基于低场核磁共振的热风干燥过程花生仁含水率预测模型

为研究热风干燥过程中花生仁内部水分的变化规律,该文采用热空气对开农71、开农8834-9、天府3号3个品种的湿花生进行干燥,监测干燥过程中花生果、花生仁与花生壳含水率的变化;并利用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)研究干燥过程中花生仁内部自由水、弱结合水和结合水的变化情况;建立花生仁水分弛豫峰占比与其含水率之间的数学关系,提出了一种花生含水率的快速检测方法。结果表明,由于花生仁和花生壳化学组成不同,仁和壳干燥曲线呈现不同的变化趋势。LF-NMR弛豫图谱显示干燥过程中,自由水弛豫峰逐渐消失,结合水和弱结合水弛豫峰面积无明显变化规律,油脂峰峰面积基本不变,说明花生仁在干燥过程中油脂的含量无明显变化。建立的花生仁国标法实测含水率y与核磁共振弛豫谱图得到的总水分峰占比(T21+T22+T23)的拟合方程R2为0.888 4。经验证,该方程能较好地对未知含水率的花生仁样品进行预测。因此,低场核磁共振技术可以用于花生仁含水率的快速检测。     

基于低场核磁共振的热风干燥猕猴桃切片含水率预测模型

为研究猕猴桃切片热风干燥过程中水分迁移规律,该试验通过对猕猴桃切片进行热风干燥,考察不同干燥温度(70、80、90℃)、切片厚度(3、4、5 mm)下的干燥特性。试验采用直接干燥法测定含水率,运用低场核磁共振技术(Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR)分析热风干燥过程中猕猴桃切片内部水分分布状态与变化规律,建立动力学模型,验证并预测。结果表明:猕猴桃切片热风干燥开始为外部控制,随后属于内部扩散控制,水分有效扩散系数范围为1.58×10-7～4.18×10-7 m2/s,扩散效率随温度升高而增大。升高温度能显著提高猕猴桃干燥速率,可加快结合水、不易流动水以及自由水的迁移。自由水和结合水先于不易流动水发生变化,自由水含量在干燥前期逐渐下降,此过程中不易流动水和结合水含量均表现为先升高后降低的趋势。当自由水被脱除后,不易流动水和结合水含量依次达到最大值;此后,随着干燥的进行,不易流动水逐渐被脱除,此时结合水含量开始下降直至干燥结束。整个干燥过程中,猕猴桃切片部分自由水先转化为不易流动水和结合水,结合水与不易流动水相互转化,循环往复伴随整个干燥过程。以干燥过程中的自由水、结合水、不易流动水的核磁峰值总和、切片厚度和干燥温度为自变量,猕猴桃切片含水率为因变量,进行多元线性回归分析,建立含水率预测模型,模型的拟合优度为0.982。结果表明,低场核磁共振技术结合数学模型可用于描述猕猴桃切片热风干燥过程,可实现对猕猴桃切片干燥过程中含水率的快速、无损检测,研究结果可为猕猴桃热风干燥工艺和过程设计提供理论依据。     

牛肉干中红外-热风组合干燥工艺中水分迁移规律

为研究牛肉干中红外-热风组合(combined mid-infrared and hot air,CMIHA)干燥过程中水分迁移的规律,进而阐明这种干燥工艺的合理性,在干燥温度70℃,辐射强度0.48 W/cm2,辐射距离8 cm,风速1 m/s的条件下,通过对比牛肉干CMIHA干燥和热风(hot air,HA)干燥的干燥曲线、热收缩率及测定水分扩散率、内外温差等指标,研究了牛肉干CMIHA干燥过程中水分迁移变化;借助水分低场核磁共振波谱(low field magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)及氢质子成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术分析牛肉干CMIHA干燥和HA干燥过程中水分的状态变化及分布,比较2种干燥方法对牛肉干内部3种状态水的横向弛豫时间、含量、信号幅度及H质子密度的影响,揭示CMIHA干燥牛肉干水分迁移规律。结果表明,与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥能够显著提高(p0.05)干燥过程中牛肉干的内、外部温度及其温差,显著降低牛肉干收缩率(p0.05),从而提高CMIHA干燥的水分扩散率(p0.05),加快水分的迁移,提高干燥效率(p0.05);这是由于干燥初期CMIHA干燥能够显著提高牛肉干不易流动水和自由水的横向弛豫时间(p0.05),加快内部不易流动水向自由水的转变,不易流动水的含量、信号幅度显著降低(p0.05),自由水的含量、信号幅度显著提高(p0.05),促进自由水扩散至物料表面而散失;此外,2种干燥方法对牛肉干干燥过程中结合水的影响差异不显著(p0.05)。研究结果为CMIHA干燥在牛肉干生产上的应用提供了理论依据。     

