玫瑰香葡萄无核化处理对不同器官中酚类物质和抗氧化能力的影响

 以‘玫瑰香’葡萄为试材,在开花前后使用葡萄专用无核剂（主要成分GA₃）浸蘸果穗,进行无核化处理,通过比色法和体外自由基清除法对不同生长期果实、叶片、嫩茎、卷须等器官中的酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力进行测定。结果表明：无核化处理后,浆果内的酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力显著下降;叶片、嫩茎内酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力有所提高;卷须内酚类物质含量与对照差异不大,抗氧化能力略高于对照;与叶片、嫩茎、卷须等器官抗氧化能力的变化规律相反,无核化处理果实的抗氧化能力低于对照。     

‘白玉’枇杷果实套袋对其品质及抗氧化能力的影响

 以白沙枇杷品种‘白玉’为试材,分析了白色单层、黄色单层、黄色双层和外灰内黑双层等4种纸袋套袋对果实品质以及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,套袋能改善果实表面的光泽度。白色单层纸袋处理增加了果实的可溶性固形物和总糖含量,而其他3种纸袋处理都导致果实可溶性固形物和总糖含量下降,可滴定酸含量上升。套袋还降低了果实的总酚含量、类黄酮含量和抗氧化能力,其中以外灰内黑双层纸袋下降最大。套袋后果实的抗氧化能力下降,与总酚和类黄酮含量降低呈显著正相关。综合套袋对果实品质的影响,‘白玉’枇杷宜用透光性好的白色单层纸袋。     

不同地区“玫瑰香”葡萄品质与酚类物质含量差异

以环渤海湾地区主栽葡萄品种"玫瑰香"为试材,采用常规理化指标测定方法及比色法,研究了天津市滨海新区茶淀镇、河北省昌黎县十里铺乡和山东省平度市大泽山镇地区"玫瑰香"葡萄的果实品质及酚类物质的差异性,以期为"玫瑰香"葡萄的高效种植提供参考依据。结果表明:天津地区"玫瑰香"葡萄中可溶性固形物(18.80%)和总糖(16.92 g·(100g)^-1)含量较高;河北地区可滴定酸(0.43 g·(100g)^-1)和维生素C(2.69 mg·(100g)^-1)含量比其他两地高,糖酸比为36.15;山东地区"玫瑰香"葡萄的整体品质欠佳。"玫瑰香"葡萄不同部位中酚类物质含量呈现葡萄籽>葡萄皮>葡萄果肉。天津地区葡萄籽中总原花青素和总多酚含量高于河北和山东地区,山东地区葡萄籽中总黄酮含量相比其他两地较高。天津地区"玫瑰香"葡萄相比河北和山东地区品质较好,酚类物质相对丰富,山东地区果实品质较差。     

基于果肉单体酚和总酚含量评价桃果实抗氧化能力

为利用果实酚类物质组分含量评价桃果实的抗氧化能力,以12个红肉桃、7个白肉桃和4个黄肉桃品种成熟期果实为试材,分析果肉单体酚和总酚含量的差异。结果表明,红肉桃各品种具有较高的表儿茶素和总酚含量。在对各指标进行相关性分析的基础上进行主成分分析,将8个酚含量指标概括成4个独立的综合指标（即主成分）,通过隶属函数分析求得各综合指标的隶属函数值,结合权重计算综合评价值并对各品种果肉抗氧化能力进行综合排序,发现红肉桃中的‘北京一线红’综合评价值最高,同时红肉类型排序靠前,多数白肉、黄肉类型排序靠后,与聚类分析结果较一致。试验结果表明桃果实抗氧化能力与肉色密切相关,利用主成分分析法、隶属函数法、聚类分析法结合单体酚、总酚含量可综合评价不同肉色桃果实的抗氧化能力。对桃果实抗氧化能力的贡献排序依次为新绿原酸、总酚、表儿茶素、阿魏酸、绿原酸、芦丁、儿茶素、槲皮素。     

