Preparation of fly ash and rice husk ash geopolymer

The geopolymer of fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) was prepared. The burning temperature of rice husk, the RHA fineness and the ratio of FA to RHA were studied. The density and strength of the geopolymer mortars with RHA/FA mass ratios of 0/100, 20/80, 40/60, and 60/40 were tested. The geopolymers were activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate, and heat. It is revealed that the optimum burning temperature of RHA for making FA-RHA geopolymer is 690oC. The as-received FA and the ground RHA with 1%-5% retained on No.325 sieve are suitable source materials for making geopolymer, and the obtained compressive strengths are between 12.5-56.0 MPa and are dependent on the ratio of FA/RHA, the RHA fineness, and the ratio of sodium silicate to NaOH. Relatively high strength FA-RHA geopolymer mortars are obtained using a sodium silicate/NaOH mass ratio of 4.0, delay time before subjecting the samples to heat for 1 h, and heat curing at 60oC for 48 h.     

Kaolin-based geopolymers with various NaOH concentrations

Kaolin geopolymers were produced by the alkali-activation of kaolin with an activator solution (a mixture of NaOH and sodium silicate solutions). The NaOH solution was prepared at a concentration of 6–14 mol/L and was mixed with the sodium silicate solution at a Na₂SiO₃/NaOH mass ratio of 0.24 to prepare an activator solution. The kaolin-to-activator solution mass ratio used was 0.80. This paper aimed to analyze the effect of NaOH concentration on the compressive strength of kaolin geopolymers at 80℃ for 1, 2, and 3 d. Kaolin geopolymers were stable in water, and strength results showed that the kaolin binder had adequate compressive strength with 12 mol/L of NaOH concentration. When the NaOH concentration increased, the SiO₂/Na₂O decreased. The increased Na₂O content enhanced the dissolution of kaolin as shown in X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. However, excess in this content was not beneficial for the strength development of kaolin geopolymers. In addition, there was the formation of more geopolymeric gel in 12 mol/L samples. The XRD pattern of the samples showed a higher amorphous content and a more geopolymer bonding existed as proved by FTIR analysis.     

非金属矿物聚合材料的制备及性能研究

以偏高岭土、粉煤灰为主要原料,沸石、黏土为辅料,生石灰和钠水玻璃为碱激发剂制备矿物聚合材料.通过正交试验研究了养护温度、养护时间、蒸养时间对抗压强度影响,通过单因素实验研究了生石灰用量、水固比及水玻璃模数对抗压强度影响;并通过红外光谱、X-射线衍射和扫描电镜分析了样品的化学键变化、物相组成及微观形貌.结果表明,最佳的养护条件为养护温度80℃、湿度95%,养护时间72 h,0.8 MPa蒸养8h;生石灰用量、水固比、水玻璃模数的最佳值分别为3%(wt)、0.37、2.3,样品的最大抗压强度为60.8 MPa.     

高湿环境中磷尾矿基地质聚合物凝结硬化机理

为解决地质聚合物注浆材料在高湿环境中凝结硬化速率无法控制的问题,利用碱激发粉煤灰和磷尾矿制备地质聚合物注浆材料,研究其在采空区高湿环境中凝结硬化的主控因素。利用傅里叶红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FTIR）、X射线衍射光谱（X-ray Diffraction,XRD）和扫描电镜 （Scanning electron microscope,SEM）对地质聚合物的凝结过程、硬化结构特征和反应机理进行分析,得出以下结论：地质聚合物注浆材料的凝结硬化受水固比、粉煤灰添加量、激发剂碱浓度和模数的影响,调节地质聚合物的凝结硬化主要利用凝胶体的生成-分布-固化过程。水固比过高凝胶体会被稀释,过低会难以控制凝结时间;适当提高粉煤灰的添加量会促进地质聚合物的凝结;激发剂碱浓度的提高有助于原料中硅铝和钙质溶解,增加凝胶体的生成量,碱过量会导致地质聚合物泛碱;激发剂模数的增大会使浆液中的气体和水分难以排出,降低地质聚合物中各物质间的相互作用,增加地质聚合物的凝结时间。当水固比为0.5~0.75,粉煤灰和磷尾矿的质量比为1~1.2,H2O和Na2O的摩尔比为20~25,碱激发剂模数为1.5~2时,制备的地质聚合物可以满足凝结硬化 的要求。     

