树木溃疡病菌主要类群系统地位及茶藨子葡萄座腔菌的种内一致性

报道利用微卫星引物[(GT)n、(CGA)n、(CCA)n、(GAA)n、(CAA)n、(GA)n]和小卫星引物M13进行的葡萄座腔菌属、盾壳霉属和疡壳孢属真菌的随机扩增微卫星多态性PCR(RAMs-PCR)遗传多样性结果:42个参试菌株被分为4个RAMs分类群;其中22个葡萄座腔菌属菌株和6个小穴壳菌属菌株分布于这4个类群中;RAMs分类群Ⅰ,Ⅱ,IV仅仅由葡萄座腔菌属和小穴壳菌属菌株构成,部分茶藨子葡萄座腔菌,4个贝伦格葡萄座腔菌和所有的盾壳霉属和疡壳孢属菌株构成了RAMs分类群Ⅲ.研究结果显示通过形态学确定的茶藨子葡萄座腔菌种内具有遗传不一致性,形态学上一致的28个茶藨子葡萄座腔菌菌株识别为4个不同的表观群;造成苹果轮纹病菌和苹果干腐病菌的贝伦格葡萄座腔菌菌株与部分茶藨子葡萄座腔菌在分子水平上非常相似;研究结果亦显示盾壳霉属与疡壳孢属真菌有着较近的系统关系.     

葡萄座腔菌属(B otryosphaeria)系统分类评述

本文系统论述了葡萄座腔菌（Botryosphaeria Ces. ＆ De Not.）及其无性型的系统分类现状.首先概述了Botryosphaeria真菌模式种的建立及无性型分类的演化过程,主要介绍了Botryosphaeria真菌系统分类的一个重要观点：即Botryosphaeria代表了两个不同的系统发育单元的集合,其无性阶段可能分别对应于色二孢属（Diplodia）和壳梭孢属（Fusicoccum）.同时介绍了真菌多无性型（pleoanamorphy）、同等无性型（synanamorphs）概念和Fusicoccum真菌座腔壳砖隔孢属（Dichomera）同等无性型的主要特征.分析了一些重要有性型种,如茶藨子葡萄座腔菌（B. dothidea）,多主葡萄座腔菌（B. ribis）,贝伦格葡萄座腔菌（B. berengeriana）,B. parva,B. lutea等之间的系统分类关系,介绍了近年发现的20多个有性与无性型新种.其次介绍了主要的分子系统学研究方法并分析了其在Botryosphaeria真菌系统分类中的应用状况.最后通过分析与国外研究水平的差距,讨论了今后我国重点研究的方向.     

树木溃疡病菌主要类群系统地位及茶蔗子葡萄座腔菌的种内一致性

报道利用微卫星引物[（GT）n、（CGA）n、（CCA）n、（GAA）n、（CAA）n、（GA）n]和小卫星引物M13进行的葡萄座腔菌属、盾壳霉属和疡壳孢属真菌的随机扩增微卫星多态性PCR（RAMs-PCR）遗传多样性结果：42个参试菌株被分为4个RAMs分类群；其中22个葡萄座腔菌属菌株和6个小穴壳菌属菌株分布于这4个类群中；RAMs分类群Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅳ仅仅由葡萄座腔菌属和小穴壳菌属菌株构成，部分茶蔗子葡萄座腔菌，4个贝伦格葡萄座腔菌和所有的盾壳霉属和疡壳孢属菌株构成了RAMs分类群Ⅲ。研究结果显示通过形态学确定的茶蔗子葡萄座腔菌种内具有遗传不一致性．形态学上一致的28个茶蔗子葡萄座腔菌菌株识别为4个不同的表观群；造成苹果轮纹病菌和苹果干腐病菌的贝伦格葡萄座腔菌菌株与部分茶蔗子葡萄座腔菌在分子水平上非常相似；研究结果亦显示盾壳霉属与疡壳孢属真菌有着较近的系统关系。     

角倍中一种炭疽菌病害初报

报道了从角倍中分离得到一种病原菌,描述了危害状况,并对该病原菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确认该菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletorichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc),分类上隶属于半知菌门(Deuteromycotina)、腔孢纲(Coelomycetes)、黑盘孢目(Melanconiales)、炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum)。     

井冈山毛竹菱斑病病原菌的分离与鉴定

采用致病性测定、形态学观察和ITS-rDNA序列分析方法对井冈山毛竹菱斑病病原菌进行了研究.从108块毛竹病斑组织中分离获得30株真菌,选择分离频率高的菌株为研究对象,结合ITS-rDNA序列分析将其鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、链格孢菌(Alternaria alternate)、节菱孢属菌(Arthrinium sp.)、赤霉菌属(Gibberella zeae)和炭角菌属(Xylaria sp.)5个属.经过室内和田间有伤接种致病性测试证实,尖孢镰刀菌、链格孢菌、节菱孢属菌、赤霉病菌和炭角菌属皆具有致病性,其中尖孢镰刀菌的致病性最强,分离相对频率最高,初步推断其为井冈山毛竹主要致病菌类群.     

