Evaluation criteria for gas source rocks of marine carbonate in China

Hydrocarbon generating and expulsion simulation experiments are carried out using samples artifically matched between the acid-dissolved residue of relatively low-maturity limestone and the original sample. This work makes up for the insufficiency of source rock samples with high abundance of organic matters and low maturity in China. The organic carbon content of the 10 prepared samples varies between 0.15% and 0.74%. Pyrolysis data and simulation experiment results of hydrocarbon generating and expulsion, which were obtained by a high-temperature and high-pressure open system, indicate that the lower limit of organic carbon content for marine carbonate rock to generate and expel hydrocarbons is 0.23%—0.31%. In combination with the numerical analysis of organic carbon in marine carbonate rocks from Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and North China, as well as the contribution of these gas source rocks to the discovered gas pools, we think that the organic carbon criterion for carbonate gas source rocks should be 0.3%.     

Developmental modes of the Neoproterozoic-Lower Paleozoic marine hydrocarbon source rocks in China

Based on the researches on rock type, the mode of occurrence, diagnostic minerals and creatures, the sedimentary geochemistry and organic facies of Chinese marine source rocks from wells and outcrops, and on the research findings of developmental modes of foreign marine source rock, the authors consider that it is impossible to objectively make clear the formation mechanism of hydrocarbon source rock with high organic matter abundance by either single mode of preservation or high organic matter productivity. According to the Chinese geological features, the formation mechanism of the Neoproterozoic-Lower Paleozoic marine source rock is generalized into four modes, namely, thermal water activity-upwelling flow-anoxic; carbonate gentle slope-upwelling flow; xerothermic climate-brine euxinic milieu; and humid climate-retained euxinic milieu; as the Lower Cambrian undercompensation basin organic facies （the Tarim Basin, South China and southwestern margin of North China）, carbonate gentle lime mud bound organic facies （the Upper Ordovician in Tazhong region of the Tarim Basin and the Lower Silurian in the Upper Yangtze Platform）, the Middle Cambrian evaporation laggon organic facies （the Tarim Basin and the Upper Yangtze Platform）, enclosed undercompensation terrigenous bay organic facies （the Middle-Upper Ordovician in the west of the Tarim Basin, the Lower Silurian Long- maxi Formation in the Upper Yangtze platform）. Chinese marine sedimentations with lower organic matter abundance are generalized into two modes of consumption-dilution mode of open epicontinental sea and depletion-dilution mode of supercompensation basin.     

Fundamental geological elements for the occurrence of Chinese marine oil and gas accumulations

The Paleozoic strata in the Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin are the major targets for marine petroleum exploration, with developed high quality hydrocarbon, mainly argillite. The deep burial of these source rocks suggests that they mainly develop gas instead of oil. But different maturities of organic matter may lead to different hydrocarbon facies. Through thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR）, the hydrocarbon in the carbonate rocks may undergo a process of pyrolytic cracking and be catalyzed into gases. The marine reservoirs mainly consist of carbonate and clastic rocks, and the former is controlled by sedimentary facies, dolomitization, solution, TSR and cracking. The multiphase tectonic cycling develops multiple source-reservoir-cap combinations and diversified types of traps and reservoirs, featuring multiphase reservoir formation, mainly late-phase formation or consolidation. Palaeo-uplifts play a controlling role in hydrocarbon accumulation. Differences in major source rocks in the three basins lead to different locations of oil-gas accumulation layers, different types and patterns of reservoirs and different features of reservoir formation.     

Characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks of No.3 buried-hill region in Nanpu Sag

Based on the data of 44 samples of hydrocarbon source rocks in Nanpu No.3 buffed-hill region, the kerogen type is judged through the pyrolysis and microscopic identification. At the same time, organic matter maturity and hydrocarbon generation threshold are studied by using vitrinite reflectance, pyrolysis yield and hydrocarbon abundance. Meanwhile the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold is calculated. And the characteristics of organic hydrocarbon generation and expulsion are preliminarily revealed and evaluated. The result shows that the No.3 buffed-hill region has abundant hydrocarbon source rocks with high content of organic carbon. And the primary types of kerogen are II, and lI 2. The hydrocarbon source rocks which passed biochemistry, thermolysis and thermal cracking have developed into the mature-postmature phase of different extents. And plenty of oil and gas were expelled out. It is believed the depth of oil-generating window is 3 600 m and the depth of hydro- carbon-expulsion threshold is 4 100 m. The comprehensive analysis indicates that Nanpu No.3 burried-hill region has a certain condition to generate hydrocarbon which is very promising in oil exploration and thus can become an important exploration and development target next.     