不同干燥方式下黄牛肉水分分布迁移规律研究

为探索不同干燥方式对宁夏泾源黄牛肉水分分布特性及迁移规律的影响,本试验采用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)结合干燥曲线,对中红外联合电加热(MICEH)、中红外(MI)、低温真空(LTV)3种干燥方式进行对比研究。结果表明,相同加热功率下泾源黄牛肉湿基含水率由72%降至20%以下所需时间分别为330、420和450 min,平均干燥速率分别为0.417 9、0.330 8和0.309 9 g·g^-1·h^-1;牛肉湿基含水率达到35%左右时,结合水峰积分面积A₂₁明显降低,湿基含水率达到25%时,结合水的信号消失,不易流动水的波峰明显左移;不同干燥方式下,牛肉湿基含水率与核磁共振峰积分面积总和均呈显著的线性关系(P<0.05),其中MICEH干燥的线性回归方程为y=16 913x-1 102.3(R²=0.985 2);MICEH干燥前期水分下降较快,而后期水分扩散速率低于MI及LTV干燥(P<0.05),但在相近含水状态下MICEH干燥的氢质子密度分布相对均匀,牛肉干燥品质较高。本研究结果为MICEH在牛肉干燥生产上的应用提供了试验依据,也为MICEH干燥技术的改进提供了理论参考。     

基于LF-NMR及不同干燥方法的哈密瓜片含水率预测模型

为建立稳健、适用范围更广的哈密瓜片含水率预测模型,采用不同干燥方法(热风干燥(Hot Air drying,HA)和红外辐射干燥(Infrared drying,IR)),在相同温度水平下(50、60、70℃)对哈密瓜片进行干燥,采用低场核磁共振技术(Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR)对比分析干燥过程的水分迁移规律及2种干燥方法间的差异,并结合化学计量学方法建立含水率预测模型。结果表明:无论HA还是IR,一定温度范围内高温有利于提高干燥速率,缩短干燥时间;且IR与HA相比干燥时间缩短20.0%~37.5%。经LF-NMR分析,在HA和IR过程中,自由水峰面积逐渐降低,不易流动水峰面积及结合水峰面积呈波动变化;自由水峰顶横向弛豫时间不断降低,不易流动水峰顶横向弛豫时间因干燥方式和干燥温度的差异呈不同的变化趋势;与HA过程中结合水峰顶横向弛豫时间逐渐降低不同,其在IR干燥初期短暂上升,后呈下降趋势。基于HA、IR数据集结合化学计量学方法建立的哈密瓜片含水率预测模型中,偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR)模型具有更好的性能,模型预测决定系数R_P² 大于0.99,表明PLSR结合LF-NMR可实现哈密瓜片含水率的快速检测,且不受干燥方法不同引起水分状态差异的影响。研究结果为基于LF-NMR和多加工手段的果蔬含水率预测模型的建立提供参考。     

