玉米秸秆不同构件混合分解的非加和效应及其对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

[目的]研究玉米秸秆不同构件混合分解的非加和效应及其对黄绵土土壤有机碳矿化的影响,为秸秆还田背景下坡地土壤CO2排放提供理论支撑。[方法]采用室内模拟试验,试验设置无玉米秸秆土壤对照(CK)及4种玉米秸秆添加处理:茎+土壤(CKS)、叶+土壤(CKL)、鞘+土壤(CKLS)、混合玉米秸秆+土壤(CKM)。[结果]培养结束土壤有机碳矿化累积排放量实测值显著高于预测值,且促进作用主要是由培养初期快速分解阶段(1~28d)导致的。培养结束后混合玉米秸秆剩余质量预测值明显高于实测值,且元素含量发生明显改变,其中全氮含量预测值明显低于实测值,C/N预测值明显高于实测值。培养结束后CKS处理土壤微生物碳含量明显高于其他几种处理,其他几种处理差异不显著;添加玉米秸秆处理土壤微生物量氮明显降低,相应的土壤微生物量C/N增大,CKS,CKL和CKM处理与CK处理差异达到显著水平。土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量CKLS和CKM处理明显高于其他3种处理,CKS与CKL处理与对照差异不显著。[结论]玉米秸秆不同构件按比例混合对玉米秸秆分解产生协同促进作用,混合分解过程促进氮累积。     

秸秆还田与水分管理对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮及溶解性有机碳、氮的影响

采用田间小区试验,于2011年晚稻季在湖南省长沙县金井镇研究水分管理方式(间歇灌溉和长期淹水)和秸秆还田量(无秸秆还田,低量秸秆还田和高量秸秆还田)对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮含量的影响。结果表明,在长期淹水的条件下,高量秸秆还田较无秸秆还田可提高土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤可溶性有机碳、氮的含量;间歇灌溉条件下,低量秸秆还田较高量秸秆还田可提高土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤可溶性有机碳、氮的含量。无秸秆还田条件下,间歇灌溉处理比长期淹水处理土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机氮含量高,可溶性有机碳含量低;高量秸秆还田下,长期淹水处理比间歇灌溉处理土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮含量高。不同水分管理方式对不同秸秆还田量下稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮含量影响不同。     

保护性耕作对麦-豆轮作土壤有机碳全氮及微生物量碳氮的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的保护性耕作措施长期定位试验,共设4个处理（T：传统耕作;NT：免耕无覆盖;TS：传统耕作＋秸秆还田;NTS：免耕＋秸秆覆盖）,采用春小麦豌豆双序列轮作（即小麦→豌豆→小麦和豌豆→小麦→豌豆,本文中所指春小麦地、豌豆地分别指2008年种植春小麦、豌豆的轮作次序）,于2008年3月中旬对春小麦、豌豆双序列轮作下的土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物量碳及土壤微生物量氮含量进行了采样测定。结果表明,经过7a的轮作后,两种轮作次序下,0-30cm土层中土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮含量均有在免耕＋秸秆覆盖、传统耕作＋秸秆还田处理较免耕不覆盖、传统耕作处理高的趋势,且其含量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低。其中,土壤微生物量碳含量在两种轮作次序下的排序均为：免耕＋秸秆覆盖（NTS）〉传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）〉免耕不覆盖（NT）〉传统耕作（T）;而土壤微生物量氮含量在春小麦地和豌豆地的排序则分别表现为：免耕＋秸秆覆盖（NTS）〉传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）〉传统耕作（T）〉免耕不覆盖（NT）和免耕＋秸秆覆盖（NTS）〉传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）〉免耕不覆盖（NT）〉传统耕作（T）。同时,微生物量碳、微生物量氮与有机碳和全氮均呈显著正相关,说明提高土壤有机质、全氮含量的保护性耕作模式有利于土壤微生物量碳与氮的积累。     