养护对高性能混凝土塑性收缩的影响

在 4种不同养护条件下 ,对掺有养护剂 SAP、硅灰和粉煤灰的高性能混凝土进行对比试验 ,采用混凝土板试验研究高性能混凝土早期塑性收缩和裂缝。研究结果表明 ,养护条件对高性能混凝土的塑性收缩和裂缝有显著的影响 ,硅灰和粉煤灰等矿物材料能减少塑性收缩并能优化混凝土的性能 ,自养护混凝土能显著地抑制其塑性收缩和裂缝     

Properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes with Portland cement as an additive

The effect of Portland cement (OPC) addition on the properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes was investigated in the paper. OPC partially replaced fly ash (FA) at the dosages of 0, 5%, 10%, and 15% by mass of binder. Sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions were used as the liquid portion in the mixture: NaOH 10 mol/L, Na₂SiO₃/NaOH with a mass ratio of 2.0, and alkaline liquid/binder (L/B) with a mass ratio of 0.6. The curing at 60℃ for 24 h was used to accelerate the geopolymerization. The setting time of all fresh pastes, porosity, and compressive strength of the pastes at the stages of 1, 7, 28, and 90 d were tested. The elastic modulus and strain capacity of the pastes at the stage of 7 d were determined. It is revealed that the use of OPC as an additive to replace part of FA results in the decreases in the setting time, porosity, and strain capacity of the paste specimens, while the compressive strength and elastic modulus seem to increase.     

脱硫石膏粉煤灰地聚合物抗压强度和反应机理

经钠水玻璃激发固体废弃物脱硫石膏和粉煤灰,成功研制了脱硫石膏-粉煤灰地聚合物,研究了该地聚合物的抗压强度,并采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等测试方法研究了其反应机理.研究表明:经800℃焙烧1h后的脱硫石膏结构松弛、缺陷多、活性大,以10%掺量取代粉煤灰,经钠水玻璃激发形成的地聚合物,在75℃养护8h或在23℃养护至28d,抗压强度均可达37.0 MPa.此反应体系中,碱激发与硫酸盐激发作用共存,地聚合反应与水化反应同时进行,生成了地聚合物凝胶、类沸石以及钙矾石等反应产物.脱硫石膏-粉煤灰地聚合物的成功研制,为实现多种工业废弃物的共处置利用,尤其是含硅铝相的工业废弃物和含硫酸钙的工业废弃物的共处置打下了理论基础.     

粉煤灰基地聚合物拉伸性能研究

以粉煤灰为主要原材料,矿粉为添加剂,水玻璃和氢氧化钠为激发剂,制备地聚合物。通过正交试验测试了水胶比(W)、碱激发剂掺量(S)、矿粉取代率(B)和水玻璃模数(M)在不同水平下的地聚合物试样3 d、7 d与28 d的拉伸强度。通过极差分析和因素指标分析,得出各因素对拉伸强度的影响规律。当水胶比为0.3,碱激发剂掺量为0.08,矿粉取代率为0.3,水玻璃模数为1.8,试样的各龄期拉伸强度较优,可得到3 d、7 d和28 d拉伸强度为1.65 MPa、2.25 MPa和3.68 MPa的地聚合物胶凝材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对拉伸性能进行了机理分析。分析结果表明,拉伸强度与无定型凝胶体的含量和产物微观形貌相关。     

碱激发秸秆灰渣改良膨胀土试验研究

通过室内试验,探讨利用碱激发秸秆灰渣改良膨胀土的可行性及改良效果。试验研究了秸秆灰渣、碱激发秸秆灰渣改良膨胀土的基本工程性质指标、击实特性、胀缩特性及无侧限抗压强度的影响特征。试验研究结果表明,随着秸秆灰渣的增加或者碱溶液浓度的增加,膨胀土的塑性指数、自由膨胀率、膨胀量与膨胀力逐渐减小,这说明掺秸秆灰渣可有效降低膨胀土的胀缩性。击实样经养护后的膨胀试验结果表明,随着养护龄期的增加,膨胀土的膨胀力明显减小。无侧限抗压强度试验结果表明:没有经过养护的土样,碱激发秸秆灰渣对无侧限抗压强度的影响不够明显;经过7 d养护后,随着掺秸秆灰渣的增加,土样的无侧限抗压强度具有一定程度的提高,并且无侧限抗压强度存在一个峰值点。     

