耐盐小麦中TaSC基因启动子的克隆及调控功能分析

高盐是小麦的主要非生物胁迫因子之一, 发掘小麦耐盐品种中的相关基因, 分析其调控机理, 有助于解析小麦耐盐性机制。本文利用TAIL-PCR和电子克隆的方法, 从耐盐小麦RH8706-49中克隆了耐盐基因TaSC的启动子序列, 命名为ProTaSC。该DNA序列中存在多个顺式作用元件, 包含与非生物胁迫响应有关的ABA响应元件(ABRE)和MYB蛋白结合位点(MBS)各1个。以GUS为报告基因, 对克隆的启动子序列及不同长度的5′端缺失片段的表达活性分析表明, 克隆的全长片段及2个5′端缺失的片段(681 bp和1096 bp)均能启动GUS表达, 而小于等于343 bp的片段不具备启动功能, 说明ProTaSC中从-681位到-343位核苷酸之间的区域为核心启动子区。在ProTaSC:GUS转基因拟南芥的根、叶片、花药、萼片及成熟角果的果荚壳中均检测到GUS蛋白, 而在主茎、花瓣、幼果和种子中没有检测到GUS, 表明ProTaSC是组织表达特异性启动子。对ProTaSC:GUS转基因拟南芥在NaCl (200 mmol L^-1)和ABA (10 μmol L^-1)胁迫处理后的GUS定量分析表明, ProTaSC是受NaCl和ABA显著诱导表达的功能序列。     

拟南芥rd29A基因启动子克隆及其在马铃薯抗胁迫转基因中的应用

从拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）基因组中用PCR技术分离了rd29A基因上游824 bp的调控序列,序列分析表明该片段与已报道的rd29A启动子有99.39%的同源性,包括缺水诱导表达元件DRE、ABA作用元件ABRE等顺式作用元件。将此片段与GUS基因连接构建了植物表达载体pBIrd,用农杆菌介导法获得了转基因马铃薯植株。对转基因植株进行G     

Pib基因启动子内YTCANTYY暗诱导分子元件功能的转基因验证

用不同长度5′端缺失的Pib启动子驱动gus基因的水稻转基因植株, 系统研究了Pib启动子中分子元件YTCANTYY拷贝数目与该启动子启动活性和暗诱导性的关系。GUS组织化学分析结果表明, 含6个、3个和1个拷贝该分子元件的Pib启动子的转基因水稻愈伤组织在暗处理后均能在X-Gluc溶液中显示不同深浅的GUS蓝色, 而6个分子元件全部缺失的启动子片段的转基因愈伤组织不显现GUS蓝色。荧光定量分析结果表明, Pib启动子序列具有很强的器官特异性, 即便是长仅222 bp、不含YTCANTYY元件的5′端缺失体Pib启动子-gus构建的转基因植株, 其根部Pib启动子活性仍高于地上部器官。但其启动活性和暗诱导性都随启动子缺失片段的缩短即该分子元件拷贝数增加而提高。这些结果表明, YTCANTYY在Pib启动子序列中是一个暗诱导的功能性分子元件, 它赋予了启动子的暗诱导性, 至少在6个拷贝以内, Pib启动子的暗诱导活性与其拷贝数目呈正相关, 各个YTCANTYY分子元件的暗诱导活性可能是累加的。     

受多逆境诱导表达的GhWRKY64基因启动子克隆与功能分析

WRKY蛋白属于锌指型转录调控因子,参与植物生长发育及耐逆响应。以陆地棉遗传标准系TM-1为材料,克隆Gh WRKY64(KF031101)基因上游1064 bp的启动子序列,并对其调控元件及功能进行分析。生物信息学分析表明,该区域含18个组织器官表达及诱导表达关键元件,分别为6个ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1根特异调控元件,4个CACTFTPPCA1叶肉特异性调控元件、4个OSE2ROOTNODULE病菌诱导元件、2个GTIGMSCAM4盐调控元件和2个W-box胁迫应答响应元件。将该启动子与GUS基因融合,构建p BIW64:GUS植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导叶盘转化法获得12个转基因烟草株系。选择GUS表达量最高的p BIW64-5进行转基因不同组织器官表达及诱导表达分析。GUS组织化学染色显示,苗期的转基因烟草植株在叶和根部均具有GUS活性,开花期在转基因烟草植株根、叶及叶柄均检测到GUS活性,特别在转基因烟草的根及根尖部分染色更深,在茎和花组织上未检测到GUS活性。对该转基因烟草幼苗进行黄萎病菌诱导处理,诱导48 h后,转基因烟草幼苗根和叶片的GUS染色比未诱导处理的对照明显加深。结果表明,Gh WRKY64上游1064 bp长度的DNA序列,具有启动子的相关顺式作用元件,且为病原菌诱导型启动子。该启动子可为开展棉花抗黄萎病转基因研究提供调控元件。     