碳氮添加对雨养农田土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分的影响

为探明碳氮添加4年后,土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分(可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组和重组有机碳)的变化特征,依托布设于甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇的不同碳源配施氮素田间定位试验,涉及秸秆、生物质炭、氮素3个因素,秸秆设置为不施、施用秸秆2水平;生物质炭为不施和施用生物质炭2个水平;氮素设置为不施氮、施纯氮50 kg/hm^2、施纯氮100 kg/hm^2 3个水平,共9个处理。结果表明:不同处理下土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分的含量均随土层的加深而降低。添加生物质炭对土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分均具有不同程度的提升效应。添加秸秆对土壤全氮、有机碳和可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳均具有显著提升效应,仅在0-5 cm土层对重组有机碳有显著提高。添加氮素可显著提升土壤全氮、有机碳和可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳含量。较其他处理,添加生物质炭对土壤全氮、有机碳和重组有机碳的提升效应最高,添加秸秆对可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳的提升效果最优。从提升土壤质量的角度出发,推荐秸秆配施氮素模式,该模式下土壤碳素有效性高、易于被微生物利用,有利于作物生长。从提高土壤固碳角度考虑,推荐生物质炭配施氮素模式,该模式有利于碳的封存。     

秸秆还田和耕作方式对花生土壤微生物量、酶活性和产量的影响

通过两年的田间小区定位试验,研究免耕无秸秆还田(RN)、常规翻耕无秸秆还田(RS)、垄耕无秸秆还田(RD)、免耕秸秆还田(TN)、常规翻耕秸秆还田(TS)、垄耕秸秆还田(TD)6种耕作方式对科尔沁风沙地花生耕层土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性和产量的影响,探究适合辽西风沙半干旱条件下花生高产的耕作方式。结果表明:相同耕作条件下秸秆还田处理组土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量和土壤酶活性均高于无秸秆还田处理组,秸秆还田能显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量和酶活性;在相同秸秆还田处理条件下,与常规耕作和垄耕处理相比,免耕处理能显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量和土壤酶活性;免耕秸秆还田处理下,花生产量高出未还田处理4.32%。综上,免耕秸秆还田处理能显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量和土壤酶活性,提高耕层土壤生物学肥力,促进作物增产。     

秸秆还田对宁南旱区土壤有机碳含量及土壤碳矿化的影响

为了探明秸秆还田对宁南旱区土壤有机碳及土壤碳矿化的影响,为该区作物生产及土壤培肥制度的建立提供参考,通过4a（2007—2010年）秸秆还田定位试验,设置不同秸秆还田量处理,谷子秸秆按3000kg·hm-（2低L）、6000kg·hm-（2中M）、9000kg·hm-（2高H）粉碎还田,玉米秸秆按4500kg·hm-（2低L）、9000kg·hm-（2中M）、13500kg·hm-（2高H）粉碎还田,对照为秸秆不还田,对不同处理条件下土壤有机碳、土壤碳矿化速率、累积矿化量及其与不同形态碳素之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量均随土层的加深而减少;各处理0～60cm土层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量分别比CK显著提高了24.2%、20.8%、9.5%和50.3%、46.6%、34.8%（P〈0.05）;秸秆还田不仅增加了土壤活性有机碳含量,同时也显著提高了0～20cm土层活性有机碳占总有机碳含量的比重,提高幅度达21.1%～23.1%（P〈0.05）;土壤碳矿化速率和累积矿化量在0～60cm各土层内随着秸秆还田量的增加大小顺序均为高量秸秆还田〉中量秸秆还田〉低量秸秆还田〉秸秆不还田,各秸秆还田处理较CK差异显著（P〈0.05）。相关性分析表明,土壤碳累积矿化量与不同形态碳素之间均存在极显著相关性。因此,在宁南半干旱区采用秸秆还田对提高土壤有机碳含量和碳矿化具有明显作用。     

耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响

以稻田免耕长期定位试验点为平台,研究耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,不同耕作制度下稻田土壤有机碳日均矿化量均表现前期快速下降而后逐渐趋于平稳,培养结束时有机碳日均矿化量仅为第1天的3.1%～6.7%;另外,实行稻油轮作可有效降低土壤有机碳矿化速率。垄作免耕(中稻-油菜)处理有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量及矿化强度均为根际大于非根际土壤,而其他处理则是根际小于非根际土壤。稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳平均日均矿化量随培养时间均符合幂函数变化规律,在62d培养期内,除第1天外,非根际土壤平均日均矿化量均大于根际土壤平均日均矿化量,差异变幅范围为67.0%～98.7%。各处理稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量和矿化强度均与其相应pH显著相关;根际与非根际土壤间有机碳日均矿化量和累积矿化量差异均与其微生物生物量碳、氮含量显著相关。     

