我国企业进入国际市场的表式及选择

出口销售渠道及形式评价，出口销售渠道是指企业通过出口其产品进入 国际市场，包括间接出口和直接出口两种形式，出口销售是企业进入国际市场首行采用的形式，也是企业经营国际化的起步。     

九彤贸易(上海)有限公司上海市场营销策略研究

市场营销包含了两种含义,一种是动词理解,指企业的具体活动或行为,这时称之为市场营销或市场经营;另一种是名词理解,指研究企业的市场营销活动或行为的学科,称之为市场营销学、营销学或市场学等。本文基于市场营销管理的基本理论,结合企业所处的环境,对企业内外部环境进行分析。运用波特五力模型对企业所在行业的竞争情况进行分析,并运用案例分析方法对企业内部环境进行细致分析。在充分了解企业运作环境的基础上确定企业产品的目标市场并对市场进行清晰定位,为我国其他的红酒贸易公司的市场营销策划提供参考价值;对现阶段我国众多的型企业的营销策略的制定起到重要的借鉴和参考意义。     

国际市场营销模式选择

<正> 在国际经济分工与合作中,获取绝对利益和比较利益,提高中国经济的国际竞争力,推进中国现代化建设进程,是我们参与国际经济合作的主旨所在。研究进入国际市场的营销模式,以尽可能小的经济和政治代价,取得尽可能大的利益,是所有走向国际市场的中国企业必须关注的问题。 国际贸易和国际市场营销 国际贸易也称世界贸易,指各个国家之间的商品、技术和服务交换,由世界各国的对外贸易构成。国际市场营销是企业跨越国界所进行的市场营销活动,即企业为满足国(境)外市场所需而设计和实施的营销组合。在WTO框架下,国际市场营销通过以商     

A公司出口营销策略研究

A公司的主营业务范围包括劳务输出、企划服务、科研、投资开发等。在企业改制、人事变动、外贸政策调整、人民币汇率提高和国际经济危机等重重打击下,A外贸公司进入了低速发展时期。本文从A公司的出口营销现状入手,分析了该公司当前存在的问题,并提出了出口营销策略创新,同时辅以相应的出口营销策略保障措施。     

海外市场的在线生产策略选择及其竞争策略

在参与全球化竞争的过程中,面对复杂多变的不确定海外市场,公司需要在出口(EXP)、许可证生产(LG)和海外直接投资(FDI)3类进入模式之间选择.运用在线算法研究了海外市场在线进入模式和转换时机选择问题的决策,设计了海外市场进入模式的最优在线策略.结果显示:海外市场的进入与退出成本将对进入模式的选择与转换时机产生迟滞作用,迟滞的幅度受不同模式之间进入与退出成本的差异和不同模式下单位产品成本差异的影响.在经济全球化的趋势下,模型的策略和结论对我国一些国际化经验不足却不得不进入海外市场参与竞争的企业具有一定的借鉴意义.     

浅议我国出口信用保险现状、问题与对策

<正>出口信用保险(ExportCreditInsurance,ECI)是指信用保险机构对企业投保的出口货物、服务、技术和资本的出口应收账款提供安全保障机制的一种保险。在世界各国促进出口,开拓出口市场的政策措施中,出口信用保险被公认为是当今国际贸易的一大有效促销手段,与提高出口退税比例、减少出口环节费用等侧重降低成本的政策相比,出口信用保险政策更侧重提高出口企业的信心,支持出口企业采取灵活自由的交易方式参与国际竞争。目前,世界贸易额的12%-15%是在出口信用保险的支持下实现的,出口信用保险已经成为促进     

浅谈传统营销与网络营销的异同

市场营销是每个企业都必不可少的环节。随着市场竞争力的不断提高,企业必须针对当前市场环境制定正确的营销策略,通过促销、广告等形式来宣传自己的产品。总得来说,市场拓展中的营销策略可以分为两个模块,传统营销策略和网络营销策略。传统营销蓑略是指播通过层层严密的渠道,并以大量人力与广告投入市场,从而达到满足观实或潜在的需要的综合性经营销售活动过程。网络营销则是指利用Internet技术通过在互联网上发布信息,提供顾客服务等方式,达到营销一定营销目的的一种手段。     

