基于共生理论视角的河北省农产品物流价值链节点企业关系优化问题研究

共生是生物界普遍存在的一种现象,在农产品物流价值链中也存在类似现象。从共生理论出发展开河北省农产品物流价值链节点企业关系的研究,分析了当前河北省农产品物流价值链节点企业关系存在的问题,并给出了优化市场结构,控制价值链上节点企业数量,根据资源互补性选择适宜的合作关系,推广价值链共赢理念,完善价值链运作机制等优化建议。     

创业网络混合治理机制选择的案例研究

在具有高度不确定性和资源不对等关系的创业网络中,选择适宜的网络治理机制能够促进创业网络的高效运行,提升新创企业借助创业网络获取资源的效率。但已有研究大多援引成熟企业网络组织的治理理论,未能对"在何种情境下新创企业适宜采用哪种治理机制"的问题给予合理解释。本文结合我国转型经济体制背景以及独特的创业情境,从交易对象隶属性、资产的关系专用性以及新进入缺陷的互动切入,探索其组合情境下创业网络治理机制的权变选择。利用多案例研究发现:针对与体制内组织的网络,投入较高关系专用性资产的新创企业会采用信任机制、辅以信息导向学习机制的混合治理机制,而在关系专用性投资较低的交易中采用基于契约的信任机制、辅以任务导向学习机制的混合治理机制。而针对体制外组织的网络,投入较高关系专用性资产的新创企业会采用基于信任的契约机制、辅以嵌入导向学习机制的治理机制,而在关系专用性投资较低的交易中采用基于契约的治理机制。     

组合与单一治理对供应链信息系统价值创造的影响

针对供应链中契约与信任、权威与信任之间的治理作用是互补还是替代关系的争论,对不同治理机制选择与供应链信息系统价值创造的关系进行梳理,运用博弈分析方法探讨组合与单一治理机制选择对供应链信息系统价值创造的影响,通过25家企业的实地调查对博弈分析结论进行讨论.研究表明,当环境不确定性较高时,采用契约与信任、权威与信任组合治理比采用单一契约或权威治理对供应链信息系统价值创造的促进作用更大;当环境不确定性较低时,采用契约与信任、权威与信任组合治理比采用单一信任治理的促进作用更大;当环境不确定性处于中间状态时,难以确定上述组合与单一治理两者的优劣.     

运用价值链分析方法控制企业成本

把成本控制与企业发展战略相结合,己成为当今企业成本控制的新趋势。企业战略成本控制是围绕价值链分析展开的,而价值链分析是企业创造和保持竞争优势的基本途径,它要求将企业的价值链置于整个行业的价值系统中,注重与改善企业与供应商和顾客之间的关系、对竞争对手进行价值链分析、注重企业内部价值链中各项活动的联系并使之优化。因此,如何有效地运用价值链分析方法于成本控制实践,     

价值链下作业成本管理研究

本文基于作业成本管理与价值链之间的关系,就作业成本管理对价值链的优化及价值链分析对作业成本管理的补充进行了研究,分析说明价值链分析与作业成本管理的结合。     

我国制造业企业成本管理中的价值链分析

众所周知,成本管理在企业管理中非常重要,本文主要从价值链的角度针对制造业企业进行成本管理分析,首先分析了供应商与制造业企业之间的价值链;其次分析了制造业企业内部的价值链最后分析了制造业企业和下游销售商之间的价值链.针对制造业企业成本管理中存在的问题,提出了加强成本管理的几点建议.     

企业网络中的信任机制及信任差异性分析

在网络式组织日益凸现的今天,信任被认为是企业之间合作的基础性建构,相互信任既是网络成员间互利互惠的需要,更是网络健康成长必不可少的行为路径和治理机制。本文对已有的信任观点做了比较、评价之后,在认知、情感以及行为三个维度上重新构建了信任理解的框架,并探讨了信任与合作、人际信任与组织间信任之间的关系;在对信任进行了净功能分析的基础之上,系统地讨论了信任差异性问题。     

公司治理机制中的信任关系及其对创新影响的模拟研究

采用基于agent建模与模拟的方法,研究了公司治理机制中的信任关系及其对创新的影响;探索了董事会、CEO、研发中心之间非线性交互作用"涌现"的复杂行为。研究发现,基于是否信任的代理理论和管家理论对创新有重大影响:代理理论以不信任为主、强调控制,导致经理近视的行为,从而侧重渐进性创新;管家理论以信任为主、强调合作,经理往往从战略角度出发,进而侧重突变性创新。充分考虑信任对创新的影响,有效设计控制与合作兼顾的公司治理机制可以更好促进企业的创新。     

企业的价值链权力及其经济后果研究

基于财务视角探讨价值链中企业之间的权力结构及其经济后果，提出“价值链权力”的概念并构建“价值链权力指数”,从理论上证明了价值链权力指数与公司融资成本成反比，与其价值成正比，且存在“最优价值链权力”使公司价值最大.同时，作者收集2007年～2017年中国A股上市公司相关数据，应用实证方法验证了上述理论.发现企业的价值链权力源自其竞争优势，且通过影响融资成本作用于企业价值.文章具有重要的理论价值和应用价值：一方面，初步构建了“竞争优势–价值链–公司财务–资本市场”之间关系的研究框架，推动公司财务、竞争战略和价值链的交叉研究，并从理论和实证两方面揭示了企业价值链权力对其融资成本和价值的影响，丰富了该领域的学理研究；另一方面，为证券投资决策和企业的营运资本、价值链优化、融资成本和价值创造等管理提供了重要的理论依据和经验证据.     