耕作措施与秸秆还田对稻麦两熟制农田土壤养分、微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

为寻求适宜当地生产和生态环境的最适耕作措施和秸秆还田方式组合,通过开展2年(2009-2011年)田间试验,研究不同耕作措施和秸秆还田对稻麦轮作农田土壤养分、微生物量碳氮及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:无论是翻耕还是旋耕,秸秆还田条件下的土壤养分含量均不同程度地高于秸秆不还田,除速效钾外,差异均达显著水平;两季秸秆均还田处理土壤微生物量碳含量均显著高于两季秸秆均不还田;除旋耕秸秆两季均还田外,旋耕麦季稻秸还田处理土壤微生物量氮含量显著高于其他各处理;与翻耕秸秆不还田相比,翻耕两季秸秆均还田和旋耕两季秸秆均还田均显著提高了土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,其中脲酶提高了10.96％和9.72％,蔗糖酶提高了30.36％和17.87％.     

添加生物质炭对红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量的影响

通过室内培育试验,研究了添加生物质炭对江西红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量碳、氮含量的影响。结果表明:红壤有机碳矿化速率在培育第2天达最大值后迅速降低,培养7天后下降缓慢并趋于平稳;添加生物质炭降低了土壤有机碳的矿化速率和累积矿化量,培养结束时,不加生物质炭的对照处理中有机碳的累积矿化量分别比添加0.5%和1.0%生物质炭的处理高10.0%和10.8%。此外,生物质炭的加入显著提高了土壤微生物生物量,添加0.5%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别比对照高111.5%～250.6%和11.6%～97.6%,添加1.0%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别比对照高58.9%～243.6%和55.9%～110.4%。相同处理中,干旱的水分条件下(40%田间持水量)微生物生物量要高于湿润的水分条件(70%田间持水量)。同时,添加0.5%和1.0%的生物质炭使土壤代谢熵分别降低2.4%和26.8%,微生物商减少了43.7%和31.7%。     

黄土高原区几种不同植物残落物碳、氮矿化特性研究

采用室内培养试验法(28℃下培养60 d)研究了采自黄土高原地区10种植物残落物的化学组成及施入土壤后碳、氮的矿化特性。结果表明,供试的几种乔木和草本残落物C/N比和木质素含量差异较大,有机碳的矿化率在整个培养期间的差异均达较显著水平。60 d培养结束后,草本植物残落物有机碳累积矿化率(平均值,33.14%)灌木(27.80%)乔木(23.23%)。培养结束时,3种乔木类植物残落物氮的平均固持率为39.67%;草本类的紫花苜蓿在整个培养期间释放氮素,培养结束后其氮累积矿化率为45.98%,而长芒草和白羊草在整个培养期间则固持氮素,培养结束后其氮素累积固持率分别为46.98%和50.56%。供试的3种灌木(沙棘、柠条及山桃)残落物的C/N比(15～16)和木质素含量(25～29)相近,其有机碳的矿化率差异相对较小,而残落物氮矿化率的差异达极显著水平(p0.01),说明植物体的C/N比不是决定其氮素分解转化的唯一因子,植物残落物的其他化学特性也会影响其加入土壤后的转化。     

Carbon mineralization of tree leaf litter and crop residues from poplar-based agroforestry systems in Northeast China: A laboratory study

Tree leaf litter and crop residues (fine roots and straw) of the two main crops (maize and peanut) collected from temperate poplar-based agroforestry systems in Liaoning Province, China, were used in a laboratory decomposition experiment. The objectives were to assess the decomposition dynamics of individual plant residues of varying quality and to examine whether interactive effects between poplar litter and crop residues exist during decomposition. Rates of residue decomposition were measured as CO₂ production. Peanut roots decomposed faster than the other individual residues due to their high N and P concentrations and low C/N ratio. There were additive effects between poplar litter and crop residues during decomposition, even though significant differences existed in the initial nutrient concentrations of residues. Our results suggest that legume crops can produce high quality residues and thus have the potential to promote nutrient cycling. Therefore, legume crops have an advantage over other crops for intercropping in temperate agroforestry systems from the viewpoint of sustaining soil fertility.     

