用于稳定金属锂负极的FeF_2/PVDF复合保护层

通过在金属锂箔表面涂覆氟化亚铁(FeF_2)/聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)的复合保护层,制备了FeF_2/PVDF保护层修饰的改性金属锂负极.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对循环前后的电极形貌进行表征,并通过恒电流充放电、电化学交流阻抗谱和倍率等测试对改性金属锂负极的电化学性能进行分析.研究发现,与传统的金属锂箔负极相比,具有保护层的金属锂负极循环后表面无锂枝晶和"死锂"产生,因此表现出良好的循环稳定性,恒电流(1 mA/cm~2)充放电循环1300 h,充放电间的电压迟滞始终稳定保持在50 mV;该改性金属锂负极与磷酸铁锂正极匹配后的全电池也展现出优异的倍率性能,在3 C的电流密度下放电比容量依然可以达到110 mAh/g.     

电动汽车锂离子动力电池充放电性能试验分析

根据电动汽车动力电池研发需求,对锂离子单体电池进行了一系列充放电试验,得到了该电池在不同放电倍率,以及不同温度条件下的充放电特性、开路电压、温升、内阻与效率特性.结果表明,锂离子电池具有比能量高、内阻小、放电效率高、放电特性良好等优点；锂电池的荷电状态与电池开路电压存在近似线性关系,这使得利用开路电压结合安时法估计电池的SOC成为现实.     

CeO_2对锂离子电池正极材料LiMn_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Ni_(1/3)O_2的包覆改性

采用溶胶凝胶法对LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2表面包覆了1.0wt%的CeO2.采用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),循环伏安(CV)和恒流充放电对包覆和未包覆的LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2进行了结构表征与性能测试分析.研究显示,CeO2并没有改变电极材料的晶体结构,仅在电极材料表面形成均匀的包覆层.包覆1.0wt%CeO2后的材料的放电容量和循环性能均明显优于未包覆的材料.在20mA·g-1的电流密度下,包覆1.0wt%CeO2后的材料的放电容量为182.5mAh·g-1而未包覆的材料仅为165.8mAh·g-1.包覆1.0wt%CeO2后的材料在3.0C下循环12周后的容量保持率达93.2%,而未包覆的材料的容量保持率仅为86.6%.CV测试表明,CeO2包覆层可以有效的防止正极材料与电解液的直接接触,抑制了材料结构的转变或抑制了与电解液的副反应,从而提高了材料的电化学性能.     

多孔氮化钒(VN)纳米带气凝胶的制备及其电化学性能

以NH_4VO_3为原料,通过180℃下水热反应和550℃下NH_3处理制备了多孔氮化钒(VN)纳米带气凝胶,并对多孔VN纳米带气凝胶的电化学性能进行了分析.SEM和TEM分析表明所制备的多孔VN纳米带的宽度为100~400 nm,孔尺寸为10~20 nm.电化学阻抗谱分析表明多孔VN纳米带气凝胶对I3.还原反应具有很高的催化活性,电荷迁跃电阻为1.36Ωcm~2.用多孔VN纳米带气凝胶电极组装的染料敏化太阳电池的光电转换效率为7.05%,与传统的Pt电极电池相近.循环伏安和恒流充放电实验表明多孔VN纳米带气凝胶具有较好的电容性能.当电流密度为0.5 A/g时,多孔VN纳米带气凝胶在2 mol/L KOH溶液中的比电容达到292.2 F/g.因此,所制备的多孔VN纳米带气凝胶可以作为高效的电极材料应用于染料敏化太阳电池对电极和超级电容器电极中.     

CeO2对锂离子电池正极材料LiMn1/3CO1/3Ni/3O2的包覆改性

采用溶胶凝胶法对LiMn1/3CO1/3Ni/3O2表面包覆了1．0wt％的CeO2．采用X射线衍射（XRD），扫描电镜（SEM），循环伏安（CV）和恒流充放电对包覆和未包覆的LiMn1/3CO1/3Ni/3O2进行了结构表征与性能测试分析．研究显示，CeO2并没有改变电极材料的晶体结构，仅在电极材料表面形成均匀的包覆层．包覆1．0wt％CeO2后的材料的放电容量和循环性能均明显优于未包覆的材料．在20mA·g^-1的电流密度下，包覆1．0wt％CeO2后的材料的放电容量为182．5mAh·g^-1而未包覆的材料仅为165．8mAh·g-1．包覆1．0wt％CeO2后的材料在3．0C下循环12周后的容量保持率达93．2％，而未包覆的材料的容量保持率仅为86．6％．CV测试表明，CeO2包覆层可以有效的防止正极材料与电解液的直接接触，抑制了材料结构的转变或抑制了与电解液的副反应，从而提高了材料的电化学性能．     

