利用关联方交易操纵利润的危害及对策

关联方交易是一种特殊的交易形式,一些上市公司利用关联方交易来粉饰业绩或输出利润,严重危害了股东利益。本文通过对上市公司关联方交易的危害分析,提出了规范上市公司关联方交易的相关对策。     

关于上市公司关联交易管理规范探讨

关联交易一直是我国上市公司普遍面临的问题。一方面,上市公司的关联交易面临着内地证券交易所、香港联合证券交易所（以下简称“联交所”）等其他上市地上市规则等制度的硬约束,而另一方面,上市公司尤其是新上市公司,尽管并未利用关联交易谋求私利,但却由于对关联方及关联交易的理解不够深入或关联交易管理制度不完善而导致关联交易违规观象时有发生。因此,如何进行关联交易的管理,确保公司关联交易审议及披露的合规就成为上市公司,尤其是新上市公司普遍面临并亟待解决的课题。本文旨在从内部管理的角度,探讨如何加强上市公司的关联交易管理,确保关联交易审批流程及信息披露合规。     

浅析上市公司关联交易盛行现状及对策

本文阐述关联方交易的基本概念,分析目前我国上市公司中的关联交易盛行的主要原因及其产生的影响,提出完善上市公司法人治理结构和关联交易披露会计准则、制定关联交易定价政策、加大关联交易审计力度以及处罚力度等建议。     

我国上市公司关联交易问题思考

上市公司是公司的典型代表,在证券市场上扮演着十分重要的角色,上市公司财务信息是影响股票价格的重要因素,而关联交易又常常影响着上市公司的会计利润。关联方交易是客观存在的,它对社会经济的影响具有两面性,关联方交易不恰当应用所造成的负面影响给正常有序的资本市场带来了极大的破坏性,同时也伤害了中小股东的利益,挫伤了他们的投资信心,所以我们的当务之急是如何规范上市公司的关联方交易,发挥其积极作用,减少消极影响。本文针对上市公司关联交易出现问题进行研究。提出了规范关联方交易的相应对策。     

会计信息披露利益相关者的博弈分析

当前,在上市公司的年报披露中,利用关联方交易、资产重组粉饰会计报告、审计欺诈等现象频繁发生,但是为什么证监会对披露虚假会计信息的上市公司进行严惩之后,这种现象仍然屡禁不止、甚嚣尘上呢?笔者认为,从公平理论和博弈论的角度出发,可以从另一个侧面看出企业披露虚假会计信息的原因.本文通过构建博弈模型,从不同角度分析公司之间、经营者与所有者之间、公司与中小投资者之间的博弈关系,由此推导出会计信息失真的原因及提出解决对策.     

浅析上市公司的利润操纵与关联方交易

近年来,上市公司年报时普遍存在一个非常奇怪的现象,即年度财务报告披露的净资产收益率一般都在一个相对固定的区间之内,而高于或低于这个相对固定区间的却寥寥无几.是否真是那么巧合,各上市公司的财务状况、经营业绩都会以近乎相等的比例运作?事实上,这里隐藏着利润操纵的问题.国家有关部门已严厉查处多起上市公司利用关联方交易达到利润操纵实现配股、保牌等目的的行为.笔者拟就上市公司关联方交易、利润操纵以及利用关联方交易进行利润操纵等问题,进行初步的分析.     

关联方认定研究

完善关联交易制度,不仅对于保证企业提供真实、相关的会计信息,而且对于有效监管资本市场都具有非常重要的意义。关联方的认定是关联方交易确认的前提,也是关联方关系及其交易披露的基础。本文在研究世界其他国家会计准则及我国相关法规的基础上,对关联方的认定进行了研究。     

上市公司关联交易及信息披露问题分析与对策初探

关联交易将市场交易转变为公司集团的内部交易,可以节约交易成本,有利于实现公司集团利润的最大化,提高其整体的市场竞争能力;但上市公司出于各种动机,利用关联交易进行利润操纵,使关联交易成为盈余操纵的手段。正当的关联交易无可厚非,但不正当的关联交易产生的负面影响,必须引起重视。本文试从我国上市公司关联交易信息披露的存在问题入手,初步探索解决关联交易及其信息披露的可能方法。     

上市公司会计信息披露存在的问题与解决对策

目前,一些上市公司在会计信息披露中所存在的内幕信息交易,严重扰乱了证券市场的健康发展。本文从分析上市公司会计信息披露存在的问题着手,揭示了影响上市公司会计信息披露的原因,并提出相应的解决对策。     

基于公司年报披露的交易量与信息不对称研究

在资本市场中,信息的经济意义表现得最为突出,主导这个结果的关键因素是上市公司的信息披露与投资者对上市公司的估价之间存在着较大程度的关联性.定期报告作为市场中非常重要的信息来源,其披露的盈余信息应是投资者最关注的信息,以公司年报信息披露为事件,研究了交易量对于年报披露事件的反应以及超常交易量与信息不对称指标的关系.实证研究表明,与国外发达市场不同,在年报披露前,中国证券市场上的股票交易量不减反增,而且在信息不对称的情况下继续交易,投资者并没有选择延迟交易以降低风险,这说明中国股票市场上的投资者并不理性.     

