棕色田鼠食性食量的研究

用人工室内饲养和野外实地观察的方法，对棕色田鼠的食性食量进行了初步研究．结果表明，棕色田鼠啃食多种农作物和大部分田间杂草，约有 １６ 个科近 ４０ 种．棕色田鼠日食量平均为 ３１８４ ｇ，对某种食物日食量存在着明显的季节变化．日食量与体重呈正相关，且同一年龄组（除幼体组外）的雌性鼠比雄性鼠平均日食指数高     

野生成年棕色田鼠社会行为研究

对成年棕色田鼠 (Microtusmandarinus)的社会行为进行了实验室观察 .结果发现 ,当陌生的两只雄鼠相遇时 ,优势雄鼠和从属雄鼠间的社会行为有明显的区别 ,优势鼠接近、攻击、追赶对方的频次和持续时间明显的多于从属鼠 ,而从属鼠逃离和防御行为多于优势鼠 ;优势鼠的体重明显的大于从属鼠 ,而且攻击行为和社会探究行为的频次与体重呈正相关 ,非社会行为无明显的差别 .但当两只熟悉的雄鼠相遇时 ,则比陌生雄鼠相遇表现出较多的喜好行为和较少的攻击行为 .观察还发现 ,单独生活的异性个体相遇时表现出较少的攻击行为和较多的喜好行为 ;相反 ,和其它家庭成员生活的两个陌生异性个体相遇时表现出较多的攻击行为 .两个雌性相遇和两个雄性相遇表现出相似的行为模式 .以上结果表明 ,熟悉性、性别、个体大小、接触近况是影响棕色田鼠社会行为的重要因子 .     

棕色田鼠食性食量的研究

用人工室内饲养和野地观察的方法，对棕色田鼠的食性食量进行了初步研究。结果表明，棕产啃食多种农作物和大部分田间杂草，约有１６个科近４０种，棕色田鼠日食量平均为３１．８４ｇ，对某种食物日食量存在有显的季节变化，日食量与体重呈正相关，且同一年龄且（除幼体组外）的雌性鼠比雄性鼠平均日食指数高。     

布氏田鼠的嗅觉通讯Ⅰ：非繁殖期的种内识别

通过对观察箱内处于非繁殖期的成年布氏田鼠嗅觉通讯，特别是种内识别的研究表明：布氏田鼠对带有鼠味的底物和清洁底物有分辨能力，并能够辨别自身气味和陌生个体气味，但对群体气味和不同性别的陌生个体气味在探究时间上没有表现出差异。     

棕色田鼠静止代谢率的比较研究

以棕色田鼠的耗氧量为指标，探讨了雌（哺乳和非哺乳），雄棕色田鼠能量代谢的特征，结果表明，在热中性区（20－25．0℃），棕色田鼠静止代谢率为2．4601moO2/g/h，是期望值的175．70％，其中哺乳雄鼠为2．5843mlO2/g/h，是期望值的190．68％，非哺乳雌鼠为2．3477mlO2/g/h，是期望值的164．92％，雄鼠为2．3949mlO2/g/h，是期望值的165．37％，棕色田鼠在22．5℃时的平均热传导为0．1797mlO2/g/h/℃，棕色田鼠较高的RMR（繁殖期更高），稍高的热传导率，是对生存环境的适应性反应。     

雌性棕色田鼠和昆明小鼠血象对急性低氧应答的比较研究

为探明雌性棕色田鼠在急性低氧处理下血象的变化,确定急性低氧对地下鼠的生理学作用,进而揭示地下鼠的血液系统对急性低氧的应答对策,在4 h急性低氧处理条件下,测定雌性棕色田鼠和昆明小鼠的血象指标并进行比较分析.结果显示,棕色田鼠和昆明小鼠的红细胞压积和红细胞体积在急性低氧处理下表现不同,但红细胞数均不受急性低氧处理的影响;棕色田鼠和昆明小鼠间血红蛋白含量相近且不受急性低氧处理的影响,两种鼠间平均血红蛋白浓度差异极显著,与红细胞体积变小有关;棕色田鼠的血小板数量显著低于昆明小鼠.研究结果表明,两种鼠均通过减小红细胞体积,增加血小板数量的方式应对急性低氧,并且棕色田鼠对低氧的耐受能力强于昆明小鼠.     

