Effectiveness of palm and simulated geotextiles in reducing run-off and inter-rill erosion on medium and steep slopes

Palm‐leaf geotextiles could be an effective and cheap soil conservation method with enormous global potential. However, there are very few data on the effectiveness of palm geotextiles in reducing soil erosion by water. This study investigates the effectiveness of two types of palm geotextiles and the effect of geotextile mesh size on infiltration, run‐off and inter‐rill erosion rate and soil surface roughness on a medium and steep slope. A well‐defined protocol was developed to conduct laboratory experiments. Rainfall was simulated for 90 min with an intensity (I) of 45 and 67 mm h^?1 on an inter‐rill erosion plot, filled with an erodible sandy loam and having slope gradients (S) of 15 and 45%. Two palm‐leaf geotextiles (Borassus aethiopum and Brazilian Buriti Palm) and three simulated geotextiles (polyethylene tarpaulin) with different mesh sizes (1 × 1, 5 × 5 and 12 × 12 cm) were tested on a simulated fine tilth. Calculated k values from the Horton infiltration equation ranged from 0.025 to 0.145 and decreased linearly on both slopes with geotextile cover. Geotextiles are more effective in reducing the run‐off coefficient on a medium slope (15%) compared with that on a steep slope (45%), ranging from 76.4 to 17.9%. Mean b values from the mulch cover equation equalled 0.024 for a 15% slope and 0.045 for a 45% slope, indicating a higher effectiveness of geotextiles in reducing total inter‐rill soil loss on gentler slopes compared with commonly used mulches. Erosion‐induced soil surface roughness at the end of each experiment increased linearly with geotextile cover percentage and this increase was not significantly different between the two slope gradients.     

Use of palm-mat geotextiles for soil conservation: I. Effects on soil properties

Despite geotextile-mats having the potential for soil conservation, field studies on the effects of geotextiles on soil properties are limited. Hence, the utilization of palm-mat geotextiles as a potential soil conservation technique was investigated at Hilton, east Shropshire, U.K. (52°33′5.7″ N, 2°19′18.3″ W). Geotextile-mats constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Borassus palm of West Africa) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti palm of South America) leaves are termed Borassus mats and Buriti mats, respectively. Field experiments were conducted at Hilton during 2007–2009, to study the impacts of Borassus and Buriti mats on selected properties of the topsoil (0–5 cm). Ten fixed plots (10 × 1 m on a 15° slope) were established, with duplicate treatments. The treatments were: (i) bare soil; (ii) permanent grassed; (iii) bare soil with 1 m Borassus-mat buffer strips (area coverage ~ 10%) at the lower end of the plots; (iv) bare soil with 1 m Buriti mat buffer strips (area coverage ~ 10%) at the lower end of the plots; and (v) completely-covered with Borassus mats. Initial and final soil samples of the topsoil were collected and analysed for bulk density, aggregate stability, soil organic matter (SOM), total soil C (TSC), total soil N (TSN) and pH. Results indicate that, apart from Borassus completely-covered plots, soil bulk density increased and aggregate stability decreased in all plots after two years. Despite decreases in SOM contents in bare plots, SOM content did not change after two years in the grassed and geotextile treated plots. Treatments had no effects on changes in pH, TSC or TSN. Both Borassus and Buriti mat-covers within the buffer strip plots had little impact on SOM, TSC and TSN changes compared with bare soils within the same plots. Thus, Borassus buffer strip plots were very effective in maintaining some soil properties (i.e. SOM, TSC, and TSN) after two years of erosion by water. In summary, utilization of Borassus mats as buffer strips was very successful in conserving soil properties on a loamy sand soil.     

