基于小波变换的番茄总糖近红外无损检测

分别采用小波消噪、常数偏移消除等11种光谱预处理方法,对番茄总糖含量（质量分数）的近红外光谱进行预处理,通过偏最小二乘法定量校正模型预测值比较得出,小波消噪是适合番茄近红外光谱的最佳预处理方法,小波消噪的总糖质量分数近红外光谱优选区域为11 998.9～6 097.8 cm-1和4 601.3～4 246.5 cm-1,在此光谱区内建立的番茄总糖质量分数偏最小二乘法模型预测值与实测值的相关系数为0.930,内部交叉验证均方差为0.466%,校正标准差为0.469%,预测标准差为0.260%。试验结果表明：小波消噪后建立的近红外光谱模型能准确地对番茄总糖含量进行快速无损检测。     

霉变稻谷脂肪酸含量的光谱检测模型构建与优化分析

为了实现霉变稻谷脂肪酸含量无损、快速检测,该文研究应用可见/近红外光谱技术检测霉变稻谷的脂肪酸含量。考虑到直接选用霉变稻谷可见/近红外光谱数据构建脂肪酸含量预测模型存在建模费时、预测失准等问题,研究提出了霉变稻谷脂肪酸含量的可见/近红外优化校正模型。研究中通过光谱-理化值共生距离(sample set partitioning based on joint xy distance,SPXY)算法结合偏最小二乘法初步分析了不同校正集样本预测霉变稻谷脂肪酸含量的差异;利用连续投影算法(SPA)提取了反映霉变稻谷脂肪酸含量变化的特征波段;采用偏最小二乘法(partial least square,PLS)和多元线性回归法(multivariable linear regression,MLR)分别建立了基于特征波段光谱反射值的霉变稻谷脂肪酸含量预测模型,并对比分析了采用SPXY样本集划分的模型预测效果。结果表明:采用SPXY法筛选出的65个校正集样本分布与初始校正集相近,脂肪酸含量变化范围为18.55~127.26 mg,其标准差为32.39;SPA算法最终从256个全光谱波段中优选出9个特征波段,实现了光谱数据的压缩;分别建立的SPXY-SPA-PLSR模型和SPXY-SPA-MLR模型预测霉变稻谷脂肪酸含量相关系数RP为0.922 1和0.915 9,预测均方根误差RMSEP为13.889 3和14.261 0;SPXY筛选校正集所构建模型预测精度与初始校正集所建模型相当,但校正集样本数量减少为初始校正集的41%,运算时长缩短为初始样本集的32%,提高了模型的校正速度。     

利用近红外高光谱图像技术快速鉴别西瓜种子品种

为了研究采用近红外高光谱图像技术对西瓜种子品种快速无损鉴别的可行性,该文采用近红外高光谱图像技术,通过提取西瓜种子的光谱反射率,结合Savitzky-Golay (SG)平滑算法,经验模态分解算法（empirical mode decomposition,EMD）和小波分析（wavelet transform,WT）对提取出的光谱数据进行去除噪声处理,采用连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）和遗传-偏最小二乘法（genetic algorithm-partial least squares, GA-PLS）进行特征波长选择。基于全波段光谱建立了偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）,基于特征波长建立了反向传播神经网络（back-propagation neural network,BP NN)判别模型和极限学习机（extreme learning machine,ELM）判别模型。试验结果表明,基于特征波长的BPNN模型和ELM模型的结果优于基于全部波长的PLS-DA模型,基于SG预处理光谱提取的特征波长建立的ELM模型取得最优的判别效果,建模集和预测集的判别正确率均为100%。结果表明应用近红外高光谱成像技术对西瓜种子品种鉴别是可行的,为西瓜种子的品种快速鉴别提供了一种新方法。     