莲子薄层热风干燥特性与水分变化规律

为了解莲子干燥过程中水分传递过程,监控、预测水分变化,该文通过开展莲子薄层热风干燥试验,考察了莲子在不同干燥温度(50、60、70、80、90℃)下干燥特性,建立了莲子热风干燥试验模型;利用低场核磁共振技术(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR),弛豫时间(transverse relaxation time,T2)和成像(nuclear magnetic resonance imaging,MRI),考察了干燥过程中莲子内部水分分布状态与变化规律。结果表明,莲子干燥一直处于降速干燥段;干燥温度显著影响干燥过程(P0.05),干燥温度升高,干燥时间缩短;通过比较4种数学模型,发现莲子干燥过程采用Midilli模型(决定系数R20.998)进行准确模拟(相对误差E10%);有效扩散系数在6.056 7×10-10~1.660 3×10-9 m2/s之间,并随着干燥温度的升高而增大;活化能为24.268 5 k J/mol。核磁共振试验表明,半结合水是莲子的特征水分,占新鲜莲子总水分的85.59%,其脱除过程呈现指数特征(R20.91);干燥过程中,不同状态的水分流动性变差。莲子内部存在水分梯度,表层最先失去水分,莲芯水分最后脱除;干燥终止时,剩余水分主要存在于莲芯部位。MRI为确定莲子干燥终点提供了直观的参考依据。研究结果可为控制莲子热风干燥过程、优化干燥工艺参数提供理论依据。     

盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发过程低场核磁共振研究

为探究盐胁迫对玉米种子萌发过程中水分的分布和种子活性的影响，以非糯性玉米郑单958种子为检测对象，对不同NaCl浓度（0 nmol/L，50 nmol/L，100 nmol/L，150 nmol/L，200 nmol/L）环境下试验样本进行低场核磁共振成像以及核磁共振波谱试验。结果表明：玉米萌发过程中，胚乳和胚部位的含水率均在0～2 d迅速增加，2 d之后胚乳水分波动增长，而胚部位水分则出现水平波动的现象。随着盐胁迫程度上升，种子发芽率从90%降至0，盐浓度在50 nmol/L及以下时，不同相态水信号幅值变化趋势受盐胁迫影响较小，达到100 nmol/L时自由水信号幅值被抑制在低水平，达到150 nmol/L时结合水和半结合水信号幅值的变化速率均被大幅延缓。T2弛豫谱图中结合水主峰左侧出现信号微弱，弛豫时间为0.1 ms～1 ms的副峰，副峰的出现和玉米种子发芽密切关联，是一种标志着种子发芽的结合水。试验为玉米种子萌发过程对盐碱胁迫的反应机制后续研究提供理论支持和数据参考。     

真空冷冻干燥不同升温程序对蓝莓干燥特性及品质影响

不同真空冷冻干燥（FD）程序中的温度设定影响果蔬干制品的感官和营养品质。为获得蓝莓FD较优程序，本研究采用差示扫描量热法探究蓝莓热力学特性及玻璃化转变温度（Tg）的变化，采用低场核磁共振技术测定水分分布及含量变化，以收缩率、花青素含量和质构品质为指标，探究5种FD不同升温程序对蓝莓脆干燥特性和营养品质的影响。结果表明，超声处理后蓝莓共晶点、共熔点和Tg无显著变化；随着蓝莓含水率的降低，其Tg升高，蓝莓中的自由水先转换为不易流动水，随后不易流动水转换为自由水和结合水。FD不同程序设定下，蓝莓脆粒的收缩率、色泽、感官和营养品质变化显著（P<0.05）。程序2干燥后蓝莓脆粒的收缩率最小，程序1干燥后蓝莓脆粒的脆性最大，程序5干燥后蓝莓硬度最大；程序4干燥后蓝莓△E值最大，程序1干燥后蓝莓脆粒的维生素C(Vc)含量最高、抗氧化活性较高。综合考虑，确定较优FD程序为程序2:0℃（2 h）→5℃（2 h）→10℃（2 h）→20℃（2 h）→30℃（2 h）→40℃（2 h）→50℃（12 h）。本研究结果为蓝莓脆产品开发提供了理论基础。     