平台进入互补市场对平台竞争优势的影响

在平台生态系统中,平台进入互补市场的行为已日益受到理论界与产业界的广泛关注。为深入探究平台进入互补市场对平台企业竞争优势的影响,本文基于平台生态系统理论,应用扎根理论对京东物流和菜鸟物流进行双案例研究,结果表明：(1)平台用封闭的进入模式进入互补市场会降低平台开放度,使平台企业与互补企业产生较强的竞争效应,互补企业针对平台的服务创新减少;但这种排他性进入会增强平台生态系统中平台企业的主导地位,对平台治理是有利的。(2)平台用开放的进入模式进入互补市场会提高平台开放度,增进了互补企业的服务创新积极性,在网络协同效应的作用下,提升平台企业的发展速度,加速平台生态系统的扩展。研究结果丰富了平台生态系统理论,分析了平台进入互补市场的过程中,平台开放度的变化对平台企业及互补企业的作用,为平台的市场渗透与发展以及平台生态系统的治理体系构建提供了理论基础。     

企业生产率与企业对外直接投资进入模式选择——来自中国企业的证据

本文借助中国商务部提供的《境外投资企业(机构)名录》(以下简称),整理了"中国企业对外直接投资数据库",再把该数据库与"中国工业企业数据库"匹配,形成的全新数据库包含丰富的企业财务信息和企业对外直接投资信息。基于整合后的数据库,本文首次实证考察了生产率对中国企业对外直接投资海外市场进入模式的影响。本文发现:生产率越高的企业对外直接投资时选择并购模式的概率越大;母国企业上游知识资产跨国流动性差异会一定程度影响生产率的选择效应;通过对生产率分解进一步发现,管理能力越强的企业明显倾向于选择并购模式,但研发能力对投资模式的选择效应却并不明显。因此,本文的发现对我国"走出去"企业进入模式选择能够提供微观层面的经验证据,在一定程度上是对当前我国企业对外直接投资研究文献的有力补充。     

宁夏进出口贸易融资与经济增长相关性分析

一、引言融发展与经济增长之间的关系逐渐成为发展经济学的一个重要的研究领域.根据银行提供融资的对象不同,贸易融资可分为进口贸易融资和出口贸易融资.进口贸易融资指银行或金融机构直接或间接对进口商的融资,提供融资的主要是进口方银行或金融机构.出口贸易融资是指银行或金融机构直接或间接为出口商提供的融资,提供融资的主要是出口方银行和其他金融机构,主要有打包放款、出口押汇、票据贴现、保理和福费廷等.进出口贸易融资的发展,有效地解决了企业从事     

Capacity Investment Under Responsive Pricing: Implications of Market Entry Choice*

We consider a manufacturer’s new market entry problem when it already has some established facility in its existing market. We consider two common market entry strategies: the export strategy and the foreign direct investment (FDI) strategy. In the export strategy the firm increases the capacity at its existing facility and subsequently allocates the output to the existing and the new market dynamically, depending on realized market conditions. The export strategy is a flexible strategy. In the FDI strategy, the firm invests in a dedicated capacity to serve the new market only. The FDI strategy is a (partially) dedicated strategy. We study these two strategies from a planning perspective, that is, how the firm’s strategy choice influences the optimal capacity levels. We find that the firm’s strategy choice can significantly impact the optimal capacity investment levels. We prove, for example, that the firm may enter the new market in the export strategy but not in the FDI strategy, even if the capacity investment cost is identical in the existing and the new market. In addition, we prove that the firm may invest a strictly higher capacity level in the export strategy than that in the FDI strategy. We also prove that new market entry in the FDI strategy may strictly decrease the firm’s supply to its existing market but this is not so in the export strategy, and hence policy makers should carefully consider the implications of trade regulations on firms’ market entry choices.     