MH-Ni电池中正极材料β-Ni(OH)2微结构的对比

微结构主要指微应变、微晶和堆垛层错, 它们都会引起X射线衍射线的宽化现象. 在总结前人工作的基础上, 提出并建立了分离微晶-堆垛层错二重、微晶-微应变-层错三重宽化效应的最小二乘方方法和相关的计算程序, 于是可分别计算出微应变(微应力)、微晶大小和堆垛层错几率. 用这种方法对不同来源的β-Ni(OH)₂原材料、普通MH-Ni电池活化前后和循环寿命试验前后的β-Ni(OH)₂、正极中加有Ca化合物的电池在循环寿命试验后β-Ni(OH)₂的微结构进行了对比分析和研究. 实验结果表明, 活化和循环充放电的影响是巨大的, 使微晶形状和尺度、微应变状态和堆垛层错几率都发生重大变化, 而且这些微结构参数与电池的电化学性能之间有一定的对应关系.     

非线性电池阵列的最大功率匹配

电池功率可表述为自变量与伏安函数(因变量)的乘积.通过建立电池阵列功率函数,把阵列在最大功率下的"同工作点匹配"拓展为"线匹配".根据电池阵列失配损失的数学描述,给出了阵列的自变量和因变量匹配准则,证明了"线匹配"确实存在.在因变量匹配准则下用级数来研究不同电池,可得到级数表述中的各系数之比值恒为常数,给出类函数匹配方法.再以Lambert W函数为媒介,在类函数匹配方法和实际的电池电流方程之间建立起对应关系,给出电池参数匹配方法,可实践指导电池阵列的"线匹配".最后给出了光伏阵列的匹配案例.     

能源互联网重要基础支撑:分布式储能技术的探索与实践

可再生能源分布式发电的能量波动性以及用户驱动的能量需求的时空随机性,导致能源互联网中能量流本身具有先天的不确定性与无秩序性,因此,分布式储能技术由于可以有效消除能量流的不确定性,并使能量的时空转移和能量流的有序流动成为可能,成为能源互联网重要基础支撑.分布式电池储能作为一种重要的储能方式,电池单体本身非线性特性与电池成组或成网后单体间的差异性,使得电池储能系统"管理好"成为真正"使用好"的基础.但是,电池成组或成网后将构成复杂巨系统,这对"管理好"带来巨大的挑战.因此,本文基于作者多年理论与技术的成果积累,总结了一套适用于分布式储能的大规模电池网络优化管理的理论与方法,包括:单体和电池组或电池网络的建模与状态参数精确估算;基于模糊测度的电池网络特征提取及快速计算;基于自适应动态规划的电池网络优化管理.随后,本文将基于能源互联网思想的分布式储能架构及其管理优化方法与技术引入数据中心,并给出了其在数据中心中实际应用原型系统介绍.本文工作可以为能源互联网的重要基础支撑—分布式储能技术—的研究与应用提供方法指导与技术支撑.     

不可逆热容热电转换装置性能的优化分析

基于超级电容的古伊-查普曼-斯特恩(CGS)双电层模型,本文建立一类不可逆热容热电转换装置循环的新模型.应用热力学理论和系统的能量平衡方程,导出该热容循环的回热量、输出功率和能量效率的表达式.通过数值计算,揭示热容循环的一般性能特性,分析循环的电量比、充电截止电压、回热过程的时间、双层距离、电解液浓度等重要性能参数对热容热电转换系统优化性能的影响.对于一些给定的参数,确定系统运行于最大功率下循环的电量比、双层距离、充放电过程的温度的优化值,给出循环的一些重要性能参数的优化范围.结果表明,为了获得循环的最优性能,采用CGS模型除了对充放电过程的温度和循环的电量比进行优化外,还可对电容的多孔电极的孔径进行优化,当充电截止电压为2 V时,优化的最大功率密度约为4.9 kW/m~2,相应的效率可达18.5%.本文所获得的结果可为实际热容热电转换装置优化设计和运行提供理论依据.     

不同方法制备的Pt对电极染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能研究

采用磁控溅射（sputtering）、高温热分解（high-temp）H2Pt Cl6·6H2O溶液和低温化学还原（low-temp）H2Pt Cl6·6H2O溶液等方法在FTO导电基片上制备了三类不同的Pt对电极,通过改变磁控溅射时间或旋涂退火循环次数,对FTO上不同对电极的载Pt量进行了调节.分析了三种不同方法制备的对电极的晶相结构、表面形貌以及透光率等特性.基于纳米管阵列和不同条件制备的对电极组装了系列染料敏化太阳能电池.测量了正照射和背照射条件下的电池光电性能,并分析了制备方法对对电极微结构和形貌的影响,以及对组装电池光电性能的影响,并对其各自的适用性和优缺点进行了比较分析.     

基于STM32F103和M33的家居安防监视系统的硬件设计与实现

详细介绍了一种家居安防监视系统的硬件设计.该系统使用主控芯片STM32F103和模块M33,实现了图像采集和处理、GSM/GPRS通讯、短距离无线通讯、人机交互信息显示、红外感应、外部电源和内部锂电池供电等功能.实际运行表明,该系统具有可靠性好、功能强、成本低、安装和使用方便的特点,满足了人们对家居安防产品的要求.     

