河北省桃果中农药残留分析

为了安全使用农药,有效解决残留问题,给生产和建立综合指标体系提供科学依据,对河北省不同城市桃果中5种农药的残留情况进行测定分析,结果表明:桃果中甲氰菊酯残留量最高的是衡水,为0.062mg/kg;氯氟氰菊酯残留含量最高的是保定,为0.065mg/kg;氯氰菊酯残留量最高的是秦皇岛,其值为0.105mg/kg;氰戊菊酯残留量最高的是邯郸,其值为0.096 mg/kg;毒死蜱残留量最高的是秦皇岛,其值为0.131mg/kg;将河北省不同城市桃果中检测的5种农药残留量按等距离方法分为5级,多数市的桃果农药残留量位于Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,且5种检测农药中唐山市有4种农药残留量最小。     

河北省苹果中农药残留含量分析

为了解苹果生产过程中农药的残留污染,用气相色谱法对河北省6个市苹果果实中的5种不同农药残留含量进行了测定,结果表明:苹果中甲氰菊酯含量最高的是衡水,其值为0.033mg/kg;氯氟氰菊酯残留含量最高的是张家口,其值为0.096mg/kg;氯氰菊酯残留含量最高的是邯郸,其值为0.036mg/kg;氰戊菊酯残留含量最高的是张家口,其值为0.052mg/kg;毒死蜱残留含量最高的是张家口,其值为0.069mg/kg。将河北省不同城市苹果中检测的5种农药残留量按等距离方法分为3级,其中大多数城市在Ⅰ级范围内,农药残留含量较小。     

苦竹属竹叶多糖、蛋白质及叶绿素比较研究

对苦竹属苦竹、宜兴苦竹、川竹、斑苦竹、杭州苦竹、高舌苦竹、垂枝苦竹、衢县苦竹、丽水苦竹及实心苦竹等10种竹种竹叶多糖、蛋白质及叶绿素等化学成分进行了分析比较。结果表明,10种竹叶中多糖、蛋白质及叶绿素含量丰富,竹叶多糖含量均在600 mg/kg以上,竹叶蛋白质含量在127.55~182.24 g/kg之间,竹叶叶绿素总含量均在1 600 mg/kg以上,叶绿素a的含量大于叶绿素b的含量。苦竹竹叶多糖及蛋白质含量最高,分别为843.29 mg/kg及182.24 g/kg;川竹竹叶叶绿素总含量和叶绿素a含量最高,分别为3 339.24 mg/kg和2 390.97 mg/kg,实心苦竹竹叶叶绿素b含量最高,为949.54 mg/kg。研究结果为苦竹属竹叶化学成分基础研究和苦竹属竹叶资源的综合利用提供了理论基础。     

火焰原子吸收法测定蜂蜜中六种微量元素的含量

选用4种常见的市售蜂蜜,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定其钙、镁、铜、铁、锌、锰6种微量元素的含量(mg/kg)。实验结果表明,4种蜂蜜当中微量元素含量丰富,其中钙元素含量34.2~54.60mg/kg,镁元素含量在9.54~10.72mg/kg,铜元素含量1.28~7.22mg/kg,铁元素含量23.86~51.39mg/kg,锌元素含量1.56~2.73mg/kg,锰元素含量2.63~3.07mg/kg。此法回收率96.4%~103.8%,标准偏差0.06%~0.63%。     

胡颓子属8种植物果实中的微量元素分析

胡颓子属植物果实里富含多种微量元素,作为第三代水果具有极大的食用价值和广阔的加工利用前景。为了解胡颓子属植物果实中微量元素的分布水平,从而为胡颓子属植物果实的综合开发与利用提供参考依据,利用微波消解-原子吸收光谱法,对胡颓子属8种植物果实中铜、锌、铁、锰、镁元素的含量进行了测定,并对各种微量元素间的相关性进行了分析。测定结果表明:胡颓子属不同植物果实中各种微量元素的含量水平间存在一定的差异性,其中铁(1.70~9.16 mg/kg),镁(3.25~7.76 mg/kg)的含量最为丰富,锰含量(0.14~5.20mg/kg)次之,铜(0.20~1.26 mg/kg)、锌(0.31~1.00 mg/kg)的含量最低。相关性分析结果表明:铁和铜含量间存在显著的相关性(r=0.644)。     