通过顾客关系服务化来强化顾客价值过程--顾客关系时代的营销新命题

本文建立在这样一个全新的观念基础之上,即营销资源和活动必须与企业所面临的目标顾客相互一致,同时,顾客价值不是由制造商或服务提供者创造的,而是由顾客在其价值创造过程中创造的.企业的资源、流程和能力并不是企业的生产(如产品)、管理(如网站)、财务(如结算)、法律(如顾客申述的处理)及其它活动过程的结果,而应当被视为顾客价值创造过程的投入要素.因此,供应商的作用是通过向顾客提供恰当的资源要素,如产品、服务、信息、服务补救、个性化关怀等来支持顾客价值创造过程,并与顾客资源形成互动,惟此,顾客才会感知到价值被创造出来.要以此方式运营,企业必须将自己看作是服务企业,而且真正地为顾客服务.为强化顾客价值的生成,企业必须将其客户关系中的所有要素"服务化"(Servicizing),无论是与制造或服务相关的,还是管理、财务或者法律等常规活动.这些常规活动通常属于"隐性服务"(HiddenService),它们在价值创造中的潜力没有得到应有重视.相反,这些要素对顾客价值的生成过程常常起到破坏而不是支撑作用."服务化"意味着要将所有与顾客关系相关的要素,不管它们的类型和特性如何,转化为顾客价值创造过程中的投入要素.最后,本文还探讨了在顾客关系管理时代,如何配置企业营销资源及营销规划等问题.     

An Anatomy of International Trade: Evidence From French Firms

We examine the sales of French manufacturing firms in 113 destinations, including France itself. Several regularities stand out: (i) the number of French firms selling to a market, relative to French market share, increases systematically with market size; (ii) sales distributions are similar across markets of very different size and extent of French participation; (iii) average sales in France rise systematically with selling to less popular markets and to more markets. We adopt a model of firm heterogeneity and export participation which we estimate to match moments of the French data using the method of simulated moments. The results imply that over half the variation across firms in market entry can be attributed to a single dimension of underlying firm heterogeneity: efficiency. Conditional on entry, underlying efficiency accounts for much less of the variation in sales in any given market. We use our results to simulate the effects of a 10 percent counterfactual decline in bilateral trade barriers on French firms. While total French sales rise by around $16 billion (U.S.), sales by the top decile of firms rise by nearly $23 billion (U.S.). Every lower decile experiences a drop in sales, due to selling less at home or exiting altogether.     

面向价值共创的服务衍生供需决策优化研究

针对制造企业服务衍生时，制造企业与客户间可能存在的"双重边际效应"问题，以制造企业服务衍生特征刻画为基础，构建了服务衍生供需价值创造模型，比较分析了分散和集中两种决策情形下的价值创造，发现集中决策下供需双方能够创造整体更高的价值，但制造企业存在陷入"服务悖论"的风险，由此，设计了有助于协调供需价值分配的收益共享契约。研究表明，收益共享契约能够缓解制造企业与客户间的"双重边际效应"，契约能够激发制造企业以更为积极主动的态度改进服务衍生方案，提升方案的性价比，并由此促进市场需求，实现供需双方的价值共创。     

竞争环境下客户服务投入对企业利润影响的均衡分析

客户服务投入是企业吸引新顾客和维持现有顾客的重要手段之一。然而,服务投入究竟是否能给企业带来价值？对于这一问题,业界和学界都没有明确的答案。本文通过建模的方法研究在竞争的市场环境下,固有的市场因素对客户服务投入价值的影响。研究发现,服务竞争的市场均衡结构是两家厂商都投入客户服务。服务投入给企业带来的价值随着产品差异度的提高而提高,随着厂商自身市场份额的增加而增加。即,在产品差异度高的市场,服务投入更容易给企业带来价值。而在集中度高的市场,服务投入更容易给市场份额大的企业带来价值。     

The international business incubator as a foreign market entry mode

Foreign market entry for the firm is often a more complex process than suggested by theoretical models, which can often benefit from re-contextualising and extension in order to retain their explanatory power. In this article, case study research shows how an international business incubator in China, operated by a British export promotion organisation is able to facilitate the foreign market entry of firms. The findings provide an opportunity to highlight a hitherto under-researched method of foreign market entry, explore the synergies between the foreign market entry and business incubation literature and also to extend theory by integrating the role of the business incubator as a method of foreign market entry into existing models and frameworks.     