玉米种子萌发过程内部水分流动规律的低场核磁共振检测

为研究玉米种子萌发过程中内部水分的流动规律,分析其内部生理代谢状态,该文利用低场核磁共振技术,连续60 h对3个品种玉米种子的吸胀、萌动和发芽3个阶段的萌发过程进行动态监测。分别在萌发时间为0、12、36和60 h这4个典型的萌发时刻,对处于25和31℃的2个恒温萌发环境中的玉米种子进行核磁共振横向弛豫时间信号采集,并通过反演运算得到其横向弛豫时间T_2反演谱。试验结果表明:通过横向弛豫时间可以将玉米种子内部水分划分为结合水(0.1T_210 ms)、半结合水(10T_2100 ms)及自由水(100T_21 000 ms)3种水分相态;随着萌发时间的延长,3个品种玉米种子在2个不同温度的萌发环境中,结合水均呈现先迅速增加后逐渐降低的趋势,自由水均反映为先降低后不断增加的态势,而半结合水和总体水分含量则表现为持续增加的现象;外界温度对3种相态水分含量的影响不尽相同,但提高萌发温度可以明显促进玉米种子吸水,同时提高玉米种子的发芽率。本试验快速并直接揭示了玉米种子在萌发过程中的水分分布情况,可为玉米种子萌发过程的机理研究提供重要参考。     

用低场核磁共振检测水稻浸种过程中种子水分的相态及分布特征

为研究水稻浸种过程中种子的水分相态及其分布特征,利用低场核磁共振快速、无损、准确的检测技术,通过硬脉冲回波序列CPMG(carr-purcell-meiboom-gill sequence)测量水稻种子横向弛豫时间T2,根据横向弛豫时间T2的差异区分种子内部的水分相态及其变化规律。试验结果表明:通过T2反演谱横向弛豫时间T2长短的差异,发现水稻浸种过程中种子内部水分存在结合水、自由水2种水分状态,同时可区分出内层水、中层水、外层水3种水分分层;二者均能通过回归方程合理的估测水稻在浸种过程中种子的吸水率情况;通过T2反演谱信号幅值大小的差异,发现水稻浸种过程中的种子总水含量不断上升,但由于判定依据及划分方式的不同,二者在水分的流动方式上略显差异。低场核磁共振技术对水稻浸种过程中种子内部的水分变化进行了直观的揭示,提供了一种高效的种子水分检测方法。     

Fe(III)-EDDHA and -EDDHMA sorption on Ca-montmorillonite, ferrihydrite, and peat.

The effectiveness of Fe chelates as Fe sources and carriers in soil can be severely limited by the adsorption of Fe chelates or chelating agents in the solid phase. To study this phenomenon, well-characterized peat, Ca-montmorillonite, and ferrihydrite were used as model compounds, and the adsorption of Fe-EDDHA and Fe-EDDHMA chelates were studied. Sorption isotherms for the meso and racemic isomers of these chelates on the soil materials are described. The variability of sorption with pH in peat and ferrihydrite was also determined because both have variable surface charge at different pH values. In montmorillonite, at low concentrations, the retention of Fe from the Fe-EDDHMA chelate is greater than the one of the Fe-EDDHA chelate. As well as the concentration increased, the inverse situation occurs. The behavior of both meso and racemic isomers of chelates in contact with Ca-montmorillonite is similar. The Fe-meso-EDDHA isomer was highly adsorbed on ferrihydrite, but the racemic isomer is not significantly retained by this oxide. For Fe-EDDHMA isomers, the racemic isomer was more retained by the oxide, but a small sorption of the racemic isomer was also observed. Results suggest that Fe-EDDHA chelates were more retained in peat than Fe-EDDHMA chelates. The most retained isomer of Fe-EDDHA was the meso isomer. For Fe-EDDHMA, the adsorption was very low for both racemic and meso isomers.     

Effect of maturity on chlorophyll, tannin, color, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of sugarcane juice (Saccharum officinarum Var. Yellow Cane)

A study was conducted to determine the effect of sugarcane maturation on the contents of chlorophyll, tannin, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and on color change of sugarcane juice. The maturation period of the cane studied was between 3 and 10 months after planting. Different parts of the cane, namely, the top, middle, and bottom portions, were analyzed. Results obtained indicated that there were significant (P < 0.01) decreases in total chlorophyll a and b and tannin contents during maturity followed by slower rates of decrease of both parameters at the end of maturity stages. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in chlorophyll and tannin contents between the middle and bottom portions. On the other hand, the top portion of the stem had a significantly (P < 0.01) lower concentration of chlorophyll and a significantly (P < 0.01) higher content of tannin. PPO activity of sugarcane juice was determined using chlorogenic acid as a substrate. There was a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) in PPO activity of cane juice during maturity. PPO activity was high at the early development stage, decreased during maturation, and then remained relatively constant at the end of maturity. PPO activity was higher when chlorogenic acid was used as substrate. There were also significant differences (P < 0.01) in juice color (L*, a*, b* values) from different portions at different maturity stages. At the early stages, the color of extracted juice was dark, and then the juice turned to yellowish green during maturity. The decrease in green color or the increase in the yellow color could be associated with the decline in chlorophyll. The overall color change (DeltaE) at maturity indicated that the color of the middle and bottom portions was lower than that of the top portion.     