浅谈价值链上的内部控制

传统的内部控制,是指一个单位为了实现其经营目标,保证经营活动的经济性、效率性和效果性而在单位内部采取的自我调整、约束、规划、评价和控制的一系列方法、手续与措施。但是随着企业之间价值链的形成,尤其是对于多元化的集团企业而言,各分公司、子公司之间可能存在着上下游的业务关系,内部控制的概念延伸至价值链企业之间。为了有效管控价值链企业之间存在的风险,有必要考虑建立价值链内部控制机制。     

Supply Chain Strategies for Perishable Products: The Case of Fresh Produce

This paper examines supply chain design strategies for a specific type of perishable product—fresh produce—using melons and sweet corn as examples. Melons and other types of produce reach their peak value at the time of harvest; product value deteriorates exponentially post‐harvest until the product is cooled to dampen the deterioration. Using the product's marginal value of time (MVT), the rate at which the product loses value over time in the supply chain, we show that the appropriate model to minimize lost value in the supply chain is a hybrid of a responsive model from post‐harvest to cooling, followed by an efficient model in the remainder of the chain. We also show that these two segments of the supply chain are only loosely linked, implying that little coordination is required across the chain to achieve value maximization. The models we develop also provide insights into the use of a product's MVT to develop supply chain strategies for other perishable products.     

Optimal Procurement Design of an Assembly Supply Chain with Information Asymmetry

We study a decentralized assembly supply chain in which an assembler (she) assembles a set of n components, each produced by a different supplier (he), into a final product to satisfy an uncertain market demand. Each supplier holds private cost information to himself, for which the assembler only has a subjective estimate. Furthermore, the assembler believes that the suppliers' costs follow a joint discrete probability distribution. The assembler aims to design an optimal menu of contracts to maximize her own expected profit. The assembler's problem is a complex multi‐dimensional constrained optimization problem. We prove that there exists a unique optimal menu of contracts for the assembler, and we further develop an efficient algorithm with a complexity of O(n) to compute the optimal contract. In addition, we conduct a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to analyze how environmental parameters affect individual firm's performance and the value of information to the assembler, to each supplier, and to the supply chain. Our results suggest that each supplier's private cost information becomes more valuable to the assembler and each supplier when the average market demand increases or when the final product unit revenue increases. Surprisingly, when a supplier's cost volatility increases and its mean remains the same, the value of information to the assembler or to each supplier does not necessarily increase. Furthermore, we show that when the suppliers' cost distributions become more positively correlated, the suppliers are always worse off, but the assembler is better off. However, the value of information for the assembler might increase or decrease.     

Supply Chain Integration,Product Modularity,and Market Valuation: Evidence from the Solar Energy Industry

Supply chain integration is increasingly seen as a method to obtain flexibility and, consequently, to provide competitive advantage for firms within a supply chain. Product modularity, either in concert with or independent of such integration, can also produce flexibility for firms within a supply chain. In this proof‐of‐concept research, we explore whether the supply chain network affects each constituent firm's market valuation and how decisions regarding the level of supply chain integration and the usage of product modularity are associated with the value of the supply chain. We develop a method to identify and measure the supply chain's effect on each constituent firm's market valuation. Results indicate that greater integration is associated with a higher supply chain valuation, whereas increasing aggregated product modularity across the supply chain relates to a lower supply chain value. However, when combined, the interaction of aggregated product modularity and supply chain integration is positively associated with the supply chain's valuation.     

Toward a Differentiated Understanding of the Value‐Creation Chain

The conventional view of the value‐creation chain suggests offering high‐value propositions at the product level (in terms of benefits provided by elements of the product) to attain high‐value perceptions at the customer level, which should ultimately result in high‐value appropriation at the firm level (i.e. relationship, volume, pricing and financial success). This study challenges this view and provides a differentiated understanding of the value‐creation chain. With a multi‐industry sample of 339 companies and a sample of 626 customers to validate managerial assessments, the authors apply a configurational approach to identify whether and to what extent offering high‐value propositions at the product level is necessary or sufficient for achieving superior value perceptions at the customer level and high‐value appropriation at the firm level. Taking into account the company‐internal and company‐external environment of the value‐creation chain, the study identifies seven value‐creation chain constellations.     