Pib基因启动子内YTCANTYY暗诱导分子元件功能的转基因验证

用不同长度5′端缺失的Pib启动子驱动gus基因的水稻转基因植株, 系统研究了Pib启动子中分子元件YTCANTYY拷贝数目与该启动子启动活性和暗诱导性的关系。GUS组织化学分析结果表明, 含6个、3个和1个拷贝该分子元件的Pib启动子的转基因水稻愈伤组织在暗处理后均能在X-Gluc溶液中显示不同深浅的GUS蓝色, 而6个分子元件全部缺失的启动子片段的转基因愈伤组织不显现GUS蓝色。荧光定量分析结果表明, Pib启动子序列具有很强的器官特异性, 即便是长仅222 bp、不含YTCANTYY元件的5′端缺失体Pib启动子-gus构建的转基因植株, 其根部Pib启动子活性仍高于地上部器官。但其启动活性和暗诱导性都随启动子缺失片段的缩短即该分子元件拷贝数增加而提高。这些结果表明, YTCANTYY在Pib启动子序列中是一个暗诱导的功能性分子元件, 它赋予了启动子的暗诱导性, 至少在6个拷贝以内, Pib启动子的暗诱导活性与其拷贝数目呈正相关, 各个YTCANTYY分子元件的暗诱导活性可能是累加的。     

大豆CHI1基因启动子的克隆及功能初探

为了解大豆ClassⅠ几丁酶基因(Chitinase gene)对不同胁迫响应的分子机制。利用PCR技术克隆了大豆ClassⅠChitinase基因的启动子片段(Gm CHI1p),序列分析表明,扩增片段(1 641 bp)与Gen Bank中的已知序列同源性达99.8%,且含有多个胁迫响应调控元件。利用GUS基因上游无启动子的表达载体p CAMBIA1391Z,构建GmCHI1p与GUS基因融合的植物表达载体pCAM-Gm CHI1p,并通过农杆菌介导法导入烟草中。在转基因烟草愈伤组织中检测到GUS活性,表明该启动子具有启动活性。对转基因烟草中的GUS活性进行初步定性分析,结果表明,GmCHI1p可驱动GUS基因在转基因烟草的根部特异性表达,而且在伤害处理的叶片中检测到GUS的强烈表达,表现出明显的根组织特异性及伤害诱导性。这种伤害诱导仅在伤害组织部位及其附近高效表达而没有被长距离传递,预计该启动子在转基因抗虫分子育种中具有巨大的应用前景。     

大豆紫色酸性磷酸酶基因GmPAP14启动子克隆与功能分析

大豆紫色酸性磷酸酶基因GmPAP14受低磷诱导表达,其超表达显著提高植物有机磷利用效率,为进一步探究其调控机制,本研究以GmPAP14cDNA序列检索大豆参考基因组,获取基因上游启动子序列,设计引物克隆了中黄15 GmPAP14启动子序列。利用PLACE与PlantCARE预测启动子调控元件发现,该序列中含有增强子调控元件、组织特异表达元件,根特异表达元件、转录因子PHR1结合的PIBS元件等。构建了GmPAP14启动子3个5’端缺失片段融合GUS的植物表达载体PGmPAP14-2568-GUS、PGmPAP14-2238-GUS、PGmPAP14-1635-GUS,并通过Floraldip法获得转基因拟南芥。利用GUS染色和活性测定分析GmPAP14启动子不同片段表达活性发现,正常磷条件下各片段转基因拟南芥均在根尖表达,低磷条件下GUS染色可扩展到成熟区和根毛,另外转PGmPAP14-2238-GUS植株的GUS活性最高。这些结果为后续的基因调控研究奠定重要基础。     