Effectiveness of geotextiles in reducing runoff and soil loss: A synthesis

Despite geotextiles having potential for soil conservation, limited scientific data are available to assess the effects of geotextiles in reducing runoff and water erosion. Hence, the objective of this review is to analyse the effects of plot length (L) and other possible affecting factors [cover percentage (C, %), slope gradient (S), rainfall duration (D), rainfall intensity (I), sand, silt and clay contents, soil organic matter (SOM) content and geotextile type (natural or synthetic)] on the effectiveness of geotextiles in reducing soil and water loss, based on reported experimental data. From linear regressions, C (%) and soil sand, silt and clay contents are found to be the most important variables in reducing SLR (ratio of soil loss in bare plots to that in geotextile treated plots) for splash, C (%) for interrill and D (min) for rill and interrill erosion processes, respectively. Soil clay and silt contents and D are key variables in decreasing RR (ratio of runoff from bare plots to that from geotextile treated plots) for interrill, and clay content for rill and interrill erosion processes, respectively. The linear relationship between mean b-value (geotextile effectiveness factor in reducing soil loss) and L of all studies was not significant (P > 0.05). The same is true for the relationship between L and SLR, and L and RR. However, when L is added to an equation as an interaction term with C (%), geotextile cover is significantly (P < 0.05) more effective in reducing SLR on shorter plots than longer ones for both interrill and rill and interrill erosion processes. Buffer strip plots (area coverage ∼ 10%) with Borassus and Buriti mats have the highest b-values.     

Impacts of soil tilth on the effectiveness of biological geotextiles in reducing runoff and interrill erosion

The effectiveness of a surface cover material (e.g. geotextiles, rock fragments, mulches, vegetation) in reducing runoff and soil erosion rates is often only assessed by the fraction of the soil surface covered. However, there are indications that soil structure has important effects on the runoff and erosion-reducing effectiveness of the cover materials. This study investigates the impact of soil pre-treatment (i.e. fine tilth versus sealed soil surface) on the effectiveness of biological geotextiles in increasing infiltration rates and in reducing runoff and interrill erosion rates on a medium and steep slope gradient. Rainfall was simulated during 60 min with an intensity of 67 mm h⁻¹ on an interrill erosion plot having two slope gradients (i.e. 15 and 45%) and filled with an erodible sandy loam. Five biological and three simulated geotextiles with different cover percentage were tested on two simulated initial soil conditions (i.e. fine tilth and sealed soil surface). Final infiltration rates on a sealed soil surface (7.5–18.5 mm h⁻¹) are observed after ca. 10 min of rainfall compared to ca. 50 min of rainfall on an initial seedbed (16.4–56.7 mm h⁻¹). On the two tested slope gradients, significantly (α = 0.05) smaller runoff coefficients (RC) are observed on an initial seedbed (8.2% < RC < 59.8%) compared to a sealed soil surface (75.7% < RC < 87.0%). On an initial seedbed, decreasing RC are observed with an increasing simulated geotextile cover. However, on an initial sealed soil surface no significant effect of simulated geotextile cover on RC is observed. On a 15% slope gradient, calculated b-values from the mulch factor equation equalled 0.054 for an initial fine tilth and 0.022 for a sealed soil surface, indicating a higher effectiveness of geotextiles in reducing interrill erosion on a fine tilth compared to a sealed soil surface. Therefore, this study demonstrates the importance of applying geotextiles on the soil surface before the surface tilth is sealed due to rainfall. The effect of soil structure on the effectiveness of a surface cover in reducing runoff and interrill erosion rates, as indicated by the results of this study, needs to be incorporated in soil erosion prediction models.     

Soil erosion and changes in the physical properties of Lithuanian Eutric Albeluvisols under different land use systems

Abstract

The investigations aimed to: 1) evaluate water erosion rates on undulating slopes in Lithuania under different land use systems; 2) study changes in soil physical properties on the differently eroded slopes; and 3) better understand relationships between soil physical properties and soil erodibility. Research data were obtained on loamy sand and clay loam Eutric Albeluvisols located on the undulating hilly relief of the ?emai?iai Uplands of Western Lithuania. The results of 18 years of water erosion investigations under different land use systems on slopes of varying steepness are presented. Attention is focused on changes in soil physical properties in relation to soil erosion severity. Measured water erosion rates in the field experiments were: 3.2–8.6 m³ ha^?1 yr^?1 under winter rye, 9.0–27.1 m³ ha^?1 yr^?1 under spring barley and 24.2–87.1 m³ ha^?1 yr^?1 under potatoes. Perennial grasses completely prevented water erosion, while erosion-preventive grass-grain crop rotations (67% grasses, 33% cereal grains) decreased soil losses by 75–80% compared to the field crop rotation, containing 17% tillage crops (potatoes), 33% grasses and 50% cereal grains. The grain-grass crop rotation (33% grasses and 67% cereal grains) decreased soil erosion rates by 23–24%. The percentage of clay-silt and clay fractions of arable soil horizons increased, while the total soil porosity and moisture retention capacity decreased with increased soil erosion. Phytocenoses, including sod-forming perennial grasses and grass-grain crop rotations, led to changes in the physical properties of eroded soils; soil bulk density decreased and percentage total porosity and moisture retention capacity increased. The grass-grain crop rotations increased the water-stable soil structure (measured as water-stable soil aggregates) by 11.03 per cent units and sod-forming perennial grasses increased aggregate stability by 9.86 per cent units compared with the grain-grass crop rotation on the 10–14° slope. Therefore, grass-grain crop rotations and sod-forming perennial grasses decreased soil erodibility and thus could assist both erosion control and the ecological stability of the vulnerable hilly-undulating landscape.     