Matrix-bound phosphine: A new form of phosphorus found in sediment of Jiaozhou Bay

Matrix-bound phosphine (PH3),a new form of phosphorus,was found in sediment of Jiaozhou Bay in December 2001,Concentration and distribution of PH3 in different layers of sediment with different stations were analyzed.The results show that PH3 concentrations are various with different layers and different stations.PH3 concentrations in the bottom layer of sediment (20-30 cm) are usually higher than those in the surface layer (0-4cm) ,The highest PH3 concentration in our investigation reaches 685 ng/kg (dry),which is much higher than those in terrestrial paddy soil ,marsh and landfill that have been reported up to now,The correlation analysis indicates that there is no apparent correlation between the concentrations of PH3 and inorganic phosphorus in sediment.However,the correlation between the concentrations of phosphine and organic phosphorus in the bottom layer of sediment is remarkable (R^2=0.83).It is considered that PH3 in sediment of Jiaozhou Bay is mainly produced from the decomposition of organic phosphorus in the anaerobic condition,and so PH3 concentrations are related to organic phosphorus concentration and anaerobic environment in sediment,The discovery of PH3 in sediment will give people some new ideas on the mechanisms of phosphorus supplement and biogeochemical cycle in Jiaozhou Bay.     

High-quality hydrocarbon source rock in the Paleogene sequence of the Ping Chau Formation, Hong Kong

Although petroleum exploration is being conducted in the Hong Kong region, high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks have never been found in this area. The Ping Chau Formation is only Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary rock exposed in Hong Kong and its surrounding areas. The hydrocarbon source rock of the Ping Chau Formation is very rich in organic matters, which has an average total organic carbon (TOC) of 1.9% and chloroform bitumen ““A““ range from 0.14% to 0.24%. The total hydrocarbon content varies from 880 to 1800 ppm and the transformation ratio is specific from 5 to 9. The index of pyrolytic hydrogen is up to about 600 mgHC/gTOC. These data demonstrate the characteristics of the high-quality hydrocarbon source rock. The lamalginite is the major maceral of the source rock of the Ping Chau Formation, and geochemical characteristics also suggest that the organic materials of the source rock are of type I and type Ⅱ1, with abundant gammacerane, γ, β-caro-tane and C24 tetracyclic terpane, which indicate that it was formed in the salt water and brackish water sedimentary environment, and the source rock has evolved into a mature phase. The organic inclusions are found within calcite veins in cracks of the source rock, indicating that hydrocarbon has been generated and a secondary migration has happened. The source rock in the Ping Chau Formation is about 200-300 m thick, thus having considerable hydrocarbon potential. The discovery of the high quality hydrocarbon source rock in the Ping Chau Formation will certainly provide insight on hydrocarbon resource exploration in the South China Sea area.     

Variation of soil Δδ13C values in Xifeng loess-paleosol sequence and its paleoenvironmental implication

The carbon isotopic compositions of soil organic matter （SOM） and total carbonate （TC） in Xifeng Ioess-paleosol sequence have been studied. The δ^13CsoM values vary from -23.8‰ to -20.2‰, which are higher in interglacial than in glacial stages. Contrary to δ^13Csoi values, the δ^13CTc values vary from -8.5‰ to -3.6‰ and are lower in interglacial than in glacial stages. The differences （△δ^13C） between the δ^13CsoM and δ^13CTc values vary from 14.1‰ to 19.4‰. Our results from the Xifeng loesspaleosol sequence indicate that the △δ^13C values represent the ratio of primary carbonate （PC） to secondary carbonate （SC）. The △δ^13C values were high in the loess stages, and the maximal PC-to-SC ratio can reach 6：4. But in the paleosol stages, the △δ^13C values were low, with a small proportion of PC. The △δ^13C values in Ioess-paleosol sequence also indicate the contributions of the dust to the loess sediment in the Chinese Loess Plateau because the dust contains the PC.     

Distribution of diatoms in the water and surface sediments of southern South China Sea

The relationship of species and abundance between the diatoms in the water and sediments from the southern South China Sea （SCS） were discussed, and the key environmental controlling factors were also investigated. Studies show that the diatom abundance is high in both water and sediments in the southeast part of the southern SCS and the varying trend is similar, while in the northwest part, the abundance is low, and the varying trend is different. The dominant diatom species are Thalassionema nitzschioides and Nitzschia bicapitata in water, and T. nitzschioides and Chaetoceros messanensis in sediments. The diatom species of small size and thin shell in water are more than in the sediments, while the diatom species of large size and thick shell in water are less. The percentage of species T. nitzschioides is higher in water of southeast part than in that of northwest part, but it is similar in sediments of both areas. It is shown that the southwest monsoon is the important factor influencing diatom abundance and T. nitzschioides percentage, and when the southwest monsoon is well developed, the distribution of diatom abundance and T. nitzschioides percentage are consistent in both water and sediments of the study area.     

