抗稻瘟病水稻恢复系恩恢22的选育与利用

恩恢22是恩施自治州农业科学院用抗稻瘟病早稻材料1468作父本,自育恢复系恩恢58作母本,杂交选育而成的早熟中籼恢复系,具有稻瘟病抗性好、外观米质较优、恢复力强、配合力较高和花粉量足等特点,所配组合Ⅱ优恩22于2007年通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

优质抗稻瘟病杂交水稻新品种中9优恩66的选育及应用

中9优恩66是湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州农业科学院以自育的早熟籼型恢复系恩恢66为父本,中国水稻研究所选育的不育系中9A为母本配组选育而成的优质、抗病、早中熟籼型三系杂交水稻新品种。2013年通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定(审定编号:鄂审稻2013013)。     

高产抗稻瘟病杂交水稻新组合中9优591

中9优591是恩施州农业科学院用自育抗稻瘟病恢复系恩恢591与中国水稻所选育的不育系中9A配组育成的抗稻瘟病杂交水稻新组合。该组合具有产量高、抗瘟性强、丰产性好、制种易获得高产等特点,2014年通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定(审定编号:鄂审稻2014014)。     

高产抗稻瘟病杂交中籼新组合中9优恩62

中9优恩62是湖北省恩施州农业科学院水稻油菜研究所用不育系中9A与自育抗稻瘟病恢复系恩恢62配组选育而成的迟熟杂交中籼新组合.该组合具有丰产稳产性好、对稻瘟病抗性强、适应性广、米质优良、制种易获高产等特点,2009年通过湖北省农作物品种审定.介绍了中9优恩62的栽培和制种技术要点.     

持久抗稻瘟病中籼迟熟恢复系恩恢264的选育

恩恢264是湖北省恩施自治州农业科学院用自育强优恢复系恩恢58作母本,恢复系多系1号作父本杂交选育而成的中籼迟熟恢复系,具有持久抗稻瘟病、恢复力强、配合力高、株叶型好等特点,用该恢复系所配组合Ⅱ优264综合表现优良,于2006年4月通过湖北省农作物品种审定。     

优质抗稻瘟病恢复系HR107的选育与应用

HR107是恩施土家族苗族自治州农业科学院用多系1号与恩恢995杂交F1作母本,Milyang 83作父本杂交,经连续多年自交选育而成的优质抗稻瘟病中籼水稻恢复系。所配组合宜香1A/HR107、乐丰A/HR107和金23A/HR107分别于2008年和2010年通过湖北省审定。本文介绍了HR107的特征特性及应用情况。     

中9优恩62的选育、特征特性与栽培要点

中9优恩62是用恢复系恩恢62与不育系中9A配组而成的杂交水稻新组合。该组合具有产量高、抗稻瘟病、熟期较早等特点。2009年4月通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

恩施水稻抗稻瘟病恢复系的选育与利用

选育抗稻瘟病恢复系是选育抗稻瘟病三系杂交水稻的主要途径之一。恩施州农科院利用自然生态优势建立稳定高效的稻瘟病自然诱发鉴定圃,在病圃中鉴定筛选稳定抗源,创造抗病中间材料,通过杂交、回交以及表型选择,改良优良恢复系的抗瘟性,育成了"恩恢"系列抗稻瘟病恢复系,进而育成了一批抗病杂交稻新组合通过各级农作物品种审定并在稻瘟病区大面积推广。介绍了恩施州农科院的主要抗稻瘟病恢复系及其所配抗病杂交稻组合,分析了抗稻瘟病恢复系选育中存在的主要问题,提出了相应对策。     

优质抗稻瘟病杂交水稻新组合宜香优62

宜香优62是恩施土家族苗族自治州农业科学院和湖北省农业科技创新中心鄂西综合试验站用自育的抗稻瘟病恢复系恩恢62与四川省宜宾市农科院育成的优质三系不育系宜香1A配组育成的迟熟三系杂交籼稻新组合。该组合具有优质、抗稻瘟病、产量高等特点。2014年通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

高产杂交中籼新组合Ⅱ优264

Ⅱ优264是湖北省恩施州农科院水稻油菜研究所用自育的抗稻瘟病恢复系恩恢264与不育系Ⅱ-32A配组选育而成的迟熟中籼杂交水稻新组合。该组合具有中抗稻瘟病、丰产稳产性好、适应性强、制种易获高产等特点,2006年通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定。介绍了Ⅱ优264的选育经过、特征特性、栽培和制种技术要点。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.