基于分区决策树的省级耕地地力评价——以山西省为例

省级耕地地力评价对快速准确掌握大区域耕地地力水平,有效的进行农业区划并指导农业生产有着重要的作用。本研究在收集分析山西省2005~2014年县域耕地地力评价数据、测土配方施肥采样点数据以及土地利用现状等数据的基础上,运用多尺度指标分区方法将山西省划分为5个区域。基于决策树方法构建了隶属各区的不同评价指标体系并对耕地地力进行了评价与分级,将山西省耕地划分为1~10等地。其中,1至3等地的耕地占总面积的11.56%,该部分耕地地力较高,为山西省的优质耕地;4至6等的耕地占耕地总面积的61.22%,可以通过进行一系列耕地保护措施有效提高耕地质量以提升粮食产量;7至10等的耕地占耕地总面积的27.22%,该部分耕地生产障碍因素突出,应通过加强生态保护继续开展农田建设以提高耕地地力水平。评价结果可为省级耕地资源管理及辅助决策提供依据。     

基于GIS的县域耕地测土配方施肥技术研究

该文以山东广饶县为例,进行了面向管理层面的县域耕地测土配方施肥技术研究.在耕地地力调查分析数据及其地力评价的基础上,采用GIS支持下的"地力分区 目标产量法"确定区域施肥配方.以耕地地力等级图和作物布局图叠加的方法划分配方单元,通过田间试验得到各种参数,通过GIS将配方单元图与相应属性数据模型的联结,采用养分平衡法计算各养分需要量和施肥配方.结果显示,广饶县耕地氮、磷、钾养分含量空间分布差异较大,得到的施肥配方种类较多,全县共有14种施肥配方,其中氮磷钾配方比例分布在1:0.04～1.53:0.05～0.82之间.该研究较好地探索了基于GIS的县域耕地测土配方施肥技术方法,对县域耕地利用和施肥管理工作有积极的指导作用.     

耕地资源管理信息系统的建立及应用——以永济市为例

以山西省永济市为例 ,运用GIS技术建立了耕地资源管理信息系统。该系统采用MapGis管理空间数据库和属性数据库 ,FoxPro管理数据录入、应用模型分析与统计数据库 ;叠加土地利用现状图、基本农田保护区规划图和土壤图 ,形成 6 782个图斑 ,组成空间数据库的基本管理与评价单元 ,使得每个评价单元上土地利用方式一致、土壤类型一致。采用VisualC 语言开发了层次分析、模糊综合评价等应用模型。针对永济市的实际情况 ,经过专家组研究从 6 4个耕地地力调查与质量评价指标中筛选出 15项指标进行评价。对 6 782个评价单元中的每一个评价单元 ,用 15项耕地质量评价指标计算其综合评价指数 ,并以该指数作为耕地质量评价依据。评价结果反映出该市耕地中低产田面积大、施肥结构不合理、忽视盐碱地改造和垆土地改良利用等一系列问题 ,并针对耕地的不同等级所存在的障碍因素提出了相应的建议。该系统可掌握全市耕地地力及质量状况 ,为耕地地力建设与土壤改良利用提供了依据。     

基于GIS与模糊数学的县级耕地地力质量评价研究

以安徽省宣城市宣州区为例,结合开展的测土配方施肥工作,在 GIS 支持下,利用土壤图和土地利用现状图叠置法确定评价单元,选取土壤养分含量和有效性以及立地条件 3 个方面共 14 个因子,建立耕地地力评价体系及其模型,运用层次分析法和模糊数学、综合指数等方法对耕地地力进行综合评价,评价结果符合当地实际,可以为全国测土配方施肥提供方法和技术支持.     

基于RS和GIS的耕地资源质量评价——以浙江省富阳市为例

开展耕地质量调查与评价对更科学地利用有限的耕地资源、提高综合生产能力、遏制耕地质量退化、确保地力等有十分必要的作用.本研究综合运用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对研究区Landsat TM多光谱影像进行了定量分析,最终将富阳耕地质量划分为5个等级.结果表明,一级耕地只占了0.28％,二、三级耕地占了约70％,较差的耕地占了约30％.在此基础上分析了各等级耕地的分布情况并提出了改进建议,探讨了基于RS和GIS技术进行耕地质量评价的意义.     

