图像形态学在苹果自动分级视觉信息处理中果梗判别与边缘检测中的应用

首先指出果梗判别在苹果自动分级系统中的研究意义,进而列出到目前为止较有代表性的四种判别果梗的方法,每种方法均有其优缺点,在此基础上提出了利用图像形态学可以更好地进行果梗判别,同时还能检测边缘,最后对该算法进行了系统评估,并为提高处理速度进行了的改进。     

采用改进Mask R-CNN算法定位鲜食葡萄疏花夹持点

为实现鲜食葡萄疏花机械化与自动化,该研究提出了一种鲜食葡萄疏花夹持点定位方法。首先基于ResNeXt骨干网络并融合路径增强,改进Mask R-CNN模型,解决鲜食葡萄花穗、果梗目标较小难以检测的问题;进而针对花穗、果梗生长姿态的复杂性与不确定性,提出一种集合逻辑算法,该算法采用IoU函数剔除重复检测的花穗与果梗,建立花穗、果梗对,并对果梗掩模进行形态学开运算,利用集合关系获取主果梗掩模,确定以主果梗质心附近的中心点为果梗的夹持点。最后,随机选取测试集中的图像进行试验。试验结果表明：果梗夹持点平均定位准确率为83.3%,平均定位时间为0.325 s,夹持点x、y方向定位误差及定位总误差最大值分别为10、12和16像素,能够满足鲜食葡萄疏花的定位精度与速度要求,可为实现鲜食葡萄疏花机械化与自动化提供理论支撑。     

基于相移算法的苹果果梗/花萼检测方法

由于苹果表面缺陷与果梗/花萼具有相似的灰度特征,通过传统机器视觉方法难以对两者进行有效区分。为避免苹果果梗/花萼对其表面缺陷识别造成干扰,该研究提出了一种基于相移算法的苹果果梗/花萼检测方法。通过搭建条纹投影系统,投影仪投射三步相移条纹至苹果样本,摄像机同步采集经苹果表面调制的条纹图像;通过分析发现果梗/花萼区域的条纹图像凹凸性与正常区域存在明显差异,利用三步相移算法恢复条纹图像的截断相位,结合相位偏移、阈值分割和二维凸包算法便可检测出苹果果梗/花萼。试验结果表明：该方法能够有效地区分果梗/花萼和表面缺陷,识别出不同位置和角度的果梗/花萼,整体准确率可达到99.12%;同时能够满足在线检测需求,平均处理时间约为0.479s。该研究可为苹果外观品质检测提供技术支持。     

基于级联视觉检测的樱桃番茄自动采收系统设计与试验

樱桃番茄串生长姿态多样、果实成熟度不一，采摘机器人进行“粒收”作业时，常面临果梗干涉末端执行器、成熟度判断错误等问题，导致采摘效率低下、难以有效实现分级采收。针对上述问题，该研究提出一种级联视觉检测流程，包括采收目标检测、目标果实特性判别、果实与果梗位置关系判断3个关键环节。首先根据农艺要求按成熟度将番茄果实分为4个等级，引入YOLOv5目标检测模型对番茄串和番茄果实进行检测并输出成熟度等级，实现分期采收。然后对果实与果梗的相对位置进行判断，利用MobileNetv3网络模型对膨胀包围盒进行果实与果梗相对位置关系判断，实现末端执行器采摘位姿控制。日光温室实际测试结果表明，本文提出的级联检测系统平均推理用时22ms，在IOU(intersectionoverunion)阈值为0.5的情况下，樱桃番茄串与果实的平均检测精度达到89.9%，满足采摘机器人的视觉检测精度和实时性要求，相比末端执行器以固定角度靠近待采目标的方法，本文方法采收效率提升28.7个百分点。研究结果可为各类果蔬采摘机器人研究提供参考。     

基于深度学习的葡萄果梗识别与最优采摘定位

针对葡萄采摘机器人在采摘作业中受果园环境干扰,难以准确识别与分割葡萄果梗及定位采摘点的问题,该研究根据葡萄生长的特点提出一种基于深度学习的葡萄果梗识别与最优采摘定位方法。首先通过改进掩膜区域卷积神经网络(Mask Region with Convolutional Neural Network,Mask R-CNN)模型对果梗进行识别与粗分割;然后结合阈值分割思想对果梗的色调、饱和度、亮度(Hue Saturation Value,HSV)色彩空间进行分段式提取,取每段色彩平均值作为该段果梗基准颜色阈值,利用区域生长算法对果梗进行精细化分割;最后计算果梗图像区域的质心,并以临质心点最近的果梗水平两侧中心作为最终采摘点。试验结果表明,在不同天气光照下该方法对葡萄果梗的检测精确率平均值为88%;在果梗成功识别后最优采摘点定位准确率达99.43%,单幅图像的果梗采摘定位平均耗时为4.90s,对比改进前Mask R-CNN检测耗时减少了0.99 s,F1-得分提高了3.24%,检测效率明显提升,该研究为葡萄采摘机器人提供了一种采摘点定位方法。     