蓝莓VcMYB启动子克隆及其功能初步分析

为探究VcMYB启动子在转录过程中如何发挥调控作用,利用FPNI-PCR法从蓝莓中克隆到调控原花青素合成相关的转录因子VcMYB的768 bp启动子序列。用PLACE和Plant CARE在线启动子预测工具分析了该启动子,结果表明其序列中存在启动子的基本元件CAAT-box和TATA-box,还包含一系列的响应元件,如光响应元件、低温响应元件、防御与胁迫响应元件和茉莉酸甲酯响应元件等。为进一步分析该启动子的功能,构建了该基因启动子与GUS基因融合的植物表达载体VcMYBpro::GUS,并用农杆菌转化拟南芥。对转基因拟南芥进行GUS组织化学染色分析,结果表明该VcMYB启动子能驱动GUS基因在转基因拟南芥中表达,并且经脱落酸(ABA)、4℃低温、LED光照和持续光照处理后,转基因拟南芥中GUS的表达活性增强,推测该基因受ABA、低温和光的调控。     

茉莉花香气相关基因JsGDS启动子的克隆及功能分析

大根香叶烯合成酶在植物萜类化合物合成中具有重要作用。前期从茉莉花cDNA文库中克隆获得香气相关基因Js GDS基因,但是其表达调控机制还不是很清楚,本研究拟采用染色体步移法从茉莉花基因组中克隆了Js GDS上游1 646 bp的启动子序列。生物信息学分析表明,该启动子片段中包含启动子的基本元件TATA-box和CAAT-box以及光调控元件、赤霉素应答元件、ABA应答元件、MeJA应答元件等多个与生长发育或者逆境胁迫相关的顺式作用元件。利用Gateway技术构建Js GDS启动子的GUS融合载体及其系列缺失体,并获得拟南芥遗传转化植株。对转基因拟南芥进行GUS组织化学染色。结果表明,Js GDS启动子及缺失体均具有驱动下游基因转录的活性。本研究为进一步探究Js GDS基因的调控和表达机制提供理论依据。     

AtFT基因植物表达载体的构建研究

FT是从拟南芥克隆得到的诱导植物开花调控基因。利用FT基因表达特点,克隆拟南芥FT基因片段,重组构建了以CaMV35S为启动子、GUS为报告基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA2301-FT与pCAMBIA2300-FT:GUS,并采用农杆菌介导法转化橡胶树体细胞胚,通过GUS组织化学染色观察橡胶树体细胞胚瞬时表达情况,结果验证了重组构建的2个载体的有效性,为进一步研究FT基因在橡胶树中的功能及应用奠定基础。     

穗发芽抗性STS标记Vp1B3在中国小麦微核心种质中的检测

小麦在临近收获前发生穗发芽,不仅劣化小麦加工品质,而且降低小麦产量。提高小麦穗发芽抗性水平是小麦育种工作的重要目标之一。本实验以258份中国小麦微核心种质为试材,利用已报道的小麦穗发芽抗性标记Vp1B3对其进行多态性检测,以了解该抗性标记在中国小麦微核心种质中的分布规律,寻找新的等位变异类型,并结合部分品种的发芽指数,分析不同等位变异类型与穗发芽抗性之间的关系。结果表明：检测的258份供试材料中,a带型（13．9％）、c带型（41．1％）和e带型（34．5％）等3种带型为主要扩增带型,占总变异类型的89．5％;b、d、f带型为本研究所发现的新的等位变异类型,占总变异类型的2．4％。此外,杂合带型以及无扩增产物的分别占总变异类型的3．5％和4．6％。对选取的部分穗发芽抗性不同的材料进行统计分析,结果显示,c带型品种的发芽指数（GI,47．9％）明显高于a带型（GI,22．6％）和e带型（GI,24.3％）的品种,但c带型的品种中也存在GI值较低的高抗穗发芽品种,而a带型和e带型的品种中同时也出现了GI值较高的感穗发芽品种,说明小麦穗发芽的遗传机制比较复杂,其抗性不仅仅受Vp1B3基因控制,而是多种因素共同作用的结果。     