半柔性路面用地聚物砂浆配合比设计

以粉煤灰为主要原料,矿渣微粉为掺加剂,水玻璃(Na₂O·nSiO₂)和氢氧化钠为复合激发剂,标准砂为细集料,通过正交实验进行配合比设计,运用极差和方差分析流动度、凝结时间、泌水率、抗压及抗折强度、收缩膨胀率的影响规律,在常温条件下制备半柔性路面用地聚物砂浆.实验结果表明:半柔性路面用地聚物砂浆配合比的水胶比为0.45~0.50,砂胶比为0.2,矿渣微粉取代率为0.3,碱激发剂掺量为0.14~0.17.     

Effect of SiO2/Na2O mole ratio on the properties of foam geopolymers fabricated from circulating fluidized bed fly ash

Geopolymers are three-dimensional aluminosilicates formed in a short time at low temperature by geopolymerization. In this pa-per, alkali-activated foam geopolymers were fabricated from circulating fluidized bed fly ash （CFA）, and the effect of SiO2/Na2O mole ratio （0.91-1.68） on their properties was studied. Geopolymerization products were characterized by mechanical testing, scanning electron mi-croscopy （SEM）, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that SiO2/Na2O mole ratio plays an important role in the mechanical and morphological characteristics of geopolymers. Foam samples prepared in 28 d with a SiO2/Na2O mole ratio of 1.42 exhibit the greatest compressive strength of 2.52 MPa. Morphological analysis reveals that these foam geo-polymers appear the relatively optimized pore structure and distribution, which are beneficial to the structure stability. Moreover, a combina-tion of the Si/Al atomic ratio ranging between 1.47 and 1.94 with the Na/Al atomic ratio of about 1 produces the samples with high strength.     

粉煤灰混凝土的多因素寿命预测模型

通过快速碳化试验,研究了不同粉煤灰掺量(0～60%)、不同养护龄期(1,3,7,28,90 d)、不同弯曲荷载率(0,25%,50%)对m(W)/m(C)=0.34混凝土的碳化影响,并建立了综合考虑粉煤灰掺量、养护龄期、荷载率、环境温度、结合能力以及混凝土的CO2扩散系数时间依赖性的多因素寿命预测模型.结果表明:混凝土的CO2扩散系数与粉煤灰掺量成二次函数关系,粉煤灰掺量30%左右最佳.混凝土的CO2扩散系数随养护龄期的增加而降低,随荷载率的增加而增加.其关系分别符合指数关系和乘幂关系.使用多因素碳化寿命预测模型对大桥的箱梁和索塔进行预测,箱梁的运营寿命为211年,索塔为167年.增加养护龄期或提高保护层厚度是提高大掺量粉煤灰结构混凝土寿命的重要途径.     

碱法直接合成茂钠的研究

在四氢呋喃中以环戊二烯(茂)与固体氢氧化钠反应合成环戊二烯钠,研究了反应物配比、反应温度、时间和固体粒度对环戊二烯钠收率和纯度等的影响。结果表明,环戊二烯钠的收率可达96%以上。     

高铝粉煤灰拜耳法溶出渣碱回收

针对高铝粉煤灰拜耳法溶出渣进行了脱碱工艺研究,考察了［n(C)/n(S)］(CaO与SiO₂物质的量比)、反应温度、反应时间、液固比及体系碱浓度等对脱碱的影响,同时考察了脱碱过程对氧化铝溶出率的影响.结果表明:添加石灰的方式可以实现高铝粉煤灰拜耳法溶出渣中氧化钠的脱除,并回收部分氧化铝;反应温度对氧化钠和氧化铝回收率均造成显著影响,而［n(C)/n(S)］仅对氧化钠的溶出率影响较大;在温度260℃、氧化钠质量浓度小于80g/L、液固比4、［n(C)/n(S)］为1.8、反应时间2h条件下,脱碱率为91.2%,氧化铝回收率为28.0%;拜耳渣脱碱过程物相由水合铝硅酸钠向水化石榴石及铁水化石榴石转变.     

