机构投资者持股与企业应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理行为选择

采用异常操控性项目的计算方法度量企业应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理程度,以2003年至2011年中国上市公司为研究样本,构建多元线性回归模型和联立方程模型,考察机构投资者持股对应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理行为选择的影响。研究结果表明,机构投资者持股比例与真实盈余管理程度显著负相关,与应计盈余管理程度显著正相关;对机构投资者明细类别的检验结果发现这种相关关系在投资基金、证券公司、QFII、保险公司和社保基金这5类机构投资者中均存在,但企业年金、信托公司、财务公司和银行持股对盈余管理行为的影响不显著;按照机构投资者持股规模、股权分置改革和终极控制人性质的分组检验结果表明,这种相关关系在不同的内外部环境中均存在,且相对于国有控股上市公司,非国有控股上市公司中机构投资者抑制真实盈余管理行为的作用更强;机构投资者持股与整体盈余管理程度显著负相关。     

从生命周期视角探析应计盈余管理与真实盈余管理的关系

所有权和控制权分离,使股东和高管利益不一致,信息不对称增加了管理层盈余管理的动机和能力,随着外部监管环境的改变,盈余管理不同方式的成本收益发生改变,使两种盈余管理的权衡可能发生改变。 选取2008年至2014年中国沪、深A股数据,基于修正的Jones模型和Roychowdhury模型计量应计和真实盈余管理,采用Dickinson模型净现金流量符号组合的生命周期计量方法,基于企业生命周期的动态视角,采用普通最小二乘法多元线性回归方法实证检验应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理的关系。 研究结果表明,成长期企业的应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理程度均显著低于成熟期企业,衰退期企业的应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理显著高于成熟期企业,较之成熟期企业,成长期企业和衰退期企业应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理的正相关关系更大,即不同生命周期企业中两种盈余管理之间存在互补关系,但该互补关系的程度在成长期企业和衰退期企业更大。企业生命周期是影响应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理的重要因素,成长期、成熟期和衰退期企业的应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理程度逐渐增加,表明基于生命周期的动态视角探析应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理关系的必要性。 研究结果丰富了盈余管理和企业生命周期的相关经验研究,对提高企业会计盈余质量及中小投资者保护具有一定的借鉴意义,对会计信息监管机构也有一定的借鉴意义。     

高管变更与盈余管理——基于应计项目操控与真实活动操控的实证研究

本文将应计项目操控和真实活动操控纳入分析框架,研究上市公司发生总经理变更后的盈余管理行为.理论分析表明,新任总经理在上任当年利用应计项目负向盈余管理可“一举多得”,利用真实活动进行盈余管理却可能会“损公不利己”;而在后续年度利用真实活动正向盈余管理虽会“损公”却可“利己”.以沪深A股上市公司2005-2010年数据为样本进行的实证检验结果显示,在总经理变更当年,上市公司存在利用应计项目调减利润的盈余管理行为,但不存在利用真实活动的盈余管理行为.在新任总经理上任后第一、二个完整会计年度,上市公司存在利用应计项目和真实活动调增利润的盈余管理行为.总经理变更当年,如果董事长也发生变更,则上市公司在变更当年利用应计项目调减利润的程度更大,在变更后第一、二个完整会计年度利用应计项目和真实活动调增利润的程度也显著更大.     

股权激励计划公告前的盈余管理——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文以"上市公司股权激励管理办法"颁布以来沪深两市首次披露股权激励计划的上市公司为研究对象,运用单样本T检验和配对样本T检验的方法,研究了股权激励计划公告日前经理人的盈余管理行为.研究发现:股权激励计划公告日前的三个季度,经理人通过操纵"操纵性应计利润"进行了向下的盈余管理,公告日后盈余存在反转现象;但是,并没有显著的证据表明经理人在股权激励计划公告日前通过操纵"非经常性损益"进行盈余管理.     

股权再融资、盈余管理与上市公司业绩滑坡——基于应计项目操控与真实活动操控方式下的研究

本文采用应计项目操控与真实活动操控两种模型,研究了我国上市公司股权再融资过程中的盈余管理行为及其对公司业绩的影响。结果表明,在股权再融资过程中,上市公司会同时使用应计项目操控和真实活动操控两种盈余管理方式。二者的影响效果存在明显差异,应计项目盈余管理会导致融资后公司业绩的短期下滑,而真实盈余管理则会引起公司业绩的长期下滑。相对而言,真实盈余管理是上市公司股权再融资之后业绩滑坡的主要原因。上述结果修正了以往文献将股权再融资后的业绩滑坡完全归因于应计项目操控的研究结论。     

盈余管理、金融市场化与公司超额银行借款

公司在获取银行信贷的过程中会通过盈余管理以满足会计业绩审核要求的行为已得到学者们的关注, 但现有文献尚未研究公司在获得一定的银行借款后是否会继续进行盈余管理以获得超额银行借款.本文基于该问题, 以2003年～2016年中国A股上市公司为研究对象, 从应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理两个维度, 考察了盈余管理行为与公司超额银行借款之间的关系.研究结果表明, 应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理均与公司超额银行借款正相关;进一步, 在考虑地区金融市场化程度之后, 发现金融市场化弱化了应计盈余管理与公司超额银行借款的正相关关系, 但增强了公司通过真实盈余管理获得更多超额银行借款的行为.本文从公司超额银行借款行为出发, 同时结合金融市场化程度, 拓展了会计信息质量与信贷资源配置的研究视角.     