南果梨糖、酸度近红外光谱模型适用的贮藏期研究

为确定南果梨糖、酸度可见-近红外光谱模型对不同贮藏期南果梨的适用性和适用时间,进行了贮藏期间南果梨糖、酸度和光谱变化的方差分析,利用偏最小二乘法（PLS）法建立采后6 d的南果梨糖、酸度模型,并分析所建模型对不同贮藏期间样品的预测性能,试验结果表明：常温条件下采后18 d内南果梨糖、酸含量和光谱的变化趋势一致,而冷藏条件下120 d内糖、酸含量和光谱的变化趋势不完全一致;但采后6 d所建立的糖、酸度模型校正相关系数均高于0.83,模型对常温下采后12 d内、采后冷藏120 d内的样品预测相关系数均在0.80以上,表明模型能满足一定贮藏时期内样品的预测要求,为南果梨近红外分级技术的应用提供了依据。     

马铃薯黑心病和单薯质量的透射高光谱检测方法

针对单一检测技术不能同时检测马铃薯内外品质的多项指标,采用透射高光谱成像技术并融合光谱和图像信息,对其内部黑心病、质量指标进行检测。通过透射高光谱成像系统获取266个样本高光谱图像（400～1000 nm）,并提取光谱和图像二者信息。采用不同变量选择方法对光谱进行变量选择,用9个光谱变量建立检测马铃薯黑心病偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA）模型与质量偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares, PLS）模型;提取样本透射高光谱图像的面积信息,建立基于光谱-图像的检测马铃薯质量PLS模型。试验结果表明,黑心样本识别率为100%,识别最小黑心面积为1.88 cm2;基于光谱-图像所建立质量检测模型预测效果较好,其预测集相关系数(Rp)为0.99,预测均方根误差(RMSEP）为10.88。结果表明：采用透射高光谱成像技术并融合图像和光谱信息对马铃薯内部黑心病、质量同时进行检测是可行的。     

冬枣氮素含量预测模型中特征波长选择方法的应用

为了提高近红外光谱法快速测定枣叶氮含量的准确性和鲁棒性。采用偏最小二乘法建立了冬枣叶片氮含量近红外光谱模型。模型的相关系数为0.799,均方根误差为0.055。整个光谱区域包含了许多与冬枣氮含量无关的光谱变量。冗余信息的存在降低了模型的预测性能。所以采用间隔偏最小二乘(IPLS)结合遗传算法和模拟退火算法来选择冬枣叶片氮含量的特征波长。用凯氏定氮法测定冬枣叶样品的氮含量。试验选用15棵枣树,每棵树5个叶片作为试验对象。用于光谱测量的仪器是ASD光谱仪,测试仪在350~2 500 nm波长范围内,光谱分辨率为1 nm。在数据采集前使用了白板进行校正(标准白板反射系数为1),每个样品测量了5次,取平均值作为样品的相对反射率。遗传算法结合间隔偏最小二乘法选取的4个特征波长为685,689,781,783 nm。根据这4个波长,建立了冬枣叶片氮含量近红外光谱模型。模型预测相关系数为0.9175,预测均方根误差为0.063。利用模拟退火算法,建立了7个波长的冬枣叶片氮含量的近红外光谱模型。模型的相关系数为0.9301,均方根误差为0.052。因此,近红外光谱结合光谱选择方法的特点,可以有效地提高模型的精度,使模型更实用。但光谱选择方法的特点并不普遍。基于单波长变量选择的模型更为敏感,更适用于均匀采样。基于波长间隔选择的模型抗干扰能力相对较强,但更适合于不均匀采样。因此,基于状态与模型相结合的特征选择可以更好地应用于模型。     