四个小麦抗穗发芽分子抗性标记有效性的验证与评价

成熟期穗发芽是一种世界性灾害, 严重影响小麦品质和产量。本试验利用已报道的4个与穗发芽抗性相关的标记, 即STS标记MST101、STMS标记wmc104、QTL位点Xgwm155与Vp1B3, 结合穗发芽率分析,对95份中国小麦地方品种和历史品种的穗发芽抗性进行筛选, 旨在从中筛选出抗穗发芽品种, 并对这4个分子标记的有效性进行比较, 筛选出可用于种质资源筛选和分子标记辅助育种的高效分子标记。结果表明, Vp1B3和Xgwm155与穗发芽抗性相关, 而MST101和wmc104与穗发芽抗性无关。比较而言, Vp1B3更能有效地用于筛选穗发芽抗性品种, 但将Vp1B3和Xgwm155结合起来筛选抗穗发芽小麦品种, 会提高选择效率。     

Vp1 expression profiles during kernel development in six genotypes of wheat, triticale and rye

During the last few decades, the physiological and genetic background of dormancy, and correlated pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) have been intensively investigated. Special attention has often been paid to genetic factors that may explain and predict PHS susceptible behaviour. A major candidate is the Vp1 gene which is involved in embryo development and maturation as well as in dormancy establishment. In this study, Vp1 gene expression during kernel development was studied in wheat, triticale and rye as a potential biomarker for selecting PHS tolerant varieties in cereal breeding programs. Plants of known PHS tolerant and PHS susceptible varieties were grown under controlled conditions from flowering until harvest ripeness. During that period, kernels were regularly harvested for RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. Calibrated and normalized relative Vp1 expression levels were obtained in an RT-qPCR assay. During kernel development, Vp1 expression levels generally showed a typical peak during the soft dough stage, after which they decreased and remained low until harvest maturity. Differences in Vp1 expression levels could be observed between the PHS susceptible and PHS tolerant varieties of wheat, with the PHS tolerant variety showing higher levels of relative Vp1 expression compared to the PHS susceptible variety. In triticale, however, this difference was only seen once and could not be confirmed in further experiments. It seems that the Vp1 gene in triticale behaves in a similar way as in rye, in which no specific trends could be observed.     

The use of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vp1</Emphasis> in real time RT-PCR to select for pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in triticale

In spite of the availability of laboratory and field tests there is still a major problem to select pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) tolerant triticale varieties in a reliable, field-independent way. One approach to minimize the influence of environmental conditions and physio-morphological traits on PHS detection is using molecular genetic tools. The ‘viviparous’ Vp1 gene has been repeatedly described to play an important role in dormancy in wheat. A quantitative RT-PCR assay based on the expression of the Vp1 gene has been developed. Specific primers were designed for detecting Vp1 in both wheat and triticale. The expression levels of Vp1 were normalized using reference genes and relatively quantified with the comparative C_t-method. However, the first results indicate that the achieved Vp1 expression levels at 50 days post anthesis are not useful to select for PHS tolerance, both in wheat and triticale. This negative outcome so far is possibly due to the existence of several splicing events or to the late assaying moment in the kernel development, when Vp1 expression is found to be low.     

中国小麦微核心种质及地方品种籽粒休眠特性的分子标记鉴定

为探索我国小麦微核心种质及地方品种籽粒休眠的遗传基础,利用已报道的4个3AS上的SSR标记(Xbarc57、Xbarc294、Xbarc310和Xbarc321)和1个3BL上的Viviparous-1基因标记Vp1-b2对107份我国小麦微核心种质及31份地方品种进行籽粒休眠的分子标记鉴定。结果表明,5个分子标记在试验材料中表现出丰富的等位变异,具有5～6种等位类型,与籽粒萌芽指数(GI)密切相关。根据一般线性模型分析结果,各位点的等位变异显著影响籽粒休眠,其中Vp1-b2和Xbarc294对籽粒休眠作用较其他标记大,可分别解释65.8%和61.2%的表型变异;其次是Xbarc310(56.3%)和Xbarc57(55.8%),最小的是Xbarc321(53.3%)。而5个标记联合可解释95.9%的性状变异,其次是Vp1-b2和Xbarc294的组合(89.1%),解释变异最小的标记组合是Vp1-b2和Xbarc321(79.4%)。5个分子标记即可解释籽粒休眠的绝大部分表型变异,说明我国小麦微核心种质及地方品种籽粒休眠特性受3AS和3BL上的2个主效基因控制。     

