采用数量遗传学的统计方法,对8个稳定的节节麦胞质的普通小麦核质杂种的株高等8个性状的平均数、变异系数、广义遗传力、表现型相关系数、基因型相关系数作了估算。结果表明,（1）各性状变异系数较大的是有效分蘖数、株粒重、穗长和穗粒重,其它性状变幅较小;（2）各性状广义遗传力由大到小顺序为:株高、穗长、小穗数、千粒重、穗粒重、株粒重、有效分蘖数和穗粒数;（3）表现型相关与基因型相关趋势一致,其中穗长与穗粒数和株粒重、株粒重与株高和千粒重、有效分蘖数与株粒重和小穗数显著相关。这些结果与前人用普通小麦作试材的研究结果基本一致。据此,可认为普通小麦选育理论同样适用于核质杂种。