Contrasting decomposition rates and nutrient release patterns in mixed vs singular species litter in agroforestry systems

Purpose

The rate of litter decomposition can be affected by a suite of factors, including the diversity of litter type in the environment. The effect of mixing different litter types on decomposition rates is increasingly being studied but is still poorly understood. We investigated the effect of mixing either litter material with high nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations or those with low N and P concentrations on litter decomposition and nutrient release in the context of agroforestry systems.

Materials and methods

Poplar leaf litter, wheat straw, peanut leaf, peanut straw, and mixtures of poplar leaf litter-wheat straw, poplar leaf litter-peanut leaf, and poplar leaf litter-peanut straw litter samples were placed in litter bags, and their rates of decomposition and changes in nutrient concentrations were studied for 12 months in poplar-based agroforestry systems at two sites with contrasting soil textures (clay loam vs silt loam).

Results and discussion

Mixing of different litter types increased the decomposition rate of litter, more so for the site with a clay loam soil texture, representing site differences, and in mixtures that included litter with high N and P concentrations (i.e., peanut leaf). The decomposition rate was highest in the peanut leaf that had the highest N and P concentrations among the tested litter materials. Initial N and P immobilization may have occurred in litter of high carbon (C) to N or C to P ratios, with net mineralization occurring in the later stage of the decomposition process. For litter materials with a low C to N or P ratios, net mineralization and nutrient release may occur quickly over the course of the litter decomposition.

Conclusions

Non-additive effects were clearly demonstrated for decomposition rates and nutrient release when different types of litter were mixed, and such effects were moderated by site differences. The implications from this study are that it may be possible to manage plant species composition to affect litter decomposition and nutrient biogeochemistry; mixed species agroforestry systems can be used to enhance nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and site productivity in land-use systems.     

Non-additive effects vary with the number of component residues and their mixing proportions during residue mixture decomposition: A microcosm study

Poplar leaf litter and crop residues (leaves and stems) of two main crops (soybean and maize) collected from semiarid agroforestry systems of Northeast China were used in our microcosm study. The aims were to examine whether non-additive effects (synergistic or antagonistic) between poplar leaf litter and crop residues exist during decomposition and to identify the influence of residue mixing proportion on the incidence of non-additive effects of residue mixture for the same plant residues. We determined residue decomposition rate by measuring mass loss and N release. Synergistic effects between poplar leaf litter and crop residues were more common than additive effects in terms of mass loss and N release. Moreover, the interactive effects between tree leaf litter and crop residues on decomposition varied with the number of component residues and their mixing proportion. Three-residue mixtures produced synergistic effects on mass loss and N release, although two-residue mixtures showed an additive effect in some cases. In addition, as compared with equal proportion, mixing residues with unequal proportion increased the incidence of non-additive effects during decomposition of residue mixture. These findings highlight that residue decomposition dynamics in ecosystems should be assessed on the basis of plant residue mixtures and their mixing proportions, which may help us better understand nutrient dynamics and guide our decisions on nutrient management.     

