辣椒籽的超临界提取物对辣椒红色素抗氧化作用的研究

采用超临界流体萃取技术制备辣椒籽提取物,将其添加到辣椒红色素中,通过分光光度法比色定期测定色素溶液吸光度,计算色价的残留率.结果表明:辣椒籽提取物对辣椒红色素有明显的抗氧化作用,添加辣椒籽提取物有利于提高辣椒红色素的稳定性.当每克辣椒红色素中加入辣椒籽提取物的质量为1 mg时,辣椒红色素的抗氧化性明显提高,其色价残留率比不加提取物的提高9%.在氧化剂(H2O2)、还原剂(Na2SO3)存在条件下,加入提取物后辣椒红色素色价残留率比未加提取物的分别提高了14.32%和23.82%.     

辣椒碱类化合物及脱色辣椒精生产技术研究

本文简述了辣椒碱类化合物（又称辣素晶体）及脱色辣椒精等辣椒深加工产品生产工艺，辣椒碱类化合物产品质量已经超过美国药典24版（USP24）之规定，经送美国KALSEC公司检测，总碱含量达96％（USP24规定≥90％），主成分辣椒碱含量达67％（USP24规定≥55%)。     

辣椒精的制备

红尖辣椒是目前国内外销量最大的辣味品，但用传统的方法加工存在两个缺点：一是辣椒粉易霉变、保存困难，霉变后辣椒色香味大为失色；二是辣椒中辣味的利用率很低，大量的辣味仍残留在辣椒渣中。为了适应辣味食品发展，提高辣味利用率，使产品便于保存，探讨辣椒深加工的新方法十分必要。辣椒精     

辣椒红素提取工艺

本院利用超声提取的优化工艺提取和精制辣椒红素,节省了提取过程中的溶剂用量,同时简化了精制过程的工艺步骤,节省了生产过程中的投入。精制以后产品色价达到300以上,结晶以后辣椒红素的色价可以进一步达到800以上,从而提高了色素产品的应用范围和市场价值。     

沙棘及其提取物中原花青素含量的分析测定

采用香草醛-盐酸法测定沙棘及提取物中原花青素的含量,结果表明：原花青素存在于沙棘果实的不同部位中,沙棘种壳中原花青素含量最高（7．93％）,沙棘皮渣中原花青素含量最低（0．75％）;小试沙棘籽渣提取物中原花青素含量为15．46％,大生产沙棘籽渣提取物中原花青素含量为14．48％,沙棘籽渣提取物经洗涤后的精制产品原花青素含量为47．14％;沙棘籽CO2超临界脱脂原花青素提取率高于溶剂脱脂原花青素提取率。     

鸡鸭产红心蛋的饲料添加剂

为提高养家禽经济效益，选用鸡、鸭产‘红心蛋’的饲料添加剂可达预期效果，现精选符合上述条件的１２种简介如下： １．牛粪。将新鲜牛粪灭菌烘干后制为粉剂应用，在蛋鸡日粮中添加１．５％～３．０％的牛粪粉，可使蛋黄呈杏黄色． ２．虾壳、蟹壳。将虾壳、蟹壳制为粉剂，它每公斤含胡萝卜素８０毫克及多量虾红素。在日粮中添加１０％的虾壳粉或蟹壳粉，可使蛋黄颜色带红。 ３．辣椒。将红色辣椒干制后磨成粉末应用，这种辣椒末每公斤含类胡萝卜素２７５毫克～１６５０毫克及多量玉米黄素，在日粮中添加０．１％～０．５％的辣椒粉，蛋黄…     

优良农家品种──巴陵籽油茶丰产示范

由湖南省林业科技推广总站主持完成的“优良农家品种——巴陵籽油茶丰产示范”于1996年10月由湖南省林业厅组织验收鉴定。据成果报告：巴陵籽油茶座果率为55．3％，鲜出籽率为50．7％，于出籽率为26．5％，分别比寒露籽高7．0％、7．1％、4．0％；鲜果含油率11．5％，干籽含油率32．6％，干仁含油率54．4％，比寒露籽分别高3．1％、4．4％、5．8％；鲜果出油率8．2％，干籽出油率31．4％，比寒露籽分别高2．2％和7．7％。该成果在巴陵籽自然群体中，选择74株优良单株，采其种子、枝条作为繁殖材料，建采或圆6．67公顷。应用“芽革砧”嫁接法…     

不同工艺提取栀子黄色素的比较研究

比较研究了热提取、超声波提取、微波提取3种不同工艺对栀子黄色素提取效果的影响。热浸提正交试验的最佳工艺条件：70％的乙醇（体积分数，下同）提取1．5h，提取温度30℃，料液比1：25（g：mL，下同），产品的色价为66．45。超声波提取正交试验的最佳工艺条件：80％的乙醇提取20min，料液比1：20，产品的色价为87．77。微波提取单因素试验的最佳工艺条件：提取功率800W，用50％乙醇提取30min，提取温度50℃，料液比1：5，色价为64．14。结果表明：热浸提、超声波提取、微波提取3种方法提取栀子黄色素的色价明显不同，超声波提取的效果最好。     

沙棘提取物对断奶仔猪的免疫调节作用

本试验旨在研究沙棘提取物对断奶仔猪的免疫调节作用。选用28±2日龄断奶的长×大仔猪24头。随机分成试验组和对照组,每组3个重复,每重复4头猪（公母各半）,试验组饲粮添加0．1％沙棘提取物,测定免疫器官指数、T淋巴细胞亚群、细胞因子、血液和肝、肾、脾的抗氧化能力指标。结果表明,添加0．1％沙棘提取物组脾脏指数、胸腺指数均显著提高（P〈0．05）;T淋巴细胞CD4＋亚群比例显著提高（P〈0．05）,CD8＋比例显著降低（P〈0．05）,CD＋／CD8＋比值极显著提高（P〈0．01）;第1、2周白细胞介素-2（IL-2）显著提高（P〈0．05）;第1、3、4周IFN-1显著提高（P〈0．05）;血清T—AOC显著提高（P〈0．05）。试验证明在断奶仔猪日粮中添加0．1％沙棘提取物可以通过提高血液总抗氧化能力来增强仔猪的免疫功能。     

油茶果及其副产品的氨基酸分析

本文对油茶果壳、茶籽壳、茶籽仁、茶枯饼、浸提茶皂素后的茶枯饼及发酵茶枯饼中的氨基酸进行了分析。结果表明，它们含有包括７种必需氨基酸在内的１７种氨基酸。氨基酸总含量的次序为：发酵茶枯饼（３８．１９％）＞茶籽仁（２０．５２％）＞茶枯饼（９．９０％）＞浸提茶枯饼（８．８９％）＞茶籽壳（２．６５％）＞油茶果壳（２．２１％）。在氨基酸含量和配比上，发酵茶枯饼与豆饼十分接近。在发酵茶枯饼中，１７种氨基酸含量、７种必需氨基酸含量和限制性氨基酸含量都比发酵前的茶枯饼中的含量分别提高２．８６倍、１．８６倍和１倍以上。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.