Corporate social responsibility recognition and support for the arts: Evidence from European financial institutions

This research investigates whether financial institutions that have gained a good reputation in relation to their CSR activities also engage in significant corporate support for the arts (CSA). Using a sample composed of the 42 largest listed European financial institutions, data from 2004 to 2013 (i.e., 420 firm-year observations) and manually collected CSA disclosure information, our findings indicate that entities rewarded for their CSR initiatives are also those that engage in significant CSA. We also find that CSA disclosure reported in the social reports of financial institutions is a predictor for the attainment of a CSR award, whereas that reported in annual reports is not. Our findings suggest that annual and social reports have a different informative relevance, at least in relation to CSR initiatives in the form of CSA, for the stakeholders of financial institutions. Thus, our results provide useful insights for companies’ communication strategies showing, for example, that social reports are the best channel to communicate about CSA.     

The disclosure of information by companies

The paper presents some results relating to the degree of disclosure of selected important items of information in company annual reports. The research involved deriving an index of disclosure and this was then applied to the annual reports of 100 stock exchange quoted companies. The general conclusion was that disclosure levels are very low and that there is a big demand for greater amounts of information to be released in annual reports.     

言多必失?管理层报告的样板化及其经济后果

样板化报告在古今中外都有广泛的运用, 但报告者面临两难:一方面, 样板化有利于规避披露风险;但另一方面, 样板化又不利于传递内部信息.那么, 投资者如何评价中国上市公司的报告的样板化程度?以中国上市公司的管理层讨论与分析的文字为样本, 用公司t期和t-1期报告的纵向文本相似度以及本公司和其他公司同期的报告的平均横向相似度来衡量样板化的水平, 并考察了其经济后果.检验结果表明, 纵向样板化的经济后果呈现相机抉择性, 当公司财务风险高 (亏损、微利或者被出具非标准审计意见) 时, 信息效应占优, 样板化的报告引发负面的市场评价, 而当公司财务风险较低, 风险效应占优, 样板化的报告则引发市场的好评.另一方面, 报告横向样板化则引起了整体的负面评价.在调节效应方面, 纵向样板化的经济后果受公司创新、特质信息、董事长权力和停牌次数的影响, 横向样板化的经济后果则受到公司独立董事的社会网络位置的影响.综合结果表明, 公司管理层讨论与分析的横向样板化, 以及在高财务风险条件下的纵向样本化都会因信息披露不足而引起负面的经济后果.     

Die Bedeutung von Steuern in der Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattung: Eine international vergleichende empirische Analyse

Due to tax competition, high levels of national debt and promulgated tax avoidance strategies of large corporations, there is a growing interest of multiple stakeholders in taxation putting taxes on the corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda. This study empirically examines the relevance of taxes in sustainability reports of 90 corporations listed on the Dow Jones 30, DAX 30 and FTSE 100. The findings show that 54,4?% of these corporations disclose tax information in their reports. The quality of disclosure is examined using a scoring model based on the tax-related performance indicators of theGlobal Reporting Initiative Guidelines and two standards for voluntary disclosure of tax information. In most cases, disclosure practices are of low quality. However, there are a few corporations providing high disclosure quality, especially in the UK. By analyzing the determinants of disclosure, this study demonstrates that extractive companies and companies that have been object of negative tax-related media coverage tend to disclose more information. Furthermore, corporations with higher profitability and high performance in CSR rankings rather disclose tax information.     

Financial Reporting,Private Disclosure and the Corporate Governance Role of Financial Institutions

This paper explores how large UK financial institutions (FIs) pursued a private corporate governance agenda with their portfolio companies. It also investigates the role of financial reporting in private and public corporate governance. The case financial institutions argued that the limited quality of public information, especially in financial reports, was a major constraint on their ability to act in fund management and corporate governance roles. However, the financial reporting cycle determined a private institutional and company meeting cycle and this created opportunities for private information collection and for governance influence by FIs. In addition, the perceived limitations of public governance mechanisms such as voting encouraged private governance approaches. As a result, the case financial institutions had the incentive and the means to improve the quality of their sources of corporate information and to obtain a competitive edge over other financial institutions and the market through their direct contact with companies. Despite the limitations of public information, the paper reveals how public disclosure in financial statements and the financial reporting cycle played a central role in corporate governance. Public sources of information were combined with private sources to create a financial institutional knowledge advantage. The institutions used this knowledge to diagnose problem areas in strategy, management quality, and the effectiveness of the board, and their impact on financial performance. The financial reporting cycle meant that the quasi insider financial institution had the access opportunity and the joint public/private insight to influence companies across a wide corporate governance agenda and in a range of corporate circumstances. The case institutions exploited these private access and knowledge advantages for investment purposes and for Cadbury style corporate governance purposes. Thus, the private governance process was critically dependent on the FI knowledge advantage, which in turn relied on both financial reports and private disclosure. This wide ranging governance behaviour by institutions corresponds to recommendations subsequently made by the Hampel report in 1998 concerning UK corporate governance. The paper ends by exploring how the private institutional and company meeting agenda can suggest new directions for financial reporting and public disclosure and how this can further improve public and private corporate governance.     