黄土高原刺槐林地根系与枯落物对土壤侵蚀的影响

为探讨自然条件下黄土高原地区刺槐林地枯落物和根系对土壤侵蚀的影响。采用5个坡度(8.7%,17.6%,26.8%,36.4%和46.6%)及3种流量(0.5,1.0,2.0 L/s)分别在有枯落物覆盖、去除枯落物的植被和裸坡样地进行试验,探讨刺槐林地枯落物和根系对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明,枯落物和根系对土壤侵蚀有显著影响,当枯落物厚度超过3 cm、根系密度>0.5 kg/m³时,土壤侵蚀量减小程度趋于稳定。与裸坡相比,刺槐林地土壤侵蚀量减少约55%,且根系和枯落物对土壤侵蚀量减少的贡献率分别为66%和34%。此外,枯落物与根系可降低土壤可蚀性,增加土壤剪切力,进而增强土壤的抗蚀能力。与裸坡相比,有枯落物覆盖和去除枯落物覆盖的植被样地土壤可蚀性分别降低80%和66%,土壤剪切力分别提高285%和237%。研究结果为揭示森林植被的土壤侵蚀机制提供新的思路,对改善黄土高原的植被建设具有一定的指导意义。     

公路边坡绿化覆盖物水土保持效果试验研究

公路施工过程中产生大面积裸坡,植物无法迅速生长,土壤流失量也特别大,铺设覆盖物是一种有效而廉价的保持水土的方法。为了研究不同覆盖物在坡面的水土保持效果,该文基于自制的室内人工模拟降雨器,在对其进行标定后,对已覆盖无纺布、遮阳网或草帘子的正在进行绿化喷播施工的模拟公路边坡进行人工模拟降雨试验,对3种覆盖物在公路边坡的水土保持效果进行了详细描述。3种覆盖物下坡面的径流量、径流系数、泥沙浓度以及产沙量均明显(P=0)小于裸坡的,说明无纺布、遮阳网和草帘子均可以有效的减少公路边坡喷播绿化过程中的水土流失。其中,草帘子覆盖下坡面的径流量(1.9mL/s)比裸坡减小69.9%,径流系数(6.4%)比裸坡减小14.9%,坡面产沙量(1.5g/m2)仅为裸坡的3.4%,且远小于无纺布和遮阳网覆盖下的,说明草帘子对公路边坡的水土保持效果较好。该文为公路边坡绿化施工中覆盖物的水土保持效果提供理论依据,为覆盖物的选择提供科学参考。     

Vegetation patchiness and implications for landscape function: The case of Pteronia incana invader species in Ngqushwa Rural Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Patchy vegetation patterns are an expression of soil surface conditions, water redistribution on the soil surface and landscape function. Their origin is attributed by many a scholar to the degradation of the original plant cover due to human disturbances and climatic fluctuations. In this study, aerial photographs were analysed to benchmark the onset of the invasion by Pteronia incana. The soil moisture dependencies of the invader shrub and grasses were also investigated. The invasion assumed varying trajectories on abandoned and grazing lands. The different soil moisture dependencies between P. incana and grass species were noted to underpin the competitive advantage and eventual replacement of the latter by the former. Soil surface crusting inherent to P. incana, the loss of patchiness and associated expansion of bare zones promote runoff generation and connectivity, and erosion intensification, leading to conversion of hillslopes to dysfunctional systems. Despite its runoff enhancing role, to some extent, P. incana tussocks act as sink areas for some of the runoff generated on the bare zones. Recognition of this resource capture capability should provide the starting point for the rehabilitation of degraded hillslopes.     