葡萄座腔菌属及其相关真菌的系统学研究进展

真菌葡萄座腔菌属无论是在病理学研究还是系统学研究中都占有十分重要的地位，目前已经收录了约20个种。文章综述了国内外对葡萄座腔菌属的系统学研究现状，重点阐述了国际上两个重要研究结果：Botryosphaeria dothidea的无性型是Fusicoccum aesculi，而不是Dothiorella gregaria；B.dothidea和B.ribis是截然不同的分类学种。通过分析国内外研究水平的差距，讨论了今后我国重点研究的方向。     

引起橡胶和马尾松木材蓝变的真菌—可可球二孢

可可球二泡(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)早在1879年就被Cooke发现,目前,至少拥有48个异名,常见的异名是Diplodia theobromae(Pat.)Nowell,Diplodia natalensis PoleEvans,Lasiodiplodia theobromae(Pat.)Griff.＆ Maubl。Punithalingam和Sutton分别对该菌作过详细的评述。它广泛分布于热带、亚热带和温带。其寄主植物已知约500种,它不但引起植物病害,而且还引起木材蓝变,是引起热带阔叶树木材蓝变的主要真菌之一。虽然国外对这种真菌已进行了大量研究,但国内研究尚少,由它引起的木材蓝变,国内尚未见报道。     

杨树溃疡病的发病规律与防治措施

杨树溃疡病是我国杨树人工林重大的生物灾害,为害越来越严重[1～2].据不完全统计,侵染杨树的病原菌有300多种,为害133个杨树种、杂交种和无性系[3].葡萄座腔菌[Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug ex Fr.)Ces. et de Not.]能危害40个属的阔叶树和5个属的针叶树,几乎遍及全球[1].     

河北省葡萄座腔菌科菌物系统分类研究

【目的】葡萄座腔菌科菌物是引起众多经济及生态造林树种枝干溃疡、枝枯类病害的病原生物,在世界各地均有广泛的分布。本研究对河北省内,与经济林木病害相关的葡萄座腔菌科菌物进行系统分类研究,目的在于揭示该科菌物在特定地区的地理分布特征,明确该类菌物所致树木枝干溃疡、枝枯类病害的寄主植物范围,为河北省树木溃疡、枝枯类病害的控制提供理论依据。【方法】在对河北省树木溃疡类病害系统调查的基础上,本研究根据菌物无性型及有性型的形态学特征、rDNA-ITS序列特征对包括河北省石家庄在内的8个市(县、区)25个不同地点的葡萄座腔菌科菌物进行分类鉴定和系统分类。【结果】共获得葡萄座腔菌科菌物5种73株,分别属于Botryosphaeria dothidea、B.stevensii、B.obtusa、B.sarmentorum和Phyllosticta citrichinaensis。其中B.dothidea为河北省葡萄座腔菌科优势菌物种,占全部检出菌物菌株总数的77%。葡萄座腔菌科菌物侵染杨树、柳树、苹果、核桃等28种植物,其中包括大叶黄杨、构树、火炬树、连翘、花椒和刺梅等6种新寄主植物。【结论】B.dothidea不仅危害杨树等传统寄主,而且危害花椒等新寄主植物以及入侵树种火炬树,是危害河北省树木健康生长的最为重要、分布最为广泛的枝干病原菌物,有必要对其溃疡致病性分化和种群遗传分化进行深入分析。来自柿树、花椒等寄主的10个具有Dothiorella型分生孢子的菌株形成单系类群,提示这些菌株可能是与B.sarmentorum和B.iberica不同的一个系统发育学新种。     

球孢白僵菌×蜡蚧轮枝孢菌(BV制剂)对松墨天牛幼虫寄生试验初报

用球孢白僵菌(Beauveriabassiana)、蜡蚧轮枝孢菌(Verticilliumlecanii)及2种菌混合物配制成0 5×109～5 0×109孢子/mL,在室内和野外对松墨天牛幼虫进行了防治试验。室内试验结果表明,球孢白僵菌和蜡蚧轮枝孢菌对松墨天牛幼虫均有较强的致病性,2种菌混合使用致病作用倍增。球孢白僵菌对松墨天牛的寄生率为5%～32%,平均20%;蜡蚧轮枝菌的寄生率为2 9%～25%,平均14 9%;2种菌混合物寄生率为12%～76%,平均47 9%。野外试验表明,球孢白僵菌防治效果为50 43%,蜡蚧轮枝孢菌防治效果为38 66%,2菌混合物防治效果为69 69%。     