Landfill leachate treatment by MBR： Performance and molecular weight distribution of organic contaminant

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) with an air-lift bioreactor and gravity flow is applied to treating landfill leachate. More than 99% of BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand for five days) removal effi-ciency is achieved with less than 35 mg/L of BOD_5 in the effluent at less than 1.71 kg BOD5/m~3·d of BOD_5 loading rate. When DO (dissolved oxygen) is maintained at the range of 2.3―2.8 mg/L and the loading rate of NH_4~ -N (ammonium nitrogen) is kept at 0.16― 0.24 kg NH_4~ -N/m~3·d, the NH_4~ -N in the effluent is less than 15 mg/L. However, compared with high removal rates of BOD_5 and NH_4~ -N, the removal effi-ciency of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) varies between 70% and 96%. The investigation of molecular weight (MW) distribution has been carried out by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) so as to understand the fate of organic matters in the MBR treating of landfill leachate. Results indicate that organic matters of the landfill leachate are composed of a high MW fraction (MW of the peak, MWp = 11480―13182 Da) and a low MW fraction (MWp = 158―275 Da). The high MW fraction is not biode-gradable, but can be decreased with microfiltration membrane. The most of the low MW fraction is bio-degradable, but the residue of the low MW fraction is able to permeate through the membrane, thus re-sulting in high SCOD in the effluent of the MBR.     

Estimation of Sediment Incipient Velocity Using B-Mode Ultrasound Imaging Technique

Sediment incipient velocity(SIV) is a vital parameter for sediment research and river dynamics. This paper describes a novel method of estimating SIV based on the known flow velocity in the movable-bed model experiment. In this method, we use B-mode ultrasound imaging technique to get video images of moving particles and topography under water. By statistical analysis of video images, the relationship between the average number of imaging particles and flow velocity is obtained. The relationship between the change rate of average number and flow velocity is analyzed in sediment incipient process. These relationships are used to estimate the SIV. Lastly, the changed topography verifies the estimated velocity. The results show there is a sudden change in these relationships which can be used to estimate the SIV with high resolution by using a B-mode ultrasound device. The estimated SIV of plastic sands(particle size is about 0.25 mm) is 3.64 cm · s–1 and the estimated SIV of natural sands(particle size is about 0.25 mm) is 5.47 cm · s–1 in the same condition.     

Characteristics of hydrocarbon sources and controlling factors of their formation in Pingliang Formation, West Ordos Basin

According to organic geochemistry and organic petrology, the hydrocarbon sources in Pingliang Formation, W. Ordos basin, are systematically evaluated. The organic abundance of hydrocarbon source in this research is higher in the upper part of profiles than in the low, and more in mudstone than in carbonate. Most of organic matters become sapropelic, and few are humic-sapropelic in the regions of Shibangou and Zhuzisan. According to stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in carbonate rock, boron index and ratios of elements, palaeo-salinity and sedimentary velocity are calculated. The two factors of paleao-salinity and sediment velocity, which control the distribution of organic matters, are discussed. Good relationship is found between water salinity and abundance of organic matter; in contrast, poor correlation is observed between salinity and types of organic matters. The relative sediment velocity in the research regions is also related with organic abundance and types. A low sediment velocity would lead to high abundance and good type of organic matters, and vice versa.     

南祁连盆地三叠系烃源岩有机地球化学特征

通过系统的野外剖面测量和样品采集, 并运用岩石热解、有机碳测试、干酪根分析、镜质体反射率、饱和烃气相色谱、透射光照射等技术进行室内样品测试, 综合评价了南祁连盆地三叠系碳酸盐岩和泥岩露头样品的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度, 探讨了有机质的原始沉积环境和生源特征。结果表明: 尕勒得寺组(T₃g)属于好烃源岩, 有机质类型为Ⅰ~Ⅱ型, 大加连组(T₂d)为Ⅱ~Ⅲ型; 有机质演化程度高, 处于高?过成熟阶段; 碳酸盐岩和泥质岩沉积环境分别为海陆过渡相和陆源为主; 碳酸盐岩与泥岩有机质生源分别为生物降解的水生生物和陆生生物。     