The rootstock effects on plant adaptability,production, fruit quality,and nutrition in the peach (cv. ‘Suncrest’)

In clayey and calcareous soils without a stable irrigation and fertilization system, the type of rootstock can particularly affect both the vegetative and productive properties of ‘Suncrest’ peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) plants, and the qualitative and nutritional attributes of their fruit. The GF677 rootstock (P. persica × Prunus amygdalus) promoted the highest vegetative development, followed by Julior (Prunus insistitia). The ‘Suncrest’ on Ishtara [(Prunus cerasifera × P. persica) × (P. cerasifera × Prunus salicina)] and Barrier1 (P. persica × Prunus davidiana) had lower, but similar, plant vigour, but the latter rootstock differed in its higher production of pruned wood. The lowest adaptability to these cultivation conditions was observed for ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto Citation (P. persica × P. salicina), which showed the lowest plant development and production. For the plant yield, the ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto GF677, Julior, Ishtara, and Barrier1 were all similar. The fruit yield and both the canopy volume and pruned wood of ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto Ishtara showed a particular relationship, giving the best indices of yield efficiency and plant physiological equilibrium. Moreover, the same rootstock promoted the largest fruit size, while the smallest fruit were found on GF677 rootstock. The fruit from the Citation ‘Suncrest’ ripened 3 days early, while those from Barrier1 had a late fruit ripening. Firmness, soluble solids and the soluble solids to total acidity ratio were only affected slightly by the different rootstocks, while the total acidity of the fruit varied significantly according to rootstock; the fruit from ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto Barrier1, Julior, and Citation had the highest total acidities. The rootstock effects on the nutritional attributes of the fruit were relevant. The ‘Suncrest’ on Julior and GF677, followed by Ishtara, produced fruit with the greatest antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents. The ‘Suncrest’ on Citation and, especially, Barrier1 had reduced nutritional values of the fruit. The variations in antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents showed a positive correlation.     

架面不同部位对无核剂处理木纳格葡萄无核化效果的影响

用无核剂在花前、花后两次浸渍白木纳格和红木纳格葡萄花序和果穗,结果表明,架面各部位的花期没有明显差异,红木纳格花期更集中.架面前部的白木纳格、红木纳格可获得98.7%、93.8%的无核果率和7.36g、7.41g的果实粒重,架面中后部的果实无核果率、果粒重等品质有不同程度的下降.     

Electrochemical Properties and Biochemical Composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cv. </Emphasis>Shiraz Wine Grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">V. vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Depending on Various Dose and Application Time of Foliar Microbial Fertilizer Treatments

Utilization from bio fertilization is well known a considerable tool to improve the yield and fruit quality of various crop fruits through the increasing emphasis on maintain of soil health, minimize environmental pollution and decrease the use of chemical fertilization. In this study, in order to improve wine grape quality features of cv. Shiraz, four different doses of foliar microbial fertilizer, including 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000?ppm were applied at two different terms as Term I (mostly; pre-bloom applications) and Term II (mostly; post-bloom applications). However, there were no influences of application terms of foliar microbial fertilizer treatments; treatment doses had considerable effects on yield and quality parameters. The lowest p-values, meaning the highest berry quality, from doses of foliar microbial fertilizer were obtained from 2000?ppm (105.08?μW), 1000?ppm (110.40?μW), 3000?ppm (112.97?μW) and 0?ppm (119.58?μW). Comparing the applications of foliar microbial fertilizer, it was observed that doses of 2000?ppm (3155.56?mg/kg), 1000?ppm (3000.92?mg/kg) and 3000?ppm (2530.19?mg/kg) exhibited higher total phenolic compounds content when compared with 0?ppm treatment (2206.97?mg/kg). Berries from grapevines applied with the doses of 2000, 1000 and 3000?ppm foliar microbial fertilizer respectively shown higher total anthocyanin content such as 1230.19, 1160.85 and 865.86?mg/kg compared to 0?ppm (637.37?mg/kg). As a result, research the findings indicated that 2000 and 1000?ppm doses of foliar microbial fertilizer were obviously effective on wine grape quality features of cv. Shiraz in terms of electrochemical property, total phenolic compounds content and total anthocyanin content.     