Shared Services Transformation: Conceptualization and Valuation from the Perspective of Real Options

In today's volatile global economy, where many organizations face severe pressure to downsize, the “shared services” model, in which a firm merges common functions performed by multiple units into a single service delivery organization, provides an innovative approach to make business more efficient and effective. To successfully implement shared services, firms need to strategically decide whether and how to pursue various service transformation alternatives such as simplification, standardization, consolidation, insourcing, or outsourcing. In this study, we develop the notion of real options into a unique theoretical lens for conceptualizing service organizations and their transformation in an uncertain business environment. Specifically, we view service organization as a set of strategic options that give the firm preferential access to future transformation opportunities. We create a taxonomy of these options, and introduce a decision methodology for valuing alternative shared services transformation approaches. We illustrate this methodology by applying it in a real business case to justify a global firm's decision regarding the transformation of its finance organization.     

Customer Learning Processes,Strategy Selection,and Performance in Business‐to‐Business Service Firms*

Learning about customers takes place through relevant dialogues with those customers, also known as customer relationship management (CRM). As relationships develop, information about the customer is gathered in the firm's customer information systems (CIS): the content, processes, and assets associated with gathering and moving customer information throughout the firm. This research develops a measure of CIS management capabilities based on learning organization theory and measured by the ability to get, store, move, and use information throughout the business unit. This measure is then used to analyze customer learning processes and associated performance in the context of marketing strategic decision making. This study of 209 business services firms finds that generic marketing strategy positioning (low‐cost and differentiation) and the marketing tactics of personalization and customization are related to CIS development. Customer information systems development in turn is associated with higher levels of customer‐based performance, which in turn is associated with increased business growth. Since the strongest association with customer‐based performance is strategy selection, the long‐term benefits of the knowledge gained from the CIS may be in the ability to assist in measuring customer‐based performance, rather than in the ability to immediately contribute to performance. Finally, for these firms, customization and personalization are not directly associated with performance and thus may not be necessary to support every firm's marketing strategy.     

基于东方管理的服务创新与服务利润链实证研究:以通信服务业为例

创新已经成为国内通信服务企业的竞争利器,探讨创新影响企业内部运作、外部顾客满意度和企业绩效的路径和模式.本文以河南省新联通为例,运用调查研究方法和案例研究方法,探讨基于东方管理的服务创新与员工满意、顾客满意和绩效之间的关系.本文得到如下结论:(1)基于东方管理思想的"内部服务创新-员工满意-顾客满意-企业绩效"的服务利润链路径得到验证,但强度较弱,这表明东方管理思想和服务创新理论在国内通信服务企业的应用是有效的,但其作用有待提升;(2)内部和外部服务创新通过直接和间接两条路径影响企业绩效;(3)内部创新影响路径(内部服务创新→员工满意→顾客满意→企业绩效)的强度小于外部创新影响路径(外部服务创新→顾客满意→企业绩效)的强度,表明针对员工的内部服务创新还未成为当前国内通信服务企业创新的重点;(4)除了创新对绩效的间接影响外,内部服务创新和外部服务创新会直接影响企业绩效,这表明国内通信服务企业的创新可能仍倾向于绩效导向,而非顾客导向,即表现出行为短期化.     

International market selection strategies selected by ‘micro’ and ‘small’ firms

Policy-makers and practitioners are seeking to promote the development of established firms. This paper suggests they may need to target customized export programmes to the specific situational demands of established ‘micro’ and ‘small’ firms. The following broad research question is explored: are there differences between ‘micro’ and ‘small’ firms with regard to the decision to sell goods or services abroad? In 1990/91, survey responses were gathered from 621 independent businesses located in Great Britain. In 1997, a follow-on telephone survey was conducted with 150 surviving firms. This survey gathered information on the propensity to export goods or services abroad and the mode of export behaviour reported by established ‘micro’ as well as ‘small’ firms. The performance of exporting and non-exporting firms was also compared. Implications for policy-makers, practitioners and researchers are highlighted.