基于GIS的咸阳市区耕地地力评价——以秦都区为例

采用综合指数法对秦都区耕地地力进行评价。以关中平原的陕西省秦都区为研究区,借助GIS技术,结合层次分析法、模糊数学法等现代统计分析技术,在耕地地力调查的基础上,从立地条件、土壤性质、肥力状况、土壤管理4方面选取12项指标,对研究区耕地地力进行自动化、定量化和可视化评价。结果表明:秦都区耕地地力可分为4级,l—4级地分别占耕地总面积的52.08%,39.72%,7.35%,0.85%,该地区耕地地力水平较高。本研究分析了各级耕地的空间分布特征,对耕地资源的科学管理和可持续利用具有积极意义。该研究结果不仅可以直接应用于研究区农业生产,而且为关中平原开展耕地地力评价的方法进行了有益探索。     

阿克苏市耕地地力评价与改良利用研究

为了掌握阿克苏市耕地地力基本情况和科学指导农业生产,运用GIS技术和综合指数法对阿克苏市耕地土壤进行了地力评价与改良利用分区研究.结果表明,阿克苏市1,2,3级耕地面积占耕地总面积的63.81％,绝大部分耕地处于中上等水平,耕地生产潜力总体较高.地力等级相对较低的耕地主要障碍因素是土壤盐渍化,其次是土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效锌和有效锰的含量相对较低.利用评价结果对阿克苏市现有耕地进行改良利用分区,并提出相应的改良利用措施,实现了耕地改良利用分区的定量化.     

基于GIS的华中丘陵区耕地地力评价研究

在GIS支持下，利用土壤图、土地利用现状图叠置划分法确定评价单元，选取土壤养分状况、理化性状、剖面性状、立地条件、土壤管理等5个方面13个影响因子，建立耕地地力评价体系及其模型。以鄂州市为研究试区，采取专家打分和特尔斐法确定各影响因子的隶属函数，运用层次分析法和模糊数学方法对耕地地力进行综合评价,并就其空间分布进行了分析。结果表明，在该市40892.4 hm²耕地中，一至六等地分别占耕地的3.39%、19.18%、39.21%、31.08%、6.32%、0.82%，这一评价结果符合当地实际。该研究结果不仅直接应用于试区农业生产，而且为我国华中丘陵区开展耕地地力评价在方法上进行了有益探索。     

喀斯特地貌区耕地地力评价与分级

为了解喀斯特地貌区耕地地力详情并掌握土壤肥力演变规律,该文以广西壮族自治区德保县为研究区域,借助GPS（global positioning system）、RS（remote sensing）技术,通过野外调查采样、实验室化验等方法获得耕地地力评价相关信息,包括N、P、K、有机质、pH值、成土母质、排灌能力、障碍因素、耕层厚度、质地等74项基本信息。以GIS（geographic information system）技术为核心基础支撑,综合运用模糊评价、专家意见法、层次分析等方法和模型对耕地地力进行自动化、定量化评价。结果表明：德保县1～6级的耕地面积分别占总耕地面积的8.80%、13.84%、20.29%、39.63%、16.83%、0.61%。在量化分级的基础之上,将此次评价数据与1980年进行的土壤第二次土壤普查数据进行深入比较,比较发现：德保县的耕地地力总体水平上升;有机质、有效磷的含量水平明显上升;同时pH值趋于中性;速效钾呈下降趋势。该结果为喀斯特地貌区的个性化施肥、土壤改良、农业生产决策、绿色农产品的生产等提供了基础信息和科学依据。     

基于GIS的地市级耕地地力评价研究

为了更好地反映市级耕地地力状况,在Arc GIS9.3软件平台下,将吉安市1:1万的土地利用现状图缩编为1:10万的土地利用现状图,并与土壤图进行叠加确定评价单元;根据实地情况,选取了立地条件、剖面性状、耕层状况、障碍因素和土壤管理5个评价因素13个评价因子,采用特尔菲法确定评价因子的权重和隶属度对吉安市耕地地力进行综合评价。结果表明,吉安市的耕地地力水平分为七等,一等地占4.17%,二等地占7.02%,三等地占9.83%,四等地占12.72%,五等地占22.38%,六等地占22.91%,七等地占2096%,摸清了吉安市耕地基础地力状况及存在的问题。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.