伊犁盆地中二叠统烃源岩有机质地球化学特征

目的 为探讨伊犁盆地中二叠统烃源岩沉积环境与地球化学特征的关系。方法 以地表剖面烃源岩的地球化学分析资料为主,结合部分井下样品分析数据,研究了泥岩的微量元素地球化学特征;利用不同岩类烃源岩有机碳含量及饱和烃气相色谱等特征,对烃源岩的沉积环境进行了研究。结果 伊犁盆地中二叠统烃源岩层系主要分布在塔姆齐萨依组,沉积水体的古盐度较高,为弱还原相-还原相沉积环境;半深湖-深湖相带沉积的还原程度强的黑灰色泥岩类烃源岩,大多有机质丰度高、类型好;河流一沼泽相带沉积的灰色-绿灰色泥岩类烃源岩有机质丰度较低、类型较差。结论 气候相对干燥、陆源碎屑物质补充不足或较长时间处于氧化程度较高的条件下沉积的碳酸盐岩类烃源岩,有机质丰度低、类型差;还原程度强、具一定深度水体的沉积相带是原始有机质沉积的良好场所,有机质能及时沉积、保存下来,且大多烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部烃源岩沉积环境研究

目的探讨鄂尔多斯盆地南部烃源岩沉积环境与地球化学特征的关系。方法以井下剖面烃源岩的地球化学分析资料为主，依据有机碳含量分布、有机质类型及饱和烃气相色谱等特征对烃源岩的沉积环境进行了研究，分析了沉积环境对有机质丰度和类型的影响因素，探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地南部烃源岩沉积水体的主量元素、古气候及古盐度条件。结果鄂尔多斯盆地南部烃源岩层系沉积时气候潮湿，沉积水体的古盐度较淡；半深湖-深湖相带沉积的还原程度强、有机质能被及时埋藏的灰黑色泥岩,大多有机质丰度高、有机质类型好；河流-沼泽相带沉积的灰色-绿灰色泥岩类烃源岩有机质丰度较低、有机质类型偏差。结论还原程度强、具一定深度水体的沉积相带是原始有机质沉积的良好场所，有机质能及时沉积、保存下来，烃源岩有机质丰度大多高；气候条件相对干燥、大气降水少、陆源碎屑物补充不足或较长时间处于氧化程度较高条件下沉积的碳酸盐岩类岩石．有机质丰度明显偏低。     

海相碳酸盐烃源岩生烃潜力模糊评价方法

烃源岩主要包括泥岩、页岩和碳酸盐岩。因此,海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩也是油气成藏和含油气系统的基础。对 于海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩的评价,通常只侧重于物理化学性质的研究。由于不同的沉积盆地在沉积古环境,母质类型的 输入以及有机质所经历的热演化程度等方面差异较大,仅以烃源岩物理化学性质为侧重点的烃源岩评价方法很难评 价不同沉积盆地中烃源岩的生烃潜力。因此,为了快速有效评价碳酸盐烃源岩生烃能力,对有机质丰度、有机质类型、 有机质成熟度和生烃过程4 个方面因素进行分析研究,确定了海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩生烃潜力评价指标体系。并运用层 次分析法和模糊数学,建立烃源岩生烃潜力评价新模型;避免了在碳酸盐岩烃源岩评价过程中由于参数过多而导致的 矛盾现象,避免了选取参数时的盲目性,提高了烃源岩评价效率。在渤海湾盆地进行了生烃潜力评价,实际应用表明 该方法快速、实用、可靠,具有一定的推广价值。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩有机岩石学特征

采用有机岩石学方法来探讨盆地北部奥陶系碳酸盐岩的有机岩石学特征，在工作区检测到的类镜质体显微组分，如实反映本区有机质演化程度．本区碳酸盐岩中沥青的赋存状态多样，主要为基质型一孔洞型一裂缝型，根据沥青的地质特点，判识本区沥青属原生一同层，为在盆地寻找自生自储的油气提供了理论依据．     

控制东营凹陷烃源岩排烃的几个关键因素

通过东营凹陷钻井取心的观察及不同结构烃源岩地质地球化学特征的比较,从内因、外因两个方面对烃源岩排烃的控制因素进行了分析,并且就烃源岩岩性结构对排烃及成藏的控制作用进行了初步研究.认为内因为有机质类型、丰度及成熟度,反映烃源岩中生烃母质的特征,东营凹陷大量样品测试结果显示烃源岩的生烃潜量、排烃量与有机质丰度呈良好的线性关系;外部因素包括源岩的结构、源岩内有效的运移通道、压力的分布及外部的构造运动等各种地质作用及内、外部环境.研究结果表明,东营凹陷主力烃源岩沙四上及沙三下段具有多种岩性结构形式,其中沙四上及沙三下下部主要发育纹层状泥页岩,油气以远距离侧向运移为主;沙三下上部及沙三中主要发育块状泥岩,油气以垂向运移为主.不同的排烃方式造成了油气分布的差异,沙四型原油分布于凹陷外围,沙三型原油分布于凹陷内围,混合型原油分布于中间地带.     

百色地区下三叠统-泥盆系烃源岩有机地球化学特征及生烃潜力分析

百色盆地海相烃源岩主要为孤立台地和台间海槽碳酸盐岩.根据百色盆地周缘