Performance of soil and water conservation practices in the erosion evolution process,runoff dynamics and surface roughness

Soil and water conservation practices are used widely to prevent soil erosion and protect soil and water resources, which is significant for ecological restoration and food security. However, rill evolution processes, erosion and deposition characteristics and critical hydrodynamic parameters need more research. In order to investigate the effect of soil and water conservation practices on soil erosion dynamics, simulated rainfall experiments were undertaken in a laboratory on 15° loess slopes with engineering measures (fish-scale pits, FSPs), tillage measures (artificial digging, AD; contour ploughing, CP) and bare slope (CK). The results showed that: (1) during rill erosion, hillslopes with FSPs, CP and AD were more likely to develop wide and shallow rills, while a bare slope (CK) was more likely to develop narrow and deep rills. At the end of the experiment (cumulative rainfall was about 150 mm), headward retreat erosion dominated the AD slope (maximum rill length: 3.27 m), side-wall expansion erosion dominated the CP slope (maximum rill width: 0.522 m) and bed incision erosion dominated the CK (maximum rill depth: 0.09 m); (2) soil and water conservation practices reduced surface erosion and sediment transport and runoff velocity. However, the positive effects disappeared when rainfall amounts exceeded 82.5, 105 and 127.5 mm for FSPs, CP and AD, respectively; (3) for runoff kinetic energy and runoff shear strength of 3 J and 1.5 N/m², respectively, soil and water conservation measures had greater anti-erosion abilities than CK; (4) as rainfall duration increased, surface roughness, runoff rate and sediment concentration increased on the CK and FSP treatments, but decreased on the CP and AD treatments. This study has important implications for managing different soil and water conservation measures based on rainfall conditions and offers a deeper understanding of soil erosion processes.     

不同水土保持临时措施下工程堆积体坡面减流减沙效应

为量化城市生产建设项目水土保持相关规范中对于水土保持临时措施的布设要求,并为水土保持监管提供科学依据,该研究以深圳市生产建设项目工程堆积体为例,基于工程堆积体特征及其水土保持临时措施实施情况现场调查结果,结合深圳市多年自然降雨强度,概化设计室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究临时苫盖和拦挡措施在不同降雨强度及坡度下对工程堆积体坡...     

基于人工降雨试验的残茬覆盖水土保持效益评价

基于人工降雨试验,研究不同残茬覆盖度在4°坡对黑土坡面水土保持效益的影响。试验设置3个平行条件,分别为4个雨强(30,60,90,120 mm/h),5个残茬覆盖度(15%,35%,55%,75%以及裸土对照组)以及2种土壤初始含水量(8%和30%,分别对应干、湿运行)。结果表明:对黑土坡面进行残茬覆盖处理,能够起到抑制土壤产流产沙的作用,且覆盖度越高,其抑制作用越明显。15%,35%,55%,75%覆盖度下保水效益可以分别可以达到30%,27%,57%,72%;保土效益分别可以达到36%,53%,89%,94%。根据保水保土效益与覆盖度的关系建立了指数函数关系式。与保水效益相比,残茬覆盖处理的保土效益更为明显。残茬覆盖不仅能提高黑土养分,更是保护黑土的有效方式。     

Effect of rock fragment cover on interrill soil erosion from bare soils in Western Andalusia, Spain

It is known that rock fragments on the surface of soils can enhance infiltration and protect the soil against rainfall erosion. However, the effect of rock fragments in natural forest soils is less well understood. In this article, we studied the influence of rock fragment cover on run‐off, infiltration and interrill soil erosion under simulated rainfall on natural bare soils in a Spanish dehesa (managed holm oak woodland). We studied 60 plots with different rock fragment cover ranging from 3% to 85% under three simulated rainfall intensities (50, 100 and 150 mm/h). Surface run‐off appeared later and sediment yield values were smaller in soils with greater rock fragment cover. Rock fragment cover also increased infiltration rates. The final infiltration rates were 54–98% at a rainfall intensity of 50 mm/h, 31–88% at 100 mm/h and 20–80% at 150 mm/h. The interrill soil loss rates were decreased by rock fragment cover and increased with rainfall intensity. The soil loss rate was always small (0.02–1 Mg ha/h) when rock fragment cover was 75% or more. Rock fragment cover was related to soil loss rate by an exponential function.     