槐叶萍生物体微量元素含量特征研究

为了解京杭运河台儿庄段槐叶萍生物体中微量元素的含量特征,运用非色散原子荧光光度计和火焰原子吸收分光光度计测定了槐叶萍生物体不同部位中微量元素的含量。结果显示:Fe、Mn、Zn、Ni、Cu、Se 6种微量元素在槐叶萍花芽、叶、根与茎中含量差异极显著(P≤0.01),其中槐叶萍中微量元素Fe含量最高,Se的含量最低;与同科植物体比较,京杭运河台儿庄段槐叶萍生物体中微量元素Fe、Mn含量处于中等水平,Zn、Cu含量处于下游水平。     

Crown transparency, tree mortality and stem growth of Pinus sylvestris, and colonization of Tomicus piniperda after an outbreak of Gremmeniella abietina

In the year 2000, large areas of forest in Sweden, mainly 30-50 year old Pinus sylvestris (L.) stands, were attacked by the fungus Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet. The aims of this study were to investigate: (i) the relationship between G. abietina-induced tree crown transparency (CT) and P. sylvestris (L.) tree mortality; (ii) the influence of CT levels on stem growth; (iii) the recovery of the crown; and (iv) the association of CT and colonization by Tomicus piniperda (L.). Thirty-five permanent sample plots were established in five P. sylvestris stands (38-46 years old), infested by G. abietina, and 23 plots in four reference stands, not obviously infested.During the 5 years following the attack, the total mortality amounted to 454 trees ha⁻¹ and 7.8 m² ha⁻¹, on average, in the five infested stands, corresponding to 42% of the trees and 34% of the basal area at the time of the attack. Most of the mortality occurred within 2 years of the attack. The mortality of individual trees (2002-2005) was found to be related to the crown transparency (CT), the position of needle loss within the crown and the tree diameter at breast height. Based on our modeling, the probability of mortality was substantially increased if the initial CT-value was higher than 85%.Growth reductions were detected for individual trees with an initial CT of >c. 40%. In contrast, trees with a low initial CT (<c. 40%) were not affected and even exhibited increased growth. In the five infested stands, the reductions in basal area and volume increment were estimated to be 26-58%, and, 42-73%, respectively, during the five growing seasons after the attacks.The trees in the infested stands that were still alive in spring 2005 had started to recover in terms of CT. Breeding of T. piniperda on the P. sylvestris (L.) stems occurred almost exclusively on stems with a CT > 90%.The data from this study suggest that when a P. sylvestris (L.) stand has been attacked by G. abietina, trees with a CT above 80% should be felled; the remaining trees will have a high probability of survival and resistance to successful breeding by the T. piniperda.     

铁尾矿修复植物选择研究

针对铁尾矿植被恢复时植物可选种类少、适应性差,影响植被修复技术推广的现状,在唐山首钢马兰庄镇铁尾矿废弃地上直接播种紫苜蓿、紫穗槐、皂荚、暴马丁香、刺槐5种植物,对每种植物的株高、地径、根长、地上生物量、地下生物量和根冠比等生长指标进行测定分析,结果表明:到2014年9月,刺槐在5种植物中表现最佳,适应性最强,株高(77.67cm)、地径(6.33cm)、根长(23.97cm)、地上生物量(2 040.19g/m~2)和地下生物量(839.01g/m~2)及这5种指标的年生长量均达最大值;除地径外,紫苜蓿的各项生长指标表现次之;紫穗槐、暴马丁香、皂荚较差。2013年9月,各植物的根冠比由大到小依次为紫穗槐(1.04)、皂荚(0.83)、暴马丁香(0.56)、刺槐(0.37)、紫苜蓿(0.32);2014年9月各植物的根冠比由大到小依次为皂荚(1.71)、暴马丁香(0.91)、紫穗槐(0.80)、紫苜蓿(0.50)、刺槐(0.41)。综合考虑,刺槐和紫苜蓿可分别作为适宜铁尾矿修复的最佳树种和草本植物。     