粉煤灰对硬化水泥石干缩湿胀行为影响的机理研究

通过试验研究在不同预养护龄期时,粉煤灰掺量对硬化水泥石干燥收缩过程和吸水膨胀过程的影响.结果表明,粉煤灰掺量不同时对硬化水泥石干燥收缩过程的影响是不一致的,将干燥后的硬化水泥石重新放入水中后,粉煤灰掺量对硬化水泥石的吸水膨胀过程的影响也是不一致的.通过热分析研究不同情况下水的分布,并将此与干缩变形试验的结果相结合,探讨了粉煤灰对硬化水泥石干缩变形的影响机理.     

硼镁石真空铝热炼镁还原渣提取高白氢氧化铝

以煅烧硼镁石为原料真空铝热还原炼镁得到的还原渣中富含12CaO·7Al2O3,该还原渣可通过氢氧化钠和碳酸钠的混合碱液溶出得到铝酸钠溶液和富硼料,铝酸钠溶液通过碳酸化分解可制备氢氧化铝.以硼镁石铝热炼镁所得还原渣为原料,研究了溶出温度、时间、碳酸钠及氢氧化钠质量浓度对氧化铝溶出率的影响,并对碳分产物进行性能研究.结果表明,在氢氧化钠质量浓度12g/L,碳碱质量浓度210g/L,溶出时间120min,溶出温度95℃,液固比为6的条件下,炼镁还原渣中氧化铝的溶出率为8521%.氢氧化铝产品为α-Al(OH)3,白度大于98,SEM显示其晶粒小于1μm.     

Effect of cement types, mineral admixtures, and bottom ash on the curing sensitivity of concrete

The curing sensitivity of concrete with cement Types 1, 3, and 5 as well as multiple powders consisting of cement, fly ash, and limestone powder was studied. Bottom ash was also used in the study as an internal curing agent and a partial substitution of fine aggregate. The curing sensitivity index was calculated by considering the performances of compressive strength and carbonation depth. Specimens were subjected to two curing conditions: continuously water-cured and continuously air-cured. The results show that cement Type 3 has a lower curing sensitivity, while cement Type 5 increases the curing sensitivity. For the mixes without bottom ash, the use of fly ash increases the curing sensitivity, while limestone powder reduces the curing sensitivity of concrete. The use of bottom ash in concrete reduces the curing sensitivity, especially at a lower mass ratio of water to binder. Concrete with limestone powder, together with bottom ash, is least sensitive to curing. The curing sensitivity calculated from carbonation depth also has a similar tendency as that derived by considering compressive strength. From the test results of compressive strength and curing sensitivity, bottom ash has been proven to be an effective internal curing agent.     

茂钠制备新方法

以氢氧化钠（代替金属）和环戊二烯为原料制备了茂钠。着重研究了反应物配比，温度及固体ＮａＯＨ的颗粒粒径对反应速度和产物收率的影响规律，结果表明，当ＮａＯＨ／ＣＰＤ的摩尔比为４／１，粒径在１￣２ｎｍ，温度为０℃时，产物收率可高达９５％￣９７％。     

利用粉煤灰合成4A沸石分子筛的研究

以粉煤灰(coal fly ash,CFA)为原料,采用碱熔融-水热法合成4A沸石分子筛,系统研究了碱熔温度、碱度、陈化时间、晶化温度和晶化时间对合成4A分子筛的影响。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品的结构、组成和形貌进行了表征。研究结果表明,无需外加硅铝组分,通过控制合成条件,可对产品结构进行调控。在粉煤灰与氢氧化钠质量比为1∶1.2,碱熔温度850℃,NaOH浓度2.14mol/L,陈化时间6h,晶化温度90℃,晶化时间12h的条件下,用粉煤灰成功合成了晶相单一且晶型完整的4A沸石分子筛。     

硅酸钠模数对无机聚合物力学性能与微观结构的影响

用模数m=1.0、1.2、1.4和1.6的4种硅酸钠溶液作激发剂制备偏高岭土基无机聚合物,通过强度测试、红外分析(IR)、X线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等方法考察激发剂模数对无机聚合物力学性能和微观结构的影响。结果表明:模数在1.0~1.6变化时,激发剂中硅氧四面体呈低聚合态;随养护时间延长,无机聚合物抗压强度和抗折强度提高,m=1.2的无机聚合物28 d抗压强度最高(74.6 MPa),抗折强度为11.2 MPa;4种无机聚合物主体相均呈非晶态,结构上由凝胶体和残留原料颗粒组成,其中,m=1.2时无机聚合物的显微结构最平整。