坡位对土壤水分及植被空间分布的影响

[目的]探讨微地形对土壤含水量和生物量的影响,为浑善达克沙地环境建设和合理开发利用提供理论参考。[方法]以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟白音锡勒牧场境内的中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站沙地样地为研究对象,对坡底、坡顶、阴坡和阳坡等坡位的植被和土壤水分等指标的测定,对其进行方差分析和相关性分析。[结果]坡底以多年生杂类草占优,阴坡以灌木、半灌木及多年生禾草为主,阳坡以灌木、半灌木、多年生禾草及1,2年生植物为主,坡顶以多年生禾草和1,2年生草本植物为主;0—50cm土壤平均含水量的大小顺序为:坡底阴坡阳坡坡顶,生物量顺序与土壤平均含水量一致;坡顶、坡底、阳坡和阴坡各层土壤水分变异系数由大到小的顺序因土层和坡位的不同而表现出一定的差异性,0—50cm各层平均变异系数坡顶最大,坡底次之,阳坡最低;生物量和各层土壤含水量均呈现正相关关系,其中0—5,5—10和20—30cm土壤含水量与生物量之间表现为极显著线性正相关(p0.01)。[结论]微地形对植被种类和土壤含水量具有一定影响,且土壤含水量和植物生物量呈现正相关关系。     

山体土壤水分布特征及其影响因素——以东江流域为例

土壤水是流域水文及生态环境的重要因素,研究流域山体土壤水分布规律对防治土壤侵蚀、控制水土流失、恢复生态环境具有重要意义。选取广东省东江流域内具有不同覆被、地形、土壤特征的典型山体,利用TDR测定山体不同位置的土壤含水率,分析土壤水的空间分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明,山体不同坡位至上而下、所覆土壤垂向由上到下土壤粘性增加,土壤持水能力增强。地形及地表覆被变化是影响东江流域土壤水分分布的重要因素,植被覆盖稀少的山坡,土壤水分分布主要取决于山坡地形变化,呈现由山体上部向下部逐渐增加,随坡度的增加而减小;有植被覆盖的山体取决于植被覆盖程度,植被覆盖程度高的山坡表层土壤含水率大。研究成果为流域水土流失治理及生态环境保护提供重要参考依据。     

近自然护岸措施对提高河岸平衡坡度的作用——以重庆市长寿区桃花溪河岸为例

为研究近自然护岸措施对河道岸坡稳定性的影响,以重庆市桃花溪河岸为例,通过布设自然原型护岸措施、天然材料织物垫护岸措施、土工织物扁袋护岸措施3种近自然护岸措施,并以裸地为对照,采用针对水力侵蚀的泥沙起动模型和针对重力侵蚀的土壤抗剪强度模型研究近自然护岸措施下的平衡坡度。结果表明:1)经过2年自然修复,由泥沙起动模型结合土壤抗冲试验得出3种护岸措施和对照河岸的岸坡相对平衡坡度依次为>34.9°、>33.3°、>32.3°、>25.5°,且护岸措施配合织物材料有利于措施布设前期岸坡抵抗水土流失;2)由土壤抗剪强度模型得出3种护岸措施和对照的岸坡相对平衡坡度依次为35.0°、26.2°、30.3°、19.9°;3)3种护岸措施下抵抗水力侵蚀的岸坡相对平衡坡度均大于抵抗重力侵蚀的岸坡相对平衡坡度,故抵抗重力侵蚀的土壤抗剪强度模型更适合模拟当地近自然护岸措施下岸坡相对平衡坡度,3种近自然护岸措施下岸坡相对平衡坡度比对照分别提高15.1°、6.3°、10.4°。     