番茄果实串采摘点位置信息获取与试验

针对番茄收获机器人在采摘过程中果实串采摘点位置难以确定的问题,提出了基于果梗骨架角点计算方法,并利用该算法对番茄果实串果梗采摘点进行位置信息获取:首先采用最大类间方差分割法进行目标果实串分割,通过形态学方法和阈值法去除干扰,提取出目标果实串分割图像;根据果实串的质心和果串的轮廓边界确定果梗的感兴趣区域,采用快速并行细化算法提取果梗的骨架,利用Harris算法检测得到果实串第一个果实分叉点与植株主干之间果梗骨架角点,通过计算获得采摘点位置信息。然后进行验证试验,利用双目视觉图像采集系统采集了60组果实串图像并获取果梗采摘点位置信息,结果表明,采摘点位置成功率为90%,为采摘机器人提供准确的采摘位置信息。     

基于多目标识别的葡萄果串采摘点定位方法

为减少采摘点定位不当导致末端碰撞损伤结果枝与果串，致使采摘失败及损伤率提高等问题，该研究提出了基于深度学习与葡萄关键结构多目标识别的采摘点定位方法。首先，通过改进YOLACT++模型对结果枝、果梗、果串等葡萄关键结构进行识别与分割；结合关键区域间的相交情况、相对位置，构建同串葡萄关键结构从属判断与合并方法。最后设计了基于结构约束与范围再选的果梗低碰撞感兴趣区域(region of interest, ROI)选择方法，并以该区域果梗质心为采摘点。试验结果表明，相比于原始的YOLACT++，G-YOLACT++边界框和掩膜平均精度均值分别提升了0.83与0.88个百分点；对单串果实、多串果实样本关键结构从属判断与合并的正确率分别为88%、90%，对关键结构不完整的果串剔除正确率为92.3%；相较于以ROI中果梗外接矩形的中心、以模型识别果梗的质心作为采摘点的定位方法，该研究采摘点定位方法的成功率分别提升了10.95、81.75个百分点。该研究为葡萄采摘机器人的优化提供了技术支持，为非结构化环境中的串类果实采摘机器人的低损收获奠定基础。     

基于激光散斑的梨缺陷与果梗/花萼的识别

为了测试利用激光散斑技术区分梨的缺陷与果梗/花萼的可行性,建立了激光散斑图像采集系统,对皇冠梨缺陷(腐烂)部位以及完好部位(花萼/果梗,无缺陷部位)分别进行了激光散斑图像的采集。利用Fujii方法(Fujii’s method)和加权广义差分方法(weighted generalized differences,WGD)对512幅散斑图像进行分析,对得到的Fujii和WGD结果图进行灰度共生矩阵特征提取,分别提取了角二阶矩、熵、惯性矩和相关性相应的均值及标准差,共计16组特征量。利用ROC曲线(receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC)进行特征量选取,结合约登指数测试单一特征量的分类效果,并利用二元logistic回归方法对所选特征量两两组合进行分析,结果显示基于WGD方法得到的角二阶矩均值与相关性标准差相结合在区分缺陷时效果最好,建模和预测准确率均达到了97.5%。试验的结果表明利用激光散斑图像方法对梨缺陷与果梗/花萼进行识别是可行的。     

基于RGB-D信息融合和目标检测的番茄串采摘点识别定位方法

采摘点的识别与定位是智能采摘的关键技术,也是实现高效、适时、无损采摘的重要保证。针对复杂背景下番茄串采摘点识别定位问题,提出基于RGB-D信息融合和目标检测的番茄串采摘点识别定位方法。通过YOLOv4目标检测算法和番茄串与对应果梗的连通关系,快速识别番茄串和可采摘果梗的感兴趣区域（Region of Interest,ROI）;融合RGB-D图像中的深度信息和颜色特征识别采摘点,通过深度分割算法、形态学操作、K-means聚类算法和细化算法提取果梗图像,得到采摘点的图像坐标;匹配果梗深度图和彩色图信息,得到采摘点在相机坐标系下的精确坐标;引导机器人完成采摘任务。研究和大量现场试验结果表明,该方法可在复杂近色背景下,实现番茄串采摘点识别定位,单帧图像平均识别时间为54 ms,采摘点识别成功率为93.83%,采摘点深度误差±3 mm,满足自动采摘实时性要求。     

基于Retinex图像增强的不同光照条件下的成熟荔枝识别

为了满足自然环境下荔枝采摘机器人视觉定位系统的有效性和实时性的要求,针对不同光照条件的荔枝彩色图像,采用基于双边滤波的Retinex图像增强算法凸显图像中的荔枝果实和果梗,对增强处理后的图像在HSI颜色空间中进行H分量旋转的处理,再对旋转处理后的H分量进行Otsu自动阈值分割去除荔枝图像果实和果梗外的复杂背景;然后通过将双三次插值算法和传统的模糊C均值（FuzzyC-Mean）算法融合,对去背景后的荔枝图像在YCbCr颜色空间中进行Cr分量模糊聚类分割,实现荔枝果实和果梗的识别。荔枝图像的分割试验结果表明：该算法对晴天顺光、逆光、遮阴、阴天顺光等光照条件的荔枝图像能够有效地分割,对阴天弱光照、果实被遮阴条件下的荔枝也能较好的识别,并保持荔枝果实和果梗区域的完整性,4种光照条件荔枝图像分割正确率分别为96%、90%、89.3%和88.9%,成熟荔枝识别的正确率达到了90.9%,该研究为水果采摘机器人的室外作业的实时性和有效性提供指导。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.