产业链下游企业转型升级影响因素研究——基于不同最终产品市场的视角

在国际竞争加剧和国内工业经济放缓的背景下,中国制造业企业生存压力日益加剧,制造业企业如何转变发展方式、实现转型升级,值得深入研究。本文通过构建寡头博弈模型,发现处于产业链下游的一国企业,在面对国外垂直一体化的企业的竞争时,实现转型升级所需掌握的核心技术水平受到最终产品市场类型、最终产品相对质量以及最终产品差异化程度等多种因素的影响。此外,最终产品市场类型还会影响最优研发政策的稳健性：最终产品市场位于国外时,政府不应对企业研发行为进行干预;而当最终产品市场位于国内时,实施研发补贴政策不仅会促进社会福祉,而且可以促进企业转型升级。     

Towards contract based coordination of distributed product development processes with complete substitution

In distributed product development processes system integrators collaborate with suppliers to provide marketable products. We analyze contract structures in their ability to coordinate such processes. A converging supply chain with two suppliers and one system integrator is considered. Each supplier develops one component and faces uncertainty with regard to development results. For the system integrator the specifications of both components are substitutive in terms of the specification of the final product (e.g., recycling quotas). Depending on the resulting specification of the final product, the system integrator generates revenues under a maximum price clause. We apply a game-theoretic framework: the system integrator is the Stackelberg leader and the suppliers are Stackelberg followers. Assuming uniformly distributed development results, we analyze two typical development contracts: a wholesale price contract and a penalty contract. We present numerical illustrations of centralized and decentralized solutions to gain qualitative insights about the optimal decisions and the coordination ability of the two contracts. Accordingly, both contracts coordinate the supply chain only under forced compliance.     

Re-positioning the supplier: an SME perspective

As manufactured products become more complex, their design and manufacturing demands more and more resource which is being increasingly shared between the supply/value chain members. Competition is being typified less by firm versus firm and more by supply chain versus supply chain. The final assemblers are simplifying their supply chain to reduce logistics complexity and provide best value to the final customer. To suppliers, particularly SMEs, this gives rise to both opportunities for increasing 'added value', as well as threats of being dropped from rationalized supplier bases. Historically, SMEs have been sandwiched between large customers and suppliers and have always reacted to their superior bargaining power. Now, if the SMEs want to survive and grow, they have to adopt a more proactive stance to re-position themselves in response to these supply chain trends. In this paper, we present a technique for re-positioning the supplier in terms of'physical value added' and competency/practice-based 'differentiation'. We use the proposed approach to see how one supplier has successfully changed his business and another has developed plans to change, in line with the trends in their industry structure.     

考虑服务流的产品服务供应链网络均衡模型

产品服务供应链在向客户制造高质量产品的同时，也提供了产品全生命周期的专业服务，服务的嵌入增加了供应链协调的复杂性。考虑产品服务的双重需求，在分析各主体的运作行为的基础上，构建了包括多个制造商和多个销售商的多主体供应链网络；运用变分不等式刻画了制造商层、销售服务集成商层和需求市场的最优运作行为及其达成均衡的条件；最后，通过修正投影算法对数值算例进行了仿真。研究结果表明：产品服务供应链网络中的产品与服务均衡流相互影响，其中，服务水平直接影响到了产品需求；降低产品的售价将有利于服务价格和效益的提升。研究结论进一步印证了在产品服务供应链网络中承载于产品的服务将逐渐成为价值创造的主体。     

Managing Slow‐Moving Perishables in the Grocery Industry

We address the value of information and value of centralized control in the context of a two‐echelon, serial supply chain with one retailer and one supplier that provide a single perishable product to consumers. Our analysis is relevant for managing slow‐moving perishable products with fixed lot sizes and expiration dates of a week or less. We evaluate two supply chain structures. In the first structure, referred to as decentralized information sharing, the retailer shares its demand, inventory, and ordering policy with the supplier, yet both facilities make their own profit‐maximizing replenishment decisions. In the second structure, centralized control, incentives are aligned and the replenishment decisions are coordinated. The latter supply chain structure corresponds to the industry practices of company‐owned stores or vendor‐managed inventory. We measure the value of information and value of centralized control as the marginal improvement in expected profits that a supply chain achieves relative to the case when no information is shared and decision making is decentralized. Key assumptions of our model include stochastic demand, lost sales, and fixed order quantities. We establish the importance of information sharing and centralized control in the supply chain and identify conditions under which benefits are realized. As opposed to previous work on the value of information, the major benefit in our setting is driven by the supplier's ability to provide the retailer with fresher product. By isolating the benefit by firm, we show that sharing information is not always Pareto‐improving for both supply chain partners in the decentralized setting.     

MANAGING PRODUCT VARIETY: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

Variety management has emerged as a crucial dimension of successful business practice. In this paper, I first provide a framework for managerial decisions about variety. Variety‐creation decisions determine the amount, type, and timing of end‐product variety, while variety‐implementation decisions focus on the design and operation of internal processes and a supply chain to support a firm's variety‐creation strategy. I organize variety‐related decisions into four key decision themes in variety creation: 1) dimensions of variety, 2) product architecture, 3) degree of customization, and 4) timing; and three key decision themes in variety implementation: 1) process capabilities, 2) points of variegation, and 3) day‐to‐day decisions. I describe each theme and review the relevant literature on each theme, with a focus on research that provides insight to problems faced in practice. Finally, I identify untapped avenues for future research that would be of value to the practicing manager, paying special attention to interdependencies among decision themes.