小麦穗发芽抗性的4个分子标记有效性检验

为筛选出适宜黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区种植的抗穗发芽白粒小麦品种或种质资源,以36份黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区的主要品种（系）及地方品种为研究对象,对已报道的4个与穗发芽抗性相关的分子标记：Vp1B3、Xgwm155、Xgwm269和Xbarc170进行有效性验证。测定参试材料种子萌发指数（GI）,并用上述4种标记进行PCR扩增,对扩增条带进行统计分析。结果表明,GI值显示,红粒品种（GI均值为5.1%）明显较白粒品种（GI均值为28.0%）低;4种标记扩增出的带型中仅Vp1B3的845 bp片段能有效地区分36份小麦品种(系);GI值筛选出6份抗穗发芽品种（系）中,其中3份为Vp1B3标记鉴定,可作为黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区小麦穗发芽抗性育种中首选基因资源。     

分子标记Tamyb10D和TaDFR-B的有效性验证及对小麦抗穗发芽基因型的筛选

为了比较与小麦穗发芽抗性相关分子标记的有效性以及在白粒小麦品种中筛选出抗穗发芽的基因型材料,选择已报道的2个与穗发芽抗性相关的标记Tamyb10D和Ta DFR-B,对2套白粒小麦试材(78,103份)的穗发芽抗性进行综合筛选。结果表明:标记Tamyb10D可有效地用于白粒小麦穗发芽抗性筛选,而标记Ta DFR-B不适用于白粒小麦品种(系)材料的穗发芽抗性筛选的鉴定。通过分子标记Tamyb10D的筛选结果和发芽指数的评价,结合以前用分子标记Vp1B3的检测结果,在103份试材中筛选出5份具有高抗穗发芽基因型材料(GI10%),分别是:阆中白麦子、万县白麦子、陪陵须须白麦、川362和小白玉花,其单倍型分别是:Tamyb10D/Vp-1Bb、Tamyb10D/Vp-1Bb、Tamyb10D/Vp-1Bb、Tamyb10D/Vp-1Bb、Tamyb10D/Vp-1Bc;在另外一套(78份)试材中筛选出10份具高抗有穗发芽基因型材料(GI10%),分别为西农6028、克群、百农3217、开封124、郑州742、西昌5762、小偃5号、克壮、许跃6号和武农99,其单倍型均为Tamyb10D/Vp-1Bc。     

QTL analysis and mapping of pre-harvest sprouting resistance in Sorghum

One of the most important agronomic problems in the production of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in humid climates is pre-harvest sprouting (PHS). A molecular linkage map was developed using 112molecular markers in an F₂ mapping population derived from a cross between IS 9530 (high resistance to PHS) and Redland B2 (susceptible to PHS). Two year phenotypic data was obtained. By means of interval mapping analysis, two significant QTL were detected in two different linkage groups with LOD scores of 8.77and 4.39. Each of these two QTL individually explained approximately 53% of the phenotypic variance, but together, in a two-QTL model, they explained 83% of the phenotypic variance with a LOD score of 12.37.These results were corroborated by a one-way ANOVA in which the four flanking markers of the most likely QTL positions displayed highly significant values in theF-test, and significant variation in trait expression was associated with marker genotypic classes. The four markers with highest effect in the one-way ANOVA were also detected in the second year replication of the F₂ population, and significant genotype × environment interactions was observed. The putative relationship between PHS resistance in sorghum and the maize Vp1 gene is also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Detection of QTLs for traits associated with pre-harvest sprouting resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the serious problems for wheat production, especially in rainy regions. Although seed dormancy is the most critical trait for PHS resistance, the control of heading time should also be considered to prevent seed maturation during unfavorable conditions. In addition, awning is known to enhance water absorption by the spike, causing PHS. In this study, we conducted QTL analysis for three PHS resistant related traits, seed dormancy, heading time and awn length, by using recombinant inbred lines from ‘Zenkouji-komugi’ (high PHS resistance) × ‘Chinese Spring’ (weak PHS resistance). QTLs for seed dormancy were detected on chromosomes 1B (QDor-1B) and 4A (QDor-4A), in addition to a QTL on chromosome 3A, which was recently cloned as TaMFT-3A. In addition, the accumulation of the QTLs and their epistatic interactions contributed significantly to a higher level of dormancy. QDor-4A is co-located with the Hooded locus for awn development. Furthermore, an effective QTL, which confers early heading by the Zenkouji-komugi allele, was detected on the short arm of chromosome 7B, where the Vrn-B3 locus is located. Understanding the genetic architecture of traits associated with PHS resistance will facilitate the marker assisted selection to breed new varieties with higher PHS resistance.