作物残体与其生物炭配施对土壤有机碳及其自身矿化率的提升

【目的】本研究通过探讨小麦和玉米残体与其生物炭配施对土壤各组分有机碳及其自身有机碳矿化的影响,揭示其在土壤固碳和培肥方面的效应,为农田有机物资源合理利用提供理论支撑。【方法】采用室内恒温培养试验,共设置小麦或玉米残体(根茬、秸秆)和秸秆制成的生物炭单施(WS、WR、WB、MS、MR、MB),配施(WS+WB、WR+WB、MS+MB、MR+MB)以及对照(CK)构成的11个处理,培养期间测定土壤CO2释放量,培养结束后测定土壤总有机碳(TOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)以及粗细颗粒有机碳含量(CPOC、FPOC)。【结果】添加玉米有机物料对土壤TOC、MBC、POC、CPOC和FPOC含量的增加作用普遍高于添加小麦有机物料。添加小麦或玉米秸秆对土壤TOC、POC、CPOC、FPOC含量的增加作用均高于添加根茬。单独添加生物炭,作物残体与生物炭配施和单独添加作物残体处理分别在培养的第4、8、21 d有机碳矿化速率最大,为有机碳矿化快速期,之后矿化速率减缓并逐渐趋于稳定。单独添加作物残体其有机碳累积矿化率最大,达到30%~46%;与对照相比,添加有机物料的各处理均显著增加了土壤TOC含量,其中添加生物炭处理土壤TOC含量增幅最大;单独添加小麦和玉米生物炭处理,土壤TOC含量分别显著增加34.4%和36.5%,但其有机碳累积矿化率仅为3%左右,土壤FPOC含量及敏感性指数在单独添加生物炭处理最高;小麦和玉米残体与其生物炭配施处理,土壤MBC和CPOC含量分别显著增加80.2%~199.2%,且其有机碳累积矿化率为12%~19%,介于生物炭和残体单施之间,土壤CPOC含量及敏感性指数均表现为配施处理最高。【结论】单独添加作物残体能够较好地补充土壤养分,但CO2释放量显著高于单施生物炭及配施处理;单独添加生物炭其有机碳累积矿化率较低,短期内对土壤养分的补充作用较小。作物残体与其生物炭配施可以较好地克服各自单独施用的弊端,尤其是玉米秸秆与其生物炭配施,在保证作物养分供应的同时能增加土壤碳库储量,对土壤肥力提升效果更好。     

秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展

秸秆还田作为全球有机农业的重要环节, 对维持农田肥力, 减少化肥使用, 提高陆地土壤碳汇能力具有积极作用。秸秆还田主要通过增加土壤有机质和提高氮肥利用率来改善农田生产环境, 获得高农业生产能力。有效的秸秆还田能为土壤中的微生物提供丰富的碳源, 刺激微生物活性, 提高土壤肥力; 同时矿化的秸秆组分能促进土壤氮循环和矿化, 提高氮素有效性。秸秆还田能够促使集约化高氮输入的农田生态系统维持正常的碳氮比例, 减少氮素淋洗损失, 改善土壤结构板结和连作障碍等现象。目前我国农田秸秆还田率不足50%, 与欧美国家高达90%多的秸秆还田率相比, 还具有很大的发展潜力。因此加强我国秸秆还田率能够逐渐改变我国耕地土壤存在的有机质含量和品质下降、氮素损失严重等现象。目前应进一步深入研究秸秆还田对有机质及氮素有效性的影响机制, 并结合长期监测试验, 以及多种秸秆还田技术进行比较研究, 发展适合当地秸秆还田模式, 促进我国农业生态系统的可持续性。     

Drivers of soil respiration and nitrogen mineralization change after litter management at a subtropical Chinese sweetgum tree plantation

Leaf litter decomposition transfers elements from litter to soils that are essential for regulating nutrient cycles in plantation ecosystems, especially carbon and nitrogen. However, soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in response to tree litter management remains insufficiently researched. We conducted a one-year field experiment at a fast-growing sweetgum tree plantation to evaluate the effects of leaf litter management on soil available nutrients, respiration rate and nitrogen mineralization rate. Three leaf litter treatments were applied, which were: (1) natural input (control); (2) double input and (3) non-input. It was found that the double input treatment increased soil inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen, but had little effect on microbial biomass carbon, dissolved organic carbon or dissolved organic nitrogen compared with natural input. The non-input treatment caused dissolved organic carbon to decrease compared with natural input. The respiration rate increased in the double input treatment, with a positive priming effect observed. Soil net ammonification, nitrification and mineralization rates also increased in the double input treatment in specific seasons. Meanwhile, positive linear relationships between respiration rate and all nitrogen transformation rates were observed for all treatments. Soil temperature was found to be an important prediction factor for predicting the respiration rate and mineralization as seasonal variations, but not for litter-induced fluctuations. Soil water content and mineral nitrogen were the primary drivers of litter-induced change to the respiration rate, whereas mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass were primary drivers of mineralization change. These results suggest that changes in soil nitrogen mineralization rate are strongly associated with the soil respiratory process, resulting in a potentially strong plant–soil feedback mechanism.     