冬枣氮素含量预测模型中特征波长选择方法的应用（英文）

为了提高近红外光谱法快速测定枣叶氮含量的准确性和鲁棒性。采用偏最小二乘法建立了冬枣叶片氮含量近红外光谱模型。模型的相关系数为0.799,均方根误差为0.055。整个光谱区域包含了许多与冬枣氮含量无关的光谱变量。冗余信息的存在降低了模型的预测性能。所以采用间隔偏最小二乘(IPLS)结合遗传算法和模拟退火算法来选择冬枣叶片氮含量的特征波长。用凯氏定氮法测定冬枣叶样品的氮含量。试验选用15棵枣树,每棵树5个叶片作为试验对象。用于光谱测量的仪器是ASD光谱仪,测试仪在350~2 500 nm波长范围内,光谱分辨率为1 nm。在数据采集前使用了白板进行校正(标准白板反射系数为1),每个样品测量了5次,取平均值作为样品的相对反射率。遗传算法结合间隔偏最小二乘法选取的4个特征波长为685,689,781,783 nm。根据这4个波长,建立了冬枣叶片氮含量近红外光谱模型。模型预测相关系数为0.9175,预测均方根误差为0.063。利用模拟退火算法,建立了7个波长的冬枣叶片氮含量的近红外光谱模型。模型的相关系数为0.9301,均方根误差为0.052。因此,近红外光谱结合光谱选择方法的特点,可以有效地提高模型的精度,使模型更实用。但光谱选择方法的特点并不普遍。基于单波长变量选择的模型更为敏感,更适用于均匀采样。基于波长间隔选择的模型抗干扰能力相对较强,但更适合于不均匀采样。因此,基于状态与模型相结合的特征选择可以更好地应用于模型。     

基于变量选择的蚕茧茧层量可见-近红外光谱无损检测

以蚕茧茧层量为研究对象,研究了基于可见-近红外光谱技术的蚕茧茧层量无损检测方法。采用最小二乘支持向量机（least square-support vector machine,LS-SVM）建立可见-近红外光谱模型。采用无信息变量消除算法（uninformative variable elimination, UVE）与连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm, SPA）相结合选取光谱有效波长。结果表明,基于UVE-SPA法进行变量选择,最终将原始光谱的600个光谱变量减少到了8个（673,937,963,982,989,992,995和1 008 nm）。基于此8个变量建立的LS-SVM模型得到了预测集的确定系数（Rp2）为0.5354,误差均方根（RMSEP）为0.0373的预测结果。表明可见-近红外光谱可以用于对蚕茧的茧层量进行无损检测,同时UVE-SPA是一种有效的光谱变量选择方法。     

蛋壳品质的近红外光谱检测分析

蛋壳品质对蛋品孵化、贮存和运输均有重要影响。为了探索近红外光谱技术快速检测蛋壳品质的方法,该文在鸡蛋蛋壳品质指标相关性分析的基础上进行了蛋壳品质的近红外光谱检测分析,研究比较了不同建模方法、不同光谱预处理方法和不同波段范围对预测结果的影响。结果表明：在5段特征波长范围内建立的经过多元散射校正的偏最小二乘回归（PLSR,partial least squares regression）模型对蛋壳强度的预测结果最好,相关系数r为0.86,校正、预测均方根误差分别为4.42、7.53 N;同时蛋壳百分比（蛋壳质量/蛋质量）的PLSR模型的相关系数r为0.92,校正、预测误差分别为0.313%、0.529%;蛋壳厚度的PLSR模型的相关系数r为0.81,校正、预测误差分别为0.0176、0.0234 mm。研究结果表明应用近红外光谱技术预测蛋壳品质是可行的,为蛋壳品质的快速无损检测提供了一种新的方法。     

基于漫反射光谱的茶园土壤硝态氮检测

该文研究了充分利用土壤漫反射光谱在可见-近红外波段的有效信息,研究快速准确检测土壤硝态氮含量的新方法。试验选取89个风干土壤样本,经粉碎过直径1 mm筛孔后,使用 FieldSpec 3便携式光谱仪（光谱波长范围：400～2 500 nm）,获取其漫反射光谱。检查各土样的原始光谱的有效性并进行平均,经偏最小二乘法partial least squares（PLS）聚类分析后,选取其中的63个样本构成校正集建立模型,10个样本构成预测集进行模型验证。通过一阶微分与滑动平均滤波相结合的预处理方法,用15个主成分建立的主成分+神经网络模型为最好,其校正模型的回判相关系数为0.9908,均方根误差（RMSEC）为1.4528,预测模型的相关系数为0.7179。研究结果表明,利用可见-近红外光谱技术可以准确地检测茶园土壤硝态氮含量。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.