Visible and invisible hands intertwined: State-market symbiotic interactions and changing income inequality in urban China

Analyzing the restructured political economy in 21st-century urban China, this project develops a “symbiotic interaction” model and reconceptualizes the state-market relationship to appreciate the changing inequality patterns. As the state and market have formed a long-term, intimate relationship, dynamic state policies interact with the fragmented labor market to redefine a set of socioeconomic capitals and statuses in affecting income inequality. Drawing empirical evidence from the Chinese General Social Survey 2003 and 2013 data, this paper employs linear and unconditional quantile regressions to compare income disparity patterns along both temporal and socio-spatial dimensions. The findings show that multiple key factors, including human capital (e.g., college education), political capital (e.g., party membership), occupational status (e.g., self-employment), and organizational type (e.g., state-owned enterprise), have all changed their economic returns over time and also played different roles for various earning groups. These findings suggest that we should conduct substantive institutional analyses of the evolving state-market relationship and their interplay to achieve a deeper understanding of the reshuffled stratification order in contemporary China. The proposed analytical framework also has broad implications in the research of other transitional economies.     

城乡收入差距和城镇化对城镇居民收入不平等的影响——兼析市场化程度和对外开放水平的调节作用

构建包含农村劳动力流动和城镇化冲击的城镇要素收入分配理论模型,分析城乡收入差距和城镇化对城镇居民收入不平等的影响,并采用中国省级面板数据进行实证检验,结果表明:城乡收入差距扩大加剧了城镇居民收入不平等,城镇化发展则有助于减轻城镇居民收入不平等;上述效应由于受到市场化程度和对外开放水平的调节而具有明显的地区差异,市场化程度和对外开放水平较低地区的城镇劳动需求弹性较小,城乡收入差距和城镇化对城镇居民收入不平等的影响也较大.因此,要降低城镇居民收入不平等,一方面,应努力缩小城乡收入差距并加快新型城镇化发展,减轻城镇就业压力;另一方面,应积极推动市场化进程和扩大对外开放,打破要素市场分割,使城镇非农部门的劳动需求更加富有弹性.     

Explaining the subjective well-being of urban and rural Chinese: Income,personal concerns,and societal evaluations

This study makes an integrated investigation of how subjective well-being is associated with income, personal concerns, and societal evaluations and how these social and psychological correlates of subjective well-being are contextualized within a country. Data used for the empirical analysis come from a nationally representative sample survey conducted in China in 2009. It is found that subjective well-being is independently linked to income, personal concerns, and societal evaluations. Comparisons of urban and rural Chinese further reveal that income, structural attributions of inequality, and evaluations of governance are related to subjective well-being among both groups. Nevertheless, different sets of other evaluative correlates of subjective well-being between urban and rural people stand out, which is conjectured to be related to the long-time institutional, economic, and social segmentation of the two groups. This study has contributed to both the subjective well-being theories and the understanding of the consequences of social inequality.     

The downside of marketization: A multilevel analysis of housing tenure and types in reform-era urban China

Based on data from the 2005 National Population Sample Survey and compiled covariates of 205 prefectures, this research adopted principal-component and multilevel-logistic analyses to study homeownership in urban China. Although the housing reform has severed the link between work units and residence, working in state sectors (government, state-owned enterprises and collective firms) remained significant in determining a household’s entitlement to reform-era housing with heavy subsidies or better qualities. While the prefecture-level index of marketization reduced local homeownership of self-built housing, affordable housing and privatized housing, its effect is moderated by cross-level interactions with income, education and working in state sectors across different types of housing. Meanwhile, the index of political and market connections promoted all types of homeownership except for self-built housing. By situating the downside of marketization within a context of urban transformation, this research not only challenges the teleological premise of the neoliberal market transition theory but calls for research on institutional dynamics and social consequences of urban transformation in China.     

当代西方社会科学转型与中国社会科学的中国化

20世纪 90年代以来 ,作为知识体系的西方社会科学正在出现一次全面而重大的转型 ,建基于牛顿经典科学之上的现代社会科学架构的一些基本层面都在发生重大转变。中国的社会科学在走向繁荣的过程中 ,应该重视和回应这种转变趋势 ,调整自己的发展基点 ,实现中国社会科学的中国化。一方面 ,力求生产出具有推进中华民族复兴这一本土价值意义的学术成果 ;另一方面 ,全面参与全球化的学术生产 ,成为社会科学学术生产的大国和强国     

From general discrimination to segmented inequality: Migration and inequality in urban China

Internal migration in China during the last three decades, the largest in human history, offers a rare opportunity to understand inequalities in the making. Using data spanning 10 years from China’s largest metropolis, Shanghai, this study assesses how enduring state institutions interplay with the spread of market forces to shape income inequality between migrants and native urban workers. Though the wages of both Chinese migrants and urban workers rose considerably, economic restructuring during the decade under study resulted in diminished privileges for urbanites and subsequently increased collision between migrants and urban workers in the private sectors. These shifts, rather than substantially reducing inequality, have led to an evolving form of inequality, from an initial general blatant discrimination against migrants across the board, to a new and more subtle form of inequality characterized by substantial segmented discrimination against migrants within economic sectors, with the degree of inequality varying from sector to sector. We discuss how this changing inequality reflects complementary rather than competing roles of the state and market institutions in inequality creation and maintenance.     

