裂化催化剂再生过程中脱附热的研究

本文用微量差热天平(DTA-TG)和电子微量天平分别考察了裂化催化剂再生过程中焦炭和水的吸附-脱附作用。结果表明,焦炭脱附热为2350kJ/kg焦炭,占焦炭燃烧热的6.3％,比ESSO公司提出的11.5％低得多。在工业催化裂化过程中,催化剂在反应器和再生器之间循环运转时吸水-脱水量很小,对再生热效应计算的影响可以忽略,在工艺计算中可以不予考虑。     

重整反应器内焦炭的形成及其机理探索

对连续重整催化剂上生成的焦炭和反应器壁上的结焦,进行了TGA、TPO、XRD、HNMR、GC-MS、SEM、TEM等测试。发现两种焦炭的形貌、结构、组成和性能等方面存在很大差别,从而阐明了两种焦炭不同的形成机理。     

用微量记录天平研究催化剂再生动力学

新建一套以CAHN2000型电子微量记录天平为核心的流动式热重反应装置,并应用该装置进行工业微球分子筛裂化催化剂CRC-1再生动力学研究。结果表明,温度在500～600℃、常压下氧浓度为10％～15.2％的反应条件下,再生反应在动力学区进行,焦炭燃烧速度与催化剂上焦炭含量和氧分压均成一级反应关系;由异丙苯或甲基环已烷生成的焦炭具有基本相同的燃烧性能。该装置具有灵敏度高、准确性好、操作简便等优点,可用于催化剂方面的多种研究。     

Zn/HZSM-5丙烷芳构化催化剂反应与再生过程的稳定性

对分别用离子交换法和浸渍法制备的 Zn/ HZSM- 5丙烷芳构化催化剂 ,进行了反应与再生过程的稳定性研究。在固定床连续流动反应器上考察了催化剂的结焦行为 ,用NH3- TPD和 TG对结焦催化剂作了酸性、结焦量的测定 ,并进行了 TEM形貌表征 ,表明催化剂上的结焦是造成失活的主要原因。 5 2 0℃下的空气烧炭并不能使催化剂恢复到初始水平 ,但催化剂的芳烃选择性有所提高 ,而失活速率明显降低 ;二次再生的催化剂同一次再生的基本保持了相同的活性和选择性。对经历了 3次反应与再生后的催化剂进行了锌含量测定 ,表明锌的流失相当缓慢。     

生物质油催化裂解精制中催化剂上焦炭前身物的分析

采用热重、红外、核磁等分析手段，对生物质油催化裂解精制中使用的催化剂HZSM-5上的焦炭前身物进行了表征。沉积在催化剂表面上的焦炭前身物主要是短链饱和烃类化合物，沸点200℃以下；催化剂内部的结焦前身物主要为芳香族碳氢化合物，这些化合物的沸程为350～650℃。     

CRC-1分子筛裂化催化剂结焦后孔分布变化

用静态甲醇吸附法分别测定纯分子筛、担体及CRC-1裂化催化剂结焦前后孔分布。采用严继民等建议的方法计算中孔分布,试用MP法计算微孔分布。在计算机上进行数据处理,结果表明所用计算方法可行。CRC-1催化剂结焦量为2.47％时没有明显堵孔现象,分子筛及担作两部位都结有焦炭。     

异丙苯裂解反应中Ti-ZSM-5分子筛的活性衰减与积炭

用异丙苯裂解反应考察了Ti-ZSM-5分子筛的催化活性,发现裂解活性与Ti-ZSM-5中Si/Ti有关,Ti进入分子筛骨架降低了积炭活性,但焦炭的生成并不影响稳态活性,表明炭主要沉积在催化剂的外表面上。     

木质素焦炭导电特性的拉曼分析

研究了炭化工况对木质素焦炭电阻率的影响,并结合拉曼光谱和XRD分析研究了温度和催化剂对焦炭结构和导电性能的影响.结果表明:炭化温度的提高和催化剂的添加有利于焦炭石墨化,即提高焦炭导电性能.添加催化剂需要采用两段炭化法以避免焦油对催化剂的中毒作用.随着温度的升高,拉曼光谱中D峰强度不断增加,产生的活性炭原子与焦炭中的灰分结合形成的离子络合物导致了电阻率的降低.添加催化剂使得D峰和G峰强度均有增加,说明催化剂可以促进焦炭的炭化和石墨化.镍基催化剂较容易使焦炭获得石墨化结构,在低温阶段催化效果明显.而铁基催化剂在高温下也可以体现出较强的催化能力.     

乙炔水合磷酸镉钙催化剂的结焦过程

为了探讨结焦因素对乙炔水合磷酸镉钙催化剂稳定性的影响,本文应用石英弹簧秤在常压微分流动体系中,于300-420℃和250-450℃的温度范围内分别研究了乙炔和乙醛在这种催化剂上的结焦动力学行为.找出抛物线经验方程表达了乙炔的结焦动力学.认为过程吸附平衡迅速建立,吸附层的结焦分解为其控制步骤,并以多层沉积的焦上结焦机理和由于焦层扩散阻滞的影响而使结焦速度同焦量成反比的假设,讨论了经验方程式的物理意义.实验表明,乙炔催化水合伴随有强烈的乙炔和乙醛在催化剂上的焦化作用.乙醛缩聚的沉积物发现有进一步的脱羧分解过程.催化剂表面吸附的水分子能显著抑制催化剂的焦化作用.乙炔结焦活化能比水合活化能大约低10Kcal/mol的数量级.     

贫瘦煤替代瘦煤制备优质焦炭性能研究

根据瘦煤和贫瘦煤结焦机理、成焦显微结构和粒度变化特征,对贫瘦煤替代瘦煤的结焦显微结构、焦炭性能进行了研究.结果表明,瘦煤与贫瘦煤可以互相替代,并且在合理配比的情况下可改善焦炭质量;通过合理的粒度调整和配煤,在提高贫瘦煤或瘦煤比率的同时亦可得到优质焦炭.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with