微波技术提取刺三加叶中绿原酸的研究

采用L9（34）正交实脸设计对影响微波法提取刺三加叶片中绿原酸的溶剂浓度、微波功率、提取时间和提取次数四个因素进行了研究,结果表明,提取刺三加叶中绿原酸的最佳条件是A2B2C3D3,即乙醇浓度60%,功率300W,提取时间3min,提取次数3次。影响因子的主次顺序为乙醇浓度〉提取次数〉提取时间〉微波功率。     

透骨草组织培养的研究

以透骨草的嫩茎为材料,进行了愈伤组织诱导、愈伤组织分化、不定芽生根、试管苗的移栽、试管苗扦插、试管苗移植的研究,成功的建立起透骨草的嫩茎无性系。结果证明：1/2MS＋BA0.5mg/L＋2,4-D1.2 mg/L＋NAA0.2-0.8 mg/L为嫩茎愈伤组织的的理想培养基;1/2MS＋AgNO31.2 mg/L＋BA0.6 mg/L＋NAA0.1 mg/L为愈伤组织和不定芽分化的理想培养基;1/3MS＋IAA0.4 mg/L为不定芽生根培养和生根继代培养的理想培养基;炉灰渣是试管苗移栽和扦插的理想基质。移植试管苗后期出现生长旺盛、长势整齐的性状,翌年春季出现萌发早5d、根系相当于野生植株2倍的性状。     

铜藻提取液对月见草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同浓度的铜藻提取液对月见草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：铜藻提取液可提高月见草种子的萌发率、发芽指数及发芽势,并可促进幼苗的生长。提取液可显著的提高月见草地上部分的干湿重、根系的鲜重、叶片的类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素a与b的比值;降低叶绿素b的含量。但是,对其根系的干重及叶绿素a的影响规律性较差。总体来讲,铜藻提取液对月见草的种子萌发及幼苗生长具有促进作用。     

Leguminous seedling establishment in Tamaulipan thornscrub of northeastern Mexico

Due to extensive land clearing in northeastern Mexico, there is an increasing need for restoration for which knowledge on plant establishment biology becomes a priority, for restoration practices. In here we tested the influence of current environmental variation on the establishment biology of common woody species from Tamaulipan thornscrub. Seedling establishment was monitored; four native species (Acacia berlandieri Benth., Ebenopsis ebano (Benth.) Coult, Havardia pallens (Benth.) Brintton and Rose, Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl. ex. Wild.) M.C. Johston), and one exotic species (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit). Seedling emergence, seedling survivorship, length of stems and number of leaves were evaluated over 1 year in environments with different light regimes: (i) dense thornscrub; (ii) thornscrub edge; (iii) cleared thornscrub (direct sunlight). Ten plots of 4 m² (2 m × 2 m) were sampled in each environment. Seedling emergence occurred on spring and late summer and was greater on dense thornscrub for all species. Native species had higher survivorship and growth and had more leaves in dense thornscrub than in other environments. Exotic L. leucocephala had similar survivorship, shoot length and number of leaves across environments. All seedlings from all species died by late spring, possibly due to environmental stress. Seedling survival was longer for all native plants, as there were surviving seedlings in early spring for all species but not of exotic L. leucocephala. Perhaps mainly as a result of high temperature and low humidity. Additional watering, shading and moisture retaining gels should thus be considered when rehabilitation programs are made with seeds and seedlings in the region.     

鹅掌楸叶蜂的研究

鹅掌楸叶蜂是对马褂木与东皋长柿林造成严重危害的食叶害虫，本文对其生物学特性和防治方法进行报道。     

Stem-rot damage and the progress of causal fungi in old-aged Japanese larch trees at the foot of Mt. Fuji

Damage caused by stem-rot and the progress of the causal fungi in old-aged Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.) was investigated at the foot of Mt. Fuji. Stem-rot was found in 75% of 108 trees investigated, and volume of rot was 6% of the total wood volume in the forest investigated. Stem-rot damage was much greater than the damage by butt-rot.Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. and Schw. ex Fr.) Fr. infected larch trees at the greatest incidence (49.4%). However,Porodaedalea chrysoloma (Fr.) Imaz. caused the most volume loss to the trees.S. sanguinolentum infected larch stems mainly through stem wounds, and decay caused by the fungus progressed 9.75×10² cm³/year on average.P. chrysoloma infected larch stems mainly through dead branches and wounds, and the average rate of decay progress for the fungus was 2.74×10³ cm³/year.     

Variation in relative resistance to spread of Fomes annosus in four clones of Picea abies

The stems of 160 cuttings including 32 controls of four clones of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., grown for two seasons in the nursery, were inoculated with Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. No differences in resistance to spread of the pathogen were observed after 5 weeks, but after 13 weeks the fungus had spread (P < 0.10) less in one of the clones.