公司治理结构信息披露:若干发现

本文以 “ 公司治理结构 ” 定性信息披露为观察对象,通过认真阅读 2001 年度 1160 家上市公司的公司治理结构信息披露的文本,我们发现上市公司治理结构信息披露总体上存在 “ 表述操纵 ” 的特征主要表现为:华而不实、 文字游戏、避重就轻、虚假披露等现象。     

The Role of Financial Institutions in the Corporate Governance of Listed Chinese Companies*

This paper explores the role of Chinese financial institutions in the corporate governance of listed companies through interviews with both senior managers of financial institutions and board directors of listed companies. Our results show that, while most securities companies are passive investors, a good proportion of the active mutual funds help their portfolio companies prepare financial forecasts, standardize their operations, raise external funds, strengthen their company image in the capital markets, and sometimes intervene in corporate issues. This limited role can be attributed to a number of factors specific to the Chinese context including highly concentrated state ownership, an immature regulatory environment, inadequate transparency and disclosure of financial information, and weak corporate governance within financial institutions themselves. It could also be affected by several other factors that are considered to cause institutional passivity in developed countries such as conflicts of interest, monitoring costs and lack of expertise.     

Corporate social responsibility disclosure and market valuation: evidence from Spanish listed firms

Using a sample of listed Spanish companies pertaining to the IBEX35 index for the period 2007–2011, this paper examines whether those firms with higher CSR disclosure ratings are more valued by market participants. This study also complements the literature addressing the value relevance of CSR disclosure by further analyzing not only the direct effects of CSR reporting on stock prices but also its indirect effects through its interaction with main accounting variables (i.e., earnings and book value of equity). CSR reports can also affect stock price indirectly because the sustainability report may be perceived by investors to be a source of further and complementary information regarding the nature, composition and trends of the traditional value-relevant accounting variables. Finally, this study also analyzes whether CSR disclosure by firms operating in environmentally-sensitive industries is assessed differently by market participants than CSR disclosure by companies operating in other industries. By using a modified Ohlson (Contemp Account Res 1:661–687, 1995) model, it is found that CSR disclosure do have both a direct and indirect effect on stock prices by modifying the value-relevance of earnings and book value of equity. Moreover, CSR disclosure by companies operating in environmentally-sensitive industries is associated with higher market valuations than CSR disclosure by companies operating in nonsensitive industries. This may be due to the fact that CSR disclosures provide information that allow investors to make better assessments of the increased risk related to potential litigation and future environmental liabilities, thereby reducing information asymmetries and the risk of adverse selection.     

内部控制信息披露与市场反应研究——来自中国沪市上市公司的经验证据

本文以2006-2009年沪市A股上市公司为研究对象,实证考察了内部控制信息披露的市场反应。研究发现,从总体上看,我国上市公司内部控制信息披露具有明显的市场反应,但从不同侧面看,内部控制信息披露的市场反应存在显著差异:从披露内容看,内部控制有效引起股票价格上涨,而内部控制缺陷则引起股票价格下跌;从披露类型看,强制性披露较自愿性披露更具有价值相关性;从披露详略看,详细披露会引起股票价格上涨,而简单披露则不一定。此外,与单独的强制性披露或自愿性披露的市场反应相比,内部控制强制性披露和自愿性披露交互影响的市场反应更加显著。据此本文认为,在进一步加强强制性披露的日常监管的同时完善自愿性披露的激励政策,是当前规范我国上市公司内部控制信息披露行为和提高内部控制信息披露质量的关键。     

Is a loosely specified regulatory intervention effective in disciplining management commentary? The case of performance indicator disclosure

This paper offers a contribution to the call for research on the effectiveness of regulatory interventions governing management commentary disclosure. Specifically, we focus on the mandatory requirement concerning performance indicator disclosure introduced by the Modernisation Directive (2003/51/EC). In keeping with other regulators, the European legislator opted to implement a regulatory approach based on a rule with loose specifications. To understand the effects of this Directive, we have investigated the Italian context, in which neither the national legislator nor the standard setter have supported companies with detailed specifications or guidelines aimed at integrating the European provision. We have compared companies’ disclosure practices before and after the adoption of the Directive, investigating the number of disclosed indicators and also their modalities of presentation, as they are considered essential to guaranteeing the quality of this disclosure. Our results document that a mandatory intervention, even if based on loose specifications, is associated with an increase in disclosure practices. Nevertheless, such regulation does not seem able to guarantee high quality disclosure practices. In fact, before and after the regulation, companies primarily disclose common financial measures. Moreover, the usefulness of such disclosure is undermined by a limited compliance with the international guidelines concerning the modalities of presentation. These results reveal some weaknesses in the European approach to performance indicator regulation. In general, the EU legislator fails to explain the purpose and the objective of performance indicator disclosure and does not take into account the differences between financial and non-financial indicators. Furthermore, it does not provide firms with clear guidelines concerning the presentation modalities.