Improving fruit quality,nutritional value and yield of Zaghloul dates by the application of organic and/or mineral fertilizers

A field study was carried out during the years 2007 and 2008 on 30-year old Zaghloul cultivar growing in clay soil. Mineral fertilization sources: N, ammonium nitrate or NPK, ammonium nitrate + calcium superphosphate + potassium sulphate, and organic sources: chicken manure (CM), cow dung (CD) and composted domestic refuse (CDR) were applied either alone or in combinations in order to study their influence on the yield and fruit physical and chemical quality characteristics. The results revealed that applying organic manure alone or in combination with mineral NPK increased palm yield as compared to mineral fertilization alone (NPK or N). In general, fruit weight, flesh weight, length, diameter and dry weight were increased, while fruit moisture content decreased by the application of organic manures either alone or in combination with mineral NPK as compared to the mineral N. Higher fruit TSS and total sugars content were obtained by the application of organic manures alone or in combination with mineral NPK as compared with mineral fertilization alone (NPK or N). Overall values of fruit minerals content did not differ among the different treatments. Organic manures fertilization (especially CM and CD) resulted in decreasing fruit lead, cadmium, nitrate and nitrite contents more than mineral fertilization. In general, the application of organic manures either alone or in combinations with mineral NPK did not differ from each other in their effect on yield and fruit quality.     

不同播期对小型无籽西瓜产量及品质的影响

对春季小型无籽西瓜不同播期下的生育期、产量、产量构成及果实品质进行研究,结果表明,2月15日为春季小型无籽西瓜的最适播期。在此播期下,小型无籽西瓜产量最高、平均单株坐果数最多。本试验中,不同播期对果实的品质及采收时间影响不大。     

Some Physicochemical Characteristics,Bioactive Content and Antioxidant Characteristics of Non-Sprayed Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) Fruits from Turkey

Increasing consumer demands for indigenous, non-sprayed with pesticides and less-known or “forgotten” fruits necessitate knowledge on their breeding, cultivation, biochemical content, harvesting and marketing. Anatolia is rich for wild edible fruit species and barberry is abundant throughout Anatolia. The aim of this study was to determine some important physicochemical characteristics, bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of fruits from nineteen promising barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) genotypes grown in the Coruh valley, Northeastern Anatolia. The results indicated genotype-specific differences for most of the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity and the content of some bioactive compounds. Fruit mass ranged from 0.073 (‘Coruh-7’) to 0.267 g (‘Coruh-11’). Total phenolic content ranged from 2532 (‘Coruh-’) to 3719 mg GAE per liter fruit juice (‘Coruh-11’). The genotype ‘Coruh-12’ had the highest total monomeric anthocyanin content (1004 mg per liter fruit juice) as cyanidin-3-glucoside. The highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits of ‘Coruh-8’ and ‘Coruh-9’ genotypes with all three antioxidant-determining methods. We conclude that the barberry fruits represent a good source of bioactive phytochemicals because of their high phenolic and anthocyanin contents.     

酵素有机肥对京郊桃的产量品质与贮藏性的影响

以6 a生"久保"品种桃和4 a生"北京24号"品种桃为试材,比较了基施酵素有机肥,配合叶施和根灌酵素处理,基施农家肥,配合叶面喷肥处理及常规施肥3种处理对桃果实产量、品质和贮藏性的影响.结果表明:在3种施肥处理中,施用酵素有机肥的处理能够显著提高"久保"桃和"北京24号"桃果实产量,分别为8 250 kg/hm2和4 365 kg/hm2;可溶性固形物含量分别增加1.36%和1.92%,Vc含量分别降低0.64 mg/100g和0.68 mg/100 g,着色指数分别增加63.5%和67.7%;并且贮藏中烂果率降低13%.     

Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of orange (Citrus sinensis (l.) Osbeck cv. Salustiana) juice produced under organic and integrated farming system in Greece

Organically and integrated produced orange (Citrus sinensis (l.) Osbeck cv. Salustiana) fruits were assayed in terms of fruit characteristics and juice phytochemicals over a period of two years. Fruit size and juice volume were higher under organic farming system. There were not any significant differences concerning either the carbohydrates’ or organic acids’ concentrations of the juice. Similar results were obtained concerning the total phenol, the total o-diphenol and the total flavonoid concentration of the juice, while neither hesperidin nor narirutin differentiated significantly. However, β-carotene concentration was detected in higher concentration in organically produced fruit (0.43 mg L⁻¹). Juice extracted from both integrated and organically produced fruits exhibited similar antioxidant capacity values (based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays), while correlation analysis revealed the significant contribution of phenolic compounds to antioxidant capacity (r = 0.75–0.86). Most of the amino acids determined were quantified in similar concentration in the juice of both organic and integrated produced fruits (approximately 1600 mg L⁻¹). The present results indicate that integrated oranges cv Salustiana, under the cultivation management implemented in this experiment, present similar antioxidant and nutritional values to the organically produced ones.     

施肥处理对戈壁地滴灌“克瑞森”无核葡萄叶营养元素及产量的分析

通过“3414”施肥处理,利用凯氏定氮法、钒钼黄比色法、原子吸收分光光度法对“克瑞森”无核葡萄叶营养元素进行测定分析,并对叶片全氮、全磷、全钾含量与葡萄产量进行相关分析.结果表明:当叶片全氮含量为21.95～22.60 mg/g,全磷为3.25～4.60 mg/g,全钾为9.18～10.24mg/g时,葡萄产量随叶片中各元素含量的提高而增加.     

新疆不同葡萄品种果实成熟期酸成分分析

为研究新疆不同葡萄品种酸成分的含量及差异性,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了新疆20个无核及40个有核葡萄品种的酒石酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸,对各品种的有机酸与总酸含量进行了比较,最后将60个葡萄品种的酸成分进行聚类分析。结果表明,酒石酸和苹果酸是决定总酸含量的最重要因素。无核葡萄品种的酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸以及总酸含量均高于有核品种。60个葡萄品种分为3大类:分别为高酒石酸、高苹果酸类型;高酒石酸、低苹果酸类型;低酒石酸、低苹果酸类型。研究结果为葡萄加工品种的选择提供了科学依据,对葡萄品种的选育与推广具有积极的指导意义。     

Apple tree growth and overall fruit quality under organic and conventional orchard management

Two apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchards, a conventional and an organic one, were compared in terms of plant growth, marketable fruit quality attributes (fruit weight, shape, color, phenolic compound concentration, nutrients) and yield. The two orchards were located nearby, in order to exclude possible pedoclimatic influences on the measured variables. The two management systems resulted in similar new season's shoot growth and similar fruit quality attributes, in terms of total soluble solids, juice pH, titratable acidity and color indexes, while the conventionally grown trees produced almost twice the yield of the organically managed ones. The flesh plus peel portion of the conventionally produced fruits exhibited higher total flavonoid and o-diphenols concentration, while the flesh portion presented higher flavonoid concentration. Nitrogen concentration was higher in all portions of conventionally grown fruits, while potassium, calcium, sodium and manganese concentrations were higher in the flesh portion of organically produced fruits. Significant differences were observed between management systems concerning fruit nutrient ratios, but their values were within the desired ranges, under both conventional and organic management systems.     