园林废弃物覆盖垫的持水性能及抗压效果研究

为探究园林废弃物制成的覆盖垫是否适用于覆盖城市裸露土壤,采取室内试验方法,对不同施胶量(胶黏剂添加质量分别占园林废弃物质量的20%,25%,30%,35%和40%)不同粒径(小粒径0～1 cm,大粒径1～3 cm)10种覆盖垫的抗压性能、透水性能和持水性能进行测试,以期选出合适施胶量合适粒径的覆盖垫。结果表明:随着施胶量的增加,不同覆盖垫的抗压性均显著增强,且泡水前优于泡水后。小粒径覆盖垫在施胶量不高于30%时透水能力相对较好,施胶量高于30%时的透水能力显著变差,渗透系数为1.09～9.35 cm/s。大粒径覆盖垫的透水能力基本不受施胶量的影响,透水性能良好,渗透系数整体为0.25～0.33 cm/s。覆盖垫的持水量与浸泡时间呈显著对数关系:Q=aln(t)+b,R~20.95;覆盖垫吸水速率与浸泡时间呈显著幂函数关系:V=kt~n,R~20.99。最大持水量(率)和有效拦蓄量(率)均随施胶量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,小粒径覆盖垫的有效拦蓄量为120.78～142.21 t/hm~2,有效含蓄率为93%～113%;大粒径覆盖垫的有效拦蓄量为71.71～83.35 t/hm~2,有效含蓄率为54%～65%。综上,该结果可为城市裸土覆盖提供理论依据和实践支持。     

边坡工程中土壤水力侵蚀规律及侵蚀控制卷材的应用探讨

首先总结了边坡水力侵蚀的基本规律,指出裸露的坡面是发生严重土壤侵蚀的重要场所,得出在所有影响坡面土壤侵蚀的因素中,坡面覆盖是最关键的因素。在此基础上,重点探讨工程建设中形成的各种边坡(或斜坡)从开始裸露到植被覆盖或工程覆盖之间的一段时间内的侵蚀控制问题,提出使用人工覆盖材料特别是侵蚀控制卷材是控制坡面土壤侵蚀的必然选择。     

紫色土丘陵区坡耕地退耕对水土流失的影响及其效益评价

 认识退耕对水土流失的影响,对耕地利用结构的调整和评价退耕还林还草的水土保持效益具有重要的科学意义。在中国科学院盐亭紫色土农业生态试验站通过2年(2003—2004年)的小区试验,观测了紫色土坡耕地种作物(小麦-玉米)、饲草(黑麦草)、果树(枇杷)和“果树+饲草”这4种模式的水土流失状况,并用层次分析法等对其水土保持效益进行了综合评价。观测结果表明:坡耕地退耕种草和种“果树+饲草”这2种模式,较作物模式显著减少水土流失超过30％,其中“果树+饲草”模式的侵蚀量减少60％以上。同时发现,退耕地如果只种果树,水土流失量反而多于种作物地,揭示了控制水土流失的关键之一是提高地表盖度。效益分析结果表明,4种模式水土保持综合效益的大小次序是:“果树+饲草”>饲草>作物>果树。     

黄土丘陵区水平梯田保水保土效益分析

水平梯田是防止水土流失的一种有效方式。在韭园沟流域的支沟——王茂沟流域分别选取梯田和坡耕地进行土壤采样,测定土壤含水量,结合¹³⁷Cs示踪,对比分析了梯田长期的保水保土效益。结果表明:梯田土壤水分变化分为土壤水分剧变层（0—20 cm）、土壤水分活跃层（20—30 cm）和土壤水分调节层（30 cm以下）;梯田不同深度土壤含水量均表现为内侧（第一级） > 中部 > 外侧（第五级）;坡向对梯田土壤水分的影响并不是十分显著;梯田0—20 cm土壤蓄水量高于坡耕地7.2%;0—40 cm平均土壤蓄水量高出坡耕地1.8 mm;研究流域坡耕地与梯田侵蚀程度分别属于极强度侵蚀和强度侵蚀,梯田平均水土保持效益为53%。建议在该地区修建梯田时,提高梯田的设计标准,对梯田田面、田埂认真维护,实现梯田长期的水土保持效益。     

苔藓覆盖对喀斯特林地碳酸盐岩红土剥蚀过程的影响

为探究苔藓覆盖对喀斯特山地土壤剥蚀过程影响的机理,通过野外采集原状土样,结合上方来水冲刷剥蚀试验,分析了不同坡度(5°,20°)与不同土壤含水率(饱和含水率、田间含水率)条件下苔藓盖度与土壤分离能力间的定量关系,解析了坡面流水力特征参数对苔藓覆盖的响应规律.结果表明:在5°和20°坡度下,苔藓覆盖下饱和土壤的土壤剥蚀率...