Characterization and normalization factors of abiotic resource depletion for life cycle impact assessment in China

The availability of resources for economic activities differs between regions,and the importance of the resources is consequently observed to be different within regions compared to a global scale.With the current situation in Chinese mining industry and its statistic characteristics,the characterization procedures of abiotic resource in life cycle impact assessment(LCIA)have demonstrated certain limitations in the Chinese materials industry.The aim of this paper is to propose new characterization and norma...     

The versatility of spectrum analysis for forecasting financial time series

The versatility of the one‐dimensional discrete wavelet analysis combined with wavelet and Burg extensions for forecasting financial times series with distinctive properties is illustrated with market data. Any time series of financial assets may be decomposed into simpler signals called approximations and details in the framework of the one‐dimensional discrete wavelet analysis. The simplified signals are recomposed after extension. The final output is the forecasted time series which is compared to observed data. Results show the pertinence of adding spectrum analysis to the battery of tools used by econometricians and quantitative analysts for the forecast of economic or financial time series.     

Science at Oxford

Faraday demonstrated electromagnetic induction in 1831 using an iron ring wound with two wire coils; on interrupting battery current in one coil, momentary currents arose in the other. Between Faraday's ring and the induction coil, coiled instruments developed via meandering paths. This paper explores the opening phase of that work in the late 1830s, as the iron core, primary wire coil, and secondary wire coil were researched and differentiated. ‘Working knowledge’ (defined by Baird) gained with materials and phenomena was crucial to innovations. To understand these material-based interactions, I experimented with hand-wound coils, along with examining historical texts, drawings, and artefacts. My experience recovered the historical dead-end of two-wire coils and ensuing work with long-coiled single conductors initiated by Faraday and Henry. The shock and spark heightened in these coils provided feedback to the many instrumental configurations tested by Page, Callan, Sturgeon, Bachhoffner, and others. The continuous conductor differentiated into two segments soldered together: a thick short wire carrying battery current and a long thin wire for elevating shocks (voltage). The joined wires eventually separated, yet their transitional connection documents belief that the induced effects depend on continuity. These coiled instruments, with their intertwined histories, show experimental work and understandings in the process of developing. Seeing the nonlinear paths by which these instruments developed deepens our understanding of historical experiences, and of how people learn.     

Cell kinetic studies in the epidermis of the mouse. I. Changes in labeling index with time after tritiated thymidine administration

The changes in the labeling index (LI) with time after a single injection of tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) at each of 4 different times of the day have been studied. Slight differences occur in the shape of these LI curves, (e.g. in the timing of the peaks) depending on the time of day when the initial injection was given. Thus, the time of day influences not only the number of cells in DNA synthesis but also determines the subsequent behavior of the labeled cells. The curves show 3 distinct peaks from which estimates of the cell cycle time can be made. The technique permits the cell cycle time to be estimated. From the data as a whole a minimum cell cycle time of 90 h for basal cells in the epidermis on the back of a mouse is obtained. The technique also provides estimates for the duration of S + G2 + M which varies depending on the time of day that the label is given. The LI curves can best be understood if the basal layer is assumed to contain 2 cell populations with differing cell cycle times; one having a long cell cycle (about 180 h) but short S-phase and containing the stem cells, the other having a short cell cycle (about 90 h) and a long S-phase duration and consisting of transit cells.     

串珠藻科分类系统述评及主要分类特征的评价

串珠藻科Batrachospermaceae是淡水红藻中最大的一个科,包括约120种。自建立至今,该科的分类系统几经变化。本文综述了串珠藻科分类系统的研究进展,并对主要形态特征的分类价值进行了分析。     

世界科学活动中心转移的历史初探

近代世界科学活动中心经历了从意大利→英国→法国→德国→美国的转移，为什么这些国家在一定时期可以成为世界科学中心?一般而言，这个国家或地区由于战争或革命得到特殊的条件，人们的思想得到前所未有的解放，如意大利的文艺复兴运动、法国的启蒙运动，然后，由于资产阶级的需要，大规模的引进科学技术和智力，充分利用先进地区和国家的科技成果推动这个地区科学技术和生产力的飞速发展，从而成为世界科学活动中心。     

Coexistence of neoteny and an internal cycle a polystomatid (Monogenea)]

Metapolystoma cachani a parasite of Ptychadena longirostris (Peters) has been discovered in the Ivory coast. Its life cycle is the first to involve both the possibility of an internal cycle in the bladder of the adult Amphibian and a neotenical reproduction on the gills of the Tadpole. This double process is the link between the Monogeneans which are only parasites of aquatic hosts and those which are adapted to terrestrial hosts. Its place is therefore essential in the phylogeny of Polystomatidae.