箬竹叶片营养成分分析

为了解箬竹叶片中主要营养物质的含量,开展箬竹资源的多元化利用,对箬竹叶片中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、氨基酸及矿物质元素质量分数进行了测定。结果表明,箬竹叶中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分及总干物质含量分别为63.7,7.1,45.0,450.0 mg/g;17种常见的氨基酸种类均能检测出,总氨基酸含量(T)为40.1 mg/g,人体必需氨基酸总量(E)为13.6 mg/g,E/T为33.91。按照FAO模式计算的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为56.76,按照全鸡蛋模式计算的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为43.24;箬竹叶中K,Ca,Mg,P和Na含量均丰富,其中K的含量最高,为15.1 g/kg,Ca和Na含量均在1.60 g/kg以上,Mg的含量为1.04 g/kg。箬竹叶片中营养成分较为合理,可以作为一种动物饲料开发利用。     

深圳铁岗-石岩市级湿地自然保护区典型次生林物种多 样性与土壤化学性质

以深圳市铁岗 - 石岩市级湿地自然保护区 4 个典型次生林固定样地为研究对象，对其物种多样 性进行调查，用常规分析方法测定土壤的主要化学性质。研究结果显示：（1）调查样地中共有 39 科 67 属 89 种植物，以海南蒲桃（Syzygium hainanense）、阴香（Cinnamomum burmannii）、木荷（Schima superba） 和樟（Cinnamomum camphora）等为主要数量优势种；（2）不同样地物种丰富度指数和 Shannnon-Wiener 多样性指数排序分别为乔木层 > 灌木层 > 草本层和灌木层 > 乔木层 > 草本层，乔木层 Simpson 优势度指 数高于灌木层和草本层；灌木层 Pielou 均匀度指数高于乔木层和草本层；（3）土壤 pH 值为 4.28~4.51， EC 为 0.031~0.062 ms/cm，有机质和全氮含量分别为 12.37~39.56 g/kg 和 0.50~1.47 g/kg，全磷含量为 0.35~0.39 g/kg，全钾含量为 14.63~37.17 g/kg，碱解氮含量为 39.19~140.36 mg/kg，有效磷含量为 0.94~8.90 mg/kg，速效钾含量为 35.15~97.03 mg/kg；（4）4 个样地物种多样性指数和土壤化学性质之间不存显著相关 关系。研究结果显示，土壤氮、磷、钾含量是影响铁岗—石岩自然保护区植被分布的主要因素。     

肉桂人工林土壤、地被物的养分特征及持水性能

以不同间伐强度的18年龄肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia)人工林为研究对象,研究林地土壤、地被物的养分特征以及地被物的蓄积量、持水能力和对降水的拦蓄能力,结果表明:肉桂人工林初植密度10 000株/hm~2,种后每隔5年间伐,密度先后降到3 100、2 400株/hm~2,18年林龄地表层土壤有机质含量达到60 g/kg以上,明显高于附近对照的杂木林地土壤的有机质含量,碱解N含量在278.45~309.80 mg/kg之间,有效P含量在1.70~2.20 mg/kg之间,速效K含量在35.40~48.70 mg/kg之间。林下地被物主要包括大量的肉桂枯枝落叶以及肉桂毛细根,地被物层厚度达到7~10 cm,林下高温高湿小气候环境促进枯枝落叶层之下的地表形成大量的肉桂毛细根,其厚度达3 cm左右,在非降雨条件下土壤仍能保持普遍湿润,整体地被物对降水的有效拦蓄总量达到5~6 t/hm~2,具有良好的水源涵养和水土保持能力。     

LC-MS/MS内标法测定猪肝中3种β-受体激动剂药物的不确定度分析

利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对猪肝中沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗、莱克多巴胺残留量进行不确定度评定。依据《农业部1025号公告-18-2008》检测方法建立数学模型,然后根据不确定度评定标准《JJF-1059.1-2012》对各个数据来源进行量化分析,最终得到检测方法的综合不确定度。结果表明:沙丁胺醇的含量为2.49 ug/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.48 g/kg;克伦特罗的含量为2.52 ug/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.56 g/kg;沙丁胺醇的含量为2.52 ug/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.56g/kg。不确定度主要来源于检测仪器的状态、标准溶液的配制过程、标准曲线线性拟合情况和方法的重复性。     

4种有机磷注射剂在苹果、梨果中残留量的测定

经高效液相色谱仪检测树干注射 4种有机磷农药后第 13d分析表明 ,梨和苹果果实中原药残留分别为氧化乐果 1 9,2 4mg/kg ,久效磷 1 3,1 8mg/kg,水胺硫磷 1 8,3 0mg/kg ,甲胺磷 1 2 ,0 8mg/kg ;第 2 5d果实中原药残留仅在苹果中测到水胺硫磷 0 0 0 1× 10 -6～ 0 0 0 5× 10 -6,其余 3种均未检测出。根据美国、日本对上述 4种农药在苹果、梨果中最高残留限量 :甲胺磷、久效磷、水胺硫磷均为 1 0mg/kg ,氧化乐果为 2 0mg/kg的标准 ,建议采前安全施药间隔期以 30d为宜     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.