Cytogenetic analysis of Kengyilia mutica (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen and Baum (Poaceae: Triticeae)

Kengyilia mutica (Keng) Yang, Yen et Baum is a hexaploid perennial grass of the tribe Triticeae native to western central China. The analyzer species with known genomic constitution used to produce interspecific hybrids with the target taxon were Roegneria kamoji Ohwi (StStHHYY), K. hirsuta (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen et Baum (PPStStYY) and K. rigidula (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen et Baum (PPStStYY). Analysis of metaphase I pairing configurations in the F₁ hybrids indicates that K. mutica possesses the P, St and Y genomes, with only minor structural rearrangements. Chromosome pairing in hybrids supports the inclusion of K. mutica in the genus Kengyilia.     

Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) studies of benzoxazinones, their degradation products and analogues. phytotoxicity on standard target species (STS)

Benzoxazinones 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) and 2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA) have been considered key compounds for understanding allelopathic phenomena in Gramineae crop plants such as corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.). The degradation processes in the environment observed for these compounds, in which soil microbes are directly involved, could affect potential allelopathic activity of these plants. We present in this work a complete structure-activity relationships study based on the phytotoxic effects observed for DIMBOA, DIBOA, and their main degradation products, in addition to several synthetic analogues of them. Their effects were evaluated on standard target species (STS), which include Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) and Allium cepa L. (onion) as monocots and Lepidium sativum L. (cress), Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce), and Lycopersicon esculentum Will. (tomato) as dicots. This permitted us to elucidate their ecological role and to propose new herbicide models based on their structures. The best phytotoxicity results were shown by the degradation chemical 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one (APO) and several 2-deoxy derivatives of natural benzoxazinones, including 4-acetoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (ABOA), 4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (D-DIBOA), and 4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (D-DIMBOA). They showed high inhibitory activity over almost all species growth. The fact that APO is a degradation product from DIBOA with high phytotoxicity and stability makes it possible to assign an important ecological role regarding plant defense mechanisms. 2-Deoxy derivatives of natural benzoxazinones display a wide range of activities that allow proposing them as new leads for natural herbicide models with a 1,4-benzoxazine skeleton.     

Metabolism of furametpyr. 2. (14)C excretion, (14)C concentrations in tissues, and amounts of metabolites in rats

14C-Labeled furametpyr [N-(1,3-dihydro-1,1, 3-trimethylisobenzofuran-4-yl)-5-chloro-1, 3-dimethylpyrazole-4-carboxamide, Limber] was dosed to male and female rats at 1 (low dose) and 200 or 300 mg/kg (high dose). Elimination of furametpyr was rapid, and the dosed (14)C was substantially excreted within 7 days (45.5-53.3% in feces, 44.1-53. 8% in urine, and 0.01% in expired air). However, (14)C excretion rate showed sex- and dose-related differences, more rapid in males at low dose. (14)C concentrations in tissues decreased rapidly to generally low levels at 7 days (<0.004 ppm with the low dose and <1. 1 ppm with the high dose). Forty metabolites were detected, and 13 metabolites and 4 glucuronides were identified. A small amount of unchanged furametpyr was detected in feces (0.1-0.5% of the dose). The major metabolites in tissues were N-demethylated metabolites. In a bile study, 52.5-54.2% of the dosed (14)C was rapidly excreted into bile within 2 days. The absorption ratio was estimated to be >93.7% for the low dose (1 mg/kg). Major metabolites in bile were glucuronic acid conjugates of furametpyr hydroxides. On the basis of the results, furametpyr is substantially absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, rapidly distributed to tissues, extensively metabolized, and excreted into urine and bile or feces.