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit quality attributes and phytochemicals under different crop load

Three apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars were subjected to different degrees of fruit thinning during pit hardening. At harvest fruit quality characteristics were assessed, along with phytochemicals’ concentration, such as carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and organic acids. Antioxidant capacity of the pulp was estimated by diphenyl picryl hydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. Thinning improved fruit weight in two of the three cultivars with a subsequent decrease in fruit firmness, without significant effect on total soluble solid content and titratable acidity. The skin color was not influenced by thinning, but carbohydrate concentration and sweetness index increased. Total phenol concentration increased with thinning, without any similar increase of the major individual phenolic compounds detected (neo-chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid). The antioxidant capacity of the pulp was not influenced by thinning. In overall, thinning enhanced the pomological traits of apricot fruits as well as their phytochemical content.     

Have the Flowers,Fruitlets, Ripe Fruit and Leaves of Apples Cultivars Similar Compositions of Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity?

Total and specific phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were quantified over two seasons in flowers, leaves, fruitlets, and ripe fruit at harvest of the apple cultivars ‘Brookfield’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’, as well the crabapple cultivars ‘Hillary’ and ‘Manchurian’. The results showed that leaves had the highest phenol concentrations and antioxidant capacity. Phenolic and antioxidant content was progressively lower from flowers, fruitlets, and ripe harvested fruit. There were high concentrations of phloridzin in flowers and leaves, while concentrations were lower in fruitlets, peel, and entire fruit at harvest. The phenolic compound with the highest concentration in peel was quercetin glycoside, while in the entire fruit it was flavanols. The studied crabapple cultivars did not present differences between them in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.

     

光质对萝卜芽苗菜总酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

采用发光二极管（LED）精确调制光质和光量,以黑暗为对照,研究光质对‘杨花萝卜’和‘青头萝卜’芽苗菜生长、总酚类物质含量、抗氧化能力及苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的影响。结果表明,芽苗菜的生长、总酚类物质含量、抗氧化能力和PAL 活性因光质和处理时间不同而异。总体来看,下胚轴长和地上部鲜质量在培养3 ~ 7 d 增加迅速,其后增加缓慢,且总酚类物质含量也是在培养初期高于培养后期。与黑暗处理相比,紫外光（UV-B）处理显著增加了芽苗菜中酚类物质的含量。相应地,芽苗菜的抗氧化能力和PAL 活性都在UV-B 处理下最高。另外,蓝光处理也显著增加了‘杨花萝卜’芽苗菜中酚类物质的含量及PAL 活性。因此认为UV-B 和蓝光,能增加芽苗菜中的总酚类物质含量,提高萝卜芽苗菜的营养品质。     

无籽西瓜果实不同部位糖含量测定

为了研究三倍体无籽西瓜不同部位糖含量,对6个红瓤和1个黄瓤无籽西瓜品种果实不同部位果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量进行了测定,并对红瓤西瓜整瓜贮藏60d后的损失率进行了研究。结果表明:不同无籽西瓜品种之间果实的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量差异明显。果实不同部位的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量有很大差异,中间部位大于近皮部。3个无籽西瓜品种整瓜室温贮藏60d后不同部位的果糖和总糖损失率为20%～80%,葡萄糖损失率为10%～60%,蔗糖损失率为1%～25%。红瓤无籽西瓜果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量之比约是5∶3∶1,黄瓤无籽西瓜约是6∶3∶1。     

成熟期土壤含水量对‘北玫’葡萄果实中酚类物质积累的影响

以‘北玫’葡萄为试材,采用HPLC法测定葡萄果实中单体酚类物质的含量,研究了成熟期不同土壤含水量处理对果实品质和酚类物质含量的影响,以期为贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区酿酒葡萄品质的提高提供参考依据。结果表明:降低土壤含水量处理可以提高果实中可溶性总糖含量,降低可滴定酸含量。50%~60%相对土壤含水量处理极显著提高了采收期果实中甲基花青素、花翠素葡萄糖苷的含量,显著提高了二甲花翠素的含量;总花色苷和单宁含量极显著高于CK,总酚含量也显著高于CK。对采收期果实中酚类物质指标进行主成分分析,50%~60%相对土壤含水量处理综合得分最高。