能促型国家的角色:事业单位的改革与非营利部门的转型

随着中国市场转型的深化,事业单位的全面改革已经提上议事日程。在市场经济中,民间非营利组织构成公共部门和营利部门之外的第三部门,在社会生活中扮演了重要角色。作为计划经济体系的遗产,事业单位在整个非营利部门中占据主导地位,但近年来出现了走向企业化和民营化的变革。在事业单位的改革过程中,国家扮演能力促进的角色至关重要。一方面,建立一个规范的非营利组织监管体系是当务之急;另一方面,国家也可以通过种种手段,培育民间非营利组织自主发展的能力。     

社会资本视域中的中国农村村民自治运作绩效

社会资本理论为分析中国农村村民自治提供了新的理论资源。在社会资本视域中,村民自治运作绩效和农村社会资本存在着相互的影响。一方面,村民自治作为一项制度创新,其运作绩效受到不同地区社会资本状况的影响,中国农村现存的传统社会资本对村民自治具有积极和消极的双重影响;另一方面,可以通过进一步规范村民自治的民主运作来消除传统社会资本的消极作用,并通过发展民间组织来培育现代社会资本,由此增强中国农村社会健康持续发展的社会基础。     

中国社会组织发展:从社会主体到国家意识——公民社会组织发展及其对意识形态构建的影响

改革开放以来,中国社会组织的发展可以划分为初步恢复、快速发展、规范发展和战略发展四个阶段,目前表现出数量高速增长,但总体弱小、领域和地区分布不平衡等特点。相关研究表明社会组织的发展对我国社会思想文化及意识形态安全产生了积极的作用,回应了改革开放实践提出的社会重组和社会建设的理论问题,丰富了社会主义社会思想文化和意识形态的时代内容,增强了中国特色的社会主义核心价值体系的巨大包容力。我们认为应当摒弃传统社会所固有的关于社会组织双刃剑的观点,建立和完善现代社会所具有的政府、企业和社会组织的合作伙伴关系,形成包含相关政治纲领、法律体系和社会政策的国家意识,通过意识形态的包容以及国家人事、就业、分配、福利等制度的统一,进一步增强社会组织的主体性。     

治理转型视角下中国城市社区自治的成长

随着中国城市社会发展的新变化以及由此引发的新问题,中国开始以社区自治为导向进行社会治理转型。中国城市社区自治取得了一定的制度绩效,不过其行政主导的路径却制约着社区自治的进一步成长。为推动社区自治进一步成长,需要在尊重中国国情的基础上,实现社区治理转型。社区治理转型要求立足于社区,构建现代社区治理结构。现代社区治理结构包括:完整的社区治理组织体系、合作共治的社区治理机制、制度化与多样性的社区参与渠道、需求导向的社区公共服务体系。     

中国城镇住房产权的区域差异分析——基于CGSS（2003）数据的实证研究

近年来，随着住房改革的日益深入，住房产权在社会分层中占有越来越重要的地位。但与其他经济指标一样．过往研究往往忽视其区域的差异性，然而这种经验结果是失之偏颇的。文章采用CGSS（2003）数据结合多层次模型分析方法探讨区域差异下住房产权的影响因素。研究发现：在区域差异前提下，中国转型期居民住房产权选择的变化是多种因素和机制共同作用的结果，而区域差异在一定程度上是由各个区域市场化程度差异影响的。     

社会排斥视角下新失业群体的就业再就业保障研究

＂新失业群体＂是指没有国有或集体企业工作经历,年龄在16—30岁之间,拥有城镇户籍且接受过中等甚至高等教育的青年劳动者。其所处的劳动力市场环境与20世纪90年代以国有企业下岗和失业职工为主的＂老失业群体＂相比已有显著不同,加之当前我国不仅面临着劳动力供大于求的总量失业问题,并且存在着严重的结构性失业问题。作为社会的弱势群体,因欠缺技能,缺少社会阅历和工作经验,更容易在进入劳动力市场前后陷入社会排斥的困境。笔者尝试通过对＂新失业群体＂的社会排斥现状、影响因素进行探析,以期为解决这一群体的再就业问题提供具有参考性的建议。     

再论经济法的基础

经济法有其社会、经济和政治基础。这种基础集中表现为各种思想主张和制度安排。就其社会基础而言核心是个人自由与社会秩序,就其经济基础而言核心是市场调节与国家干预,就其政治基础而言核心是契约自由与人权保障,而上述三者又可进一步归结为自由竞争与秩序调控。在这些基础上形成一种特定的社会关系,即市场竞争关系和宏观调控关系,它由经济法调整,进而构成经济法的基础。     