野生成年棕色田鼠社会行为研究

对成年棕色田鼠的社会行为进行了实验室观察。结果发现，当陌生的两只雄鼠相遇时，优势雄鼠和从属雄鼠间的社会行为有明显的区别，优势鼠接近，攻击，追赶对方的频次和持续时间明显的多于从属鼠，而从属鼠逃离和防御行为多于优势鼠；优势鼠的体重明显的大于从属鼠，而且攻击行为和社会探究行为的频次与体重呈正相关，非社会行为无明显的差别。但当两只熟悉的雄鼠相遇时，则比陌生雄鼠相遇表现出较多的喜好行为和较少的攻击行为。观察     

黑线仓鼠、棕色田鼠和大林姬鼠犁鼻系统的显微结构观察

用光镜观察并比较了黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)、棕色田鼠(Microtus mandarinus)和大林姬鼠(Apodemus peninsulae)犁鼻器和副嗅球的结构．结果表明，黑线仓鼠和棕色田鼠犁鼻器在位置和形态上相似，但这三种鼠犁鼻上皮、犁鼻管腔和犁鼻血管均有较明显的差异．黑线仓鼠和棕色田鼠副嗅球中嗅小球层和颗粒层也存在明显的差异．通过对这两种结构的比较，说明犁鼻系统的结构差异与鼠类的生活环境和繁殖行为有关．     

地下啮齿类的震动通讯不需要特殊传导装置

目的　为了确定终生在地下生活的斯氏鼢鼠(Myospalaxsmithi)和棕色田鼠(Microtusman darinus)中耳内的听觉传导是否通过特殊结构来实现震动通讯。方法　在解剖显微镜下观察斯氏鼢鼠、棕色田鼠的中耳结构,利用公式ITR=[A/[2/3(Ad)]]×[Li/Lm]2和公式T=[4(Zd/41.5)]/[1+Zd/41.5]计算它们中耳的声波转换效率,观察头骨与下颌骨之间的连接方式,并与地上生活的大鼠、家猫和猕猴的中耳进行比较。结果　斯氏鼢与棕色田鼠中耳内不存在特殊的声波传导结构,曾被认为与震动通讯有关的假关节窝的功能是用来防止下颌脱臼,砧骨短脚与鼓室壁间的连接关系同样见于大鼠、家猫和猕猴中斯氏鼢鼠的中耳对声波的转换效率低于棕色田鼠。结论　斯氏鼢鼠和棕色田鼠的震动通讯不需要特殊的中耳传导装置,借助于头骨的一般结构就能完成。     

共居时间对雄性布氏田鼠配偶气味识别记忆的影响

将无交配经历的40～80日龄雌、雄布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandti)配对,分别共居1、3和5 d,然后分离1 d后通过观察被试雄鼠对陌生雌鼠和配偶鼠气味的行为反应,探究了共居时间对雄性布氏田鼠配偶气味识别和记忆的影响.结果显示:配对前雄鼠对两陌生雌鼠气味选择无显著性差异;不论共居1、3还是5 d,分离1 d后被试雄鼠对陌生雌鼠和配偶鼠气味的选择和探究都没有显著差异.实验基本得出:共居5 d内,雄鼠对配偶气味信号的记忆不能维持1 d时间;但雄鼠对陌生雌鼠的探究多于对配偶鼠,虽然未达到显著性水平,却也符合布氏田鼠一雄多雌婚配制度的特征.雄鼠对配偶气味建立熟悉性可能需要更长时间,或受其他因素的影响.     