黄土高原森林带土壤养分和微生物量及其生态化学计量变化特征

选择黄土高原森林带自东向西8个地区优势植物的土壤作为研究对象,探究不同经度下土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征。结果表明:土壤碳、氮和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量随经度整体呈现出先减少后增加的变化趋势,土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷与土壤碳氮之间存在耦合关系,对环境因子的响应具有一致性。土壤磷含量空间分布比较稳定。土壤碳氮比为8左右,土壤有机碳与全氮的空间分布具有一致性。土壤微生物生物量碳氮比为9左右,微生物生物量氮磷比为5左右,反映了土壤微生物生物量碳氮、氮磷的比值较稳定,但土壤微生物生物量碳磷比呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势。土壤养分及土壤微生物量碳氮磷与土壤水分含量相关性较强。土壤养分与土壤微生物量碳氮磷及其生态化学计量是环境因子综合作用的结果。     

Evaluation of soil quality parameters in a tropical paddy soil amended with rice residues and tree litters

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the effects of applications of rice residue and Pongamia pinnata and Azadirachta indica leaf litters on biochemical properties (extraction yield of humus, composition of humus, microbial biomass carbon, activities of urease and acid phosphatase) of a lowland rice soil under flooded conditions. Bulk soil sample collected from the Mandya paddy fields was used for the green house trials and the laboratory incubation studies. The organic materials were added at three rates – zero, 25.0 g carbon kg⁻¹ (2.5% C) and 50.0 g carbon kg⁻¹ dry soil (5.0% C). Results showed that tree leaf litter and rice residue at 5.0% C rate decreased instantaneous decay constant (k), there by retarded the rate of C mineralization. Carbon contents of HA increased with the rate of C added. Study of delta–log K values and C contents of humic acids revealed that greatest molecular weight of HA was in the pongamia litter treatment, followed by neem litter and rice residue. Grain and straw yields of rice crop in the pot culture study were statistically correlated to the soil quality parameters. Neem and pongamia tree litter incorporation at 2.5% C could be considered for improving soil health and crop yields of rice under flooded conditions; however, application at higher rates significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lowered total dry matter production in rice, despite favorable soil health parameters such as humic yields, microbial biomass – C content and acid phosphatase and urease activity. Among different soil health parameters, microbial quotient was found to be more sensitive indicator of decline in soil quality.     

不同有机物料还田对华北农田土壤固碳的影响及原因分析

中国农业面临着废弃物数量大、污染严重,农田土壤生产力低的现实问题。该研究以增加农田土壤固碳为目标对砂质农田进行有机物料还田,将秸秆、猪粪、沼渣和生物炭4种物料用尿素调节等氮还田,对农田土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的含量进行测定,并探究不同有机物料还田对土壤有机碳的影响原因。研究结果表明:物料还田3a后,生物炭、猪粪和沼渣处理土壤有机碳(SOC)比秸秆处理分别高262.4%、26.8%和20.7%;2014—2015年生物炭处理的土壤微生物量碳(MBC)较秸秆处理降低2.9%~35.5%,猪粪处理和沼渣处理的土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)分别提高17.1%~60.1%和7.2%~64.8%;2014—2015年生物炭、猪粪和沼渣处理土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)较秸秆处理提高10.8%~148.2%、9.5%~58.3%和11.3%~57.6%;物料还田后,土壤总有机碳(TOC)和POC呈极显著的回归关系(R2=0.67,P0.001),土壤DOC与MBC有极显著相关性(R2=0.52,P0.001)。与秸秆还田相比,生物炭还田有利于土壤POC的累积进而促进土壤有机碳的提升,猪粪和沼渣则通过提高土壤MBC、DOC和POC的含量,促进土壤有机碳的周转和固定。从农田土壤固碳角度而言,生物炭,猪粪和沼渣还田优于秸秆还田。