机构投资者持股与上市公司会计盈余信息关系实证研究

本文从机构投资者持股和上市公司盈余信息关系的视角出发,分析机构投资者在公司治理中的作用。以2000～2003年沪市A股为样本,经过研究发现:盈余信息及时性与机构持股比例正相关。公司治理结构合理,盈余信息及时性强,是吸引机构投资的动因。机构持股比例与盈余管理负相关。机构持股比例越高,越能有效抑制操纵应计利润的盈余管理行为,增强盈余信息真实性,说明机构持股参与公司治理能够改善公司治理结构,使上市公司的经营更加规范、有效。     

交叉上市企业应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理研究

随着国际资本流动日趋自由化,越来越多的企业实行交叉上市,对交叉上市的研究显得尤为重要。 捆绑假说是解释企业交叉上市动因的重要理论,该假说认为企业在外部监管较为严格的地区交叉上市,可以约束控股股东和管理层谋取私有收益,抑制公司盈余管理,从而提高公司盈余质量。然而,国内外学者以不同数据和方法对捆绑假说加以研究,并未得到一致结论。部分研究表明,交叉上市企业盈余管理水平低于非交叉上市企业,支持捆绑假说,而其他研究认为交叉上市企业盈余质量并未显著高于非交叉上市企业。而且,已有研究大多仅考虑应计盈余管理,忽略了真实盈余管理。真实盈余管理由于其隐蔽性强、会计弹性大等特点而被越来越多的企业采用。 交叉上市企业在面临更为严格的外部环境时会减少应计盈余管理,增加真实盈余管理。基于捆绑假说视角,探讨交叉上市企业盈余管理方式的转变。考虑应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理两种方式,采用修正的Jones模型和Roychowdhury模型分别估算应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理水平,以2007年至2014年中国发行A+H股、A+B股、A+H+N股的交叉上市企业和纯A股上市企业数据为样本,通过控制年度和行业的OLS回归方法检验交叉上市企业盈余管理方式的转变,并进一步研究交叉上市企业的上市地对其盈余管理的影响。 研究结果表明,交叉上市企业倾向于减少应计盈余管理,但其真实盈余管理水平显著高于纯发行A股的上市企业;发行A+H股的上市企业应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理水平均与发行A+B股的上市企业无显著差异;发行A+H+N股的上市企业其应计盈余管理水平与发行A+H股、A+B股的上市企业无显著差异,但其真实盈余管理水平显著低于这两种上市企业。研究结果有助于增强对交叉上市企业盈余质量的理解,也为投资者的投资决策提供经验证据。     

中华老字号的会计基因:基于盈余管理的视角

文化作为契约环境的重要组成部分深刻影响企业的会计行为.研究聚焦于中华老字号的企业文化,考察了文化规制因素对企业盈余管理行为的影响效应及其机理.研究发现：相比非中华老字号企业,中华老字号企业的应计和真实盈余管理程度更低,表明中华老字号企业存在显著的会计效应.异质性考察发现,在国有企业、强内部控制和高机构持股公司,中华老字号的会计效应表现得更为显著.机理渠道检验发现,中华老字号企业影响盈余管理的机理是重视文化渗透和稳健经营,这表明中华老字号企业具有诚信经营的会计基因.研究以老字号企业文化的独特视角拓展了“文化与财务”的研究范式,对理解驱动微观企业会计行为的非正式制度动因提供了现实启示.     

管理层控制权、企业生命周期与真实盈余管理

两权分离导致管理层与股东的利益不一致,信息不对称阻碍了公司实际经营信息的流动,使信息使用者不能有效判断盈余信息的真实可靠性。基于理性经济人假说,管理层具有自利行为动机,管理层薪酬激励大多依赖于经营业绩指标,管理层控制权的增加使其对公司生产活动、销售活动及成本等的控制能力增加。随着外部监管环境和内部控制质量的改善,应计盈余管理的成本较大,被外部发现的概率较高,给管理层带来较大的私有成本。真实盈余管理是企业真实活动操控的盈余管理,这种盈余管理主要通过操控企业的经营活动、成本和酌量性费用等实现操控报告盈余的目的。 基于企业生命周期理论,从管理层自利行为视角,实证检验管理层控制权对处于不同生命周期企业真实盈余管理的影响。以2003年至2014年中国沪深上市公司A股数据为样本,使用ROYCHOWDHURY模型计量真实盈余管理,以经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动现金净流量不同符号组合衡量企业生命周期阶段,采用STATA 11.0软件及多元线性回归加以分析,检验管理层控制权对真实盈余管理的影响以及企业生命周期对管理层控制权与真实盈余管理关系发挥的调节作用。 研究结果表明,管理层控制权与真实盈余管理之间存在显著的正相关关系,管理层控制权的综合指标与真实盈余管理的综合指标及维度指标均存在显著的正相关关系;企业生命周期对管理层控制权与真实盈余管理的关系发挥显著的调节作用;管理层控制权与真实盈余管理的正相关关系在成长期企业和衰退期企业更强,显著高于成熟期企业管理层控制权与真实盈余管理的正相关关系。 研究结果验证了从企业生命周期视角探析管理层控制权与真实盈余管理关系的必要性,丰富了企业生命周期、管理层控制权和真实盈余管理相关实证研究,对于提高投资者保护、降低管理层控制权负面经济后果及完善会计信息质量等具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Chronic stress and chronic disease in life and work: Conceptual and methodological issues

This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these ideals.