Sexual conflict reduces offspring fitness in zebra finches

Parental care is often costly; hence, in sexually reproducing species where both male and female parents rear their offspring (biparental care), sexual conflict over parental investment can arise. Such conflict occurs because each care-giver would benefit from withholding parental investment for use with another partner, leading to a reduction in the amount of care given by one parent at the expense of the other. Here we report experiments to explore the prediction from theory that parents rearing offspring alone may provide greater parental investment than when rearing offspring together with a partner. We found that when the number of offspring per parent, and hence the potential workload, were kept constant, offspring received a greater per capita parental investment from single females than from both parents working together, and that males reared by single mothers were more sexually attractive as adults than their biparentally reared siblings. This difference between single- and two-parent families is due to a reduction in care provided by females when they care together with a male, rather than laziness by males or differences in the begging behaviour of chicks, supporting the claim that sexual conflict in biparental care can reduce the quality of offspring raised.     

新疆吐鲁番雌性子午沙鼠发情周期的实验观察

目的观察子午沙鼠各个发情周期,了解子午沙鼠的发情规律。方法每天间隔4 h连续20 d采集24只雌性子午沙鼠阴道上皮细胞涂片,经苏木精-伊红染色,在显微镜下观察阴道脱落上皮细胞角化细胞形态及数量,确定子午沙鼠不同发情周期。结果子午沙鼠的发情周期可分为4个时期:发情前期(22. 0±12. 0) h,发情期(26. 8±8. 1) h,发情后期(18. 20±9. 10) h和发情间期(50. 0±38. 2) h,发情周期为(4. 7±1. 2) d。发情前期有核上皮细胞比例为(80. 20±1. 83)%;发情期角化细胞比例占(88. 00±1. 86)%;发情后期角化细胞比例(24. 80±1. 43)%、淋巴细胞比例(48. 20±2. 05)%和角化细胞比例(24. 80±1. 43)%三种细胞均存在;发情间期淋巴细胞比例为(91. 70±1. 66)%。结论雌性子午沙鼠的发情周期为(4. 7±1. 2) d,发情前期、发情期、发情后期和发情间期分别占发情周期的19. 5%、23. 8%、16. 1%和44. 3%,各期上皮细胞角化细胞形态及数量的比例明显不同。     

Egg investment is influenced by male attractiveness in the mallard

Why females prefer to copulate with particular males is a contentious issue. Attention is currently focused on whether females choose males on the basis of their genetic quality, in order to produce more viable offspring. Support for this hypothesis in birds has come from studies showing that preferred males tend to father offspring of better condition or with increased survivorship. Before attributing greater offspring viability to a male's heritable genetic quality, however, it is important to discount effects arising from confounding sources, including maternal effects. This has generally been addressed by comparing offspring viability from two different breeding attempts by the same female: one when offspring are sired by a preferred male, and one when offspring are sired by a less preferred male. However, here we show that individual female mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) lay larger eggs after copulating with preferred males and smaller eggs after copulating with less preferred males. As a result, females produced offspring of better body condition when paired with preferred males. After controlling for these differences in maternal investment, we found no effect of paternity on offspring condition. This shows that differences between half-sibs cannot always be attributed to paternal or maternal genetic effects.     

Male mammals respond to a risk of sperm competition conveyed by odours of conspecific males

Sperm competition occurs when a female copulates with two or more males and the sperm of those males compete within the female's reproductive tract to fertilize her eggs. The frequent occurrence of sperm competition has forced males of many species to develop different strategies to overcome the sperm of competing males. A prevalent strategy is for males to increase their sperm investment (total number of sperm allocated by a male to a particular female) after detecting a risk of sperm competition. It has been shown that the proportion of sperm that one male contributes to the sperm pool of a female is correlated with the proportion of offspring sired by that male. Therefore, by increasing his sperm investment a male may bias a potential sperm competition in his favour. Here we show that male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, increase their sperm investment when they mate in the presence of another male's odours. Such an increase in sperm investment does not occur by augmenting the frequency of ejaculations, but by increasing the amount of sperm in a similar number of ejaculations.     