全球化：转轨与传媒的共有平台

自20世纪90年代以来，国内外的研究者们提供了一系列多视角、多层次的转轨研究成果。但从传媒入手，透过传媒变革考察并解释转轨的研究并不多见。文章从全球化入手，从制度与技术两个层面分析了在全球化的进程中传媒与转轨的互动关系，研究表明，传媒与市场经济、传媒与完政之间高度互动，互相促进：一方面，健康的传媒是现代市场经济必要的制度机制；另一方面，传媒自身特有的政治与意识形态功能，使得传媒变革成为一国政治体制变革进程的指示灯或晴雨表。由此可见，传媒承载并浓缩着一国在特定时期的政治与经济等领域的发展状况，聚焦并解析传媒，可以“一叶知秋”考察出一国市场化发育程度与一国宪政发展状况。     

突发事件、风险治理与政府责任

伴随中国社会转型的逐步深入,根源自结构调整与体制改革的结果性因素正促使社会运行的风险性不断累加,突发事件的治理必须是、也只能是由政府承担起主要责任。对社会突发事件治理中的政府责任的探讨与明晰具有双重现实意义,一方面,风险社会中政府需要有明确的角色定位和权责划分;另一方面,相关政府职能的设置与义务的履行不仅体现着现代政府功能应用的科学性,更符合政府社会管理中维护公共秩序、调节阶层矛盾的核心内涵,并彰显和谐社会理念的人文精神与价值关怀。     

Marketization,occupational segregation,and gender earnings inequality in urban China

This article analyzes a large sample of the 2005 population mini-census data and prefecture-level statistics of China to investigate gender earnings inequality in the context of economic marketization, paying special attention to the changing role of occupational segregation in the process. We approximate marketization by employment sectors and also construct an index of marketization at the prefecture level. Results show that, despite the tremendous economic growth, marketization has exacerbated gender earnings inequality in urban China's labor markets. Gender earnings inequality is the smallest in government/public institutions, followed by public enterprises, and then private enterprises. The gender inequality also increases with the prefecture's level of marketization. Multilevel analyses show that occupational segregation plays an important role in affecting gender earnings inequality: the greater the occupational segregation, the more disadvantaged women are relative to men in earnings in a prefecture's labor market. Moreover, the impact of occupational segregation on gender earnings inequality increases with the prefectural level of marketization. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of gender earnings inequality and have important implications for policy to promote gender equality in urban China.     

大学毕业生的择业偏好及其解释——一个基于LMS理论的分析框架

大学毕业生就业难是我国当前亟待解决的一大社会问题。课题组调查发现大学毕业生就业有明显的部门偏好和地区偏好。针对我国劳动力市场的特点，运用劳动力市场分割理论模型对大学生就业进行分析，认为地区间收入差距相对悬殊、转换工作的成本较高、社会保障差异巨大是大学毕业生择业偏好形成的主要原因。因此，要缓解大学生就业难，改变大学生的择业偏好，就必须逐步打破劳动力市场的制度性分割。     

国家与社会关系视角下的我国城市基层管理体制变迁分析

我国城市基层管理体制自建国后至今,经历了初建街居制、人民公社、文革、重建街居制、社区制五个时期。从国家与社会关系视角对此进行分析,发现国家力量是变迁的主导力量,社会变迁是变迁的重要动力,变迁过程则体现了政府模式的转变。城市基层管理体制未来的改革与发展,需要从以下几个方面着眼：转变政府职能是改革的关键,突破制度依赖是改革的难点,治理过度行政化是改革的突破口,促进社会发展是制度变迁的长远之计。     

社会排斥与农民工的城市融入问题

农民工在城市社会遭受着经济、政治、文化、社会保障、教育和空间等多个方面的社会排斥.这种排斥通过制度机制、群体机制、市场机制、农民工适应能力等得以运作,它主要是一种制度性排斥.在社会排斥的境况下,农民工内部的不同群体在融入现状与前景上是有差异的,大量农民工将在城市长期维持一种边缘化状态,并形成边缘化的再生产,这可能带来一系列消极社会影响.为此,必须采取彻底改革城乡二元分割制度等对策.     

17～19世纪中叶中国实学与朝鲜实学之比较

17～19世纪中叶，在中国和朝鲜先后出现了自我反思与批判之产物的实学思潮。一方面实学思潮在中朝两国的兴起、发展及其思想内容，呈现出一些共同的特征，如主张经世致用、舍虚务实、批判专制等；另一方面由于中朝两国国情不同，两国实学文化产生的背景、发展阶段的特点、价值又有着不尽相同的地方，如两国实学思想理论与实践及推行过程的差异，两国学习吸收外国先进文化过程中遇到的阻力和本身的自觉要求程度不同等。