Female feral fowl eject sperm of subdominant males

Paternity is often determined by competition between the ejaculates of different males. Males can also use particular behaviours or structures to manipulate how females use sperm. However, the ability of females to bias sperm utilization in favour of preferred males independently of male manipulation has not been demonstrated. Females are predicted to respond differentially to the sperm of different males when the reproductive interests of the sexes differ and when females are coerced into copulating. Here we show that in female feral fowl most copulations are coerced, and that females consistently bias sperm retention in favour of the preferred male phenotype. Females prefer to copulate with dominant males, but when sexually coerced by subordinate males, they manipulate the behaviour of dominant males to reduce the likelihood of insemination. If this fails, females differentially eject ejaculates according to male status in the absence of any male manipulation and preferentially retain the sperm of dominant males.     

光照对棕色田鼠和昆明小鼠眼胚后发育的影响

研究棕色田鼠和昆明小鼠在不同光照处理条件下视网膜各层厚度及细胞密度,进而对其视觉系统发育特征进行比较.结果表明在黑暗条件下,昆明小鼠视网膜的总厚度趋于变薄,棕色田鼠则相反;在有光情况下,棕色田鼠视网膜总厚度趋于变薄,昆明小鼠则相反;不同的光照处理条件下,两种鼠视网膜的外核层和内核层的核层均逐渐由厚变薄.研究结果提示,在视觉系统发育过程中,地上鼠和地下鼠的视网膜可对不同的光照条件产生适应性的结构变化,反映了二者进化史的差异.     

Sympatric speciation by sexual selection

There is increasing evidence for the process of sympatric speciation, in which reproductive isolation of species occurs without physical isolation. Theoretical models have focused on disruptive natural selection as the crucial pressure for splitting a species. Here we report the theoretical finding that sympatric speciation may be caused by sexual selection even without disruptive natural selection. Specifically, we show that variation in a male secondary sexual character with two conspicuous extremes and the corresponding variance in female mating preference around no preference may jointly evolve into bimodal distributions with increasing modal divergence of the male and female traits, pulling a population apart into two prezygotically isolated populations. This mode of speciation, driven by two runaway processes in different directions, is promoted by an increase in the efficiency of females in discriminating among males or a decrease in the cost of male conspicuousness, indicating that sympatric speciation may occur more readily if barrier-free or predator-free conditions arise. Although even a slight cost of female preference would cancel the runaway process of sexual selection, it would not cancel the divergent runaway processes of sympatric speciation.     

Sophisticated sperm allocation in male fowl

When a female is sexually promiscuous, the ejaculates of different males compete for the fertilization of her eggs; the more sperm a male inseminates into a female, the more likely he is to fertilize her eggs. Because sperm production is limited and costly, theory predicts that males will strategically allocate sperm (1) according to female promiscuity, (2) saving some for copulations with new females, and (3) to females producing more and/or better offspring. Whether males allocate sperm in all of these ways is not known, particularly in birds where the collection of natural ejaculates only recently became possible. Here we demonstrate male sperm allocation of unprecedented sophistication in the fowl Gallus gallus. Males show status-dependent sperm investment in females according to the level of female promiscuity; they progressively reduce sperm investment in a particular female but, on encountering a new female, instantaneously increase their sperm investment; and they preferentially allocate sperm to females with large sexual ornaments signalling superior maternal investment. Our results indicate that female promiscuity leads to the evolution of sophisticated male sexual behaviour.     

大熊猫阴道角化细胞变化的连续监测

对一只旅居美国的青年雌性大熊猫在休情期和发情期的阴道角化细胞变化作了连续监测．结果表明：休情期间低于35％。发情期间平均高于80％．当角化率上升到70％左右时．提示动物发情期开始;上升至90％左右,表明已进入发情高潮期,是配种良机．其结果与尿激素水平和行为表现相比较,三者具有高度一致性,证明阴道角化细胞变化监测对判定大熊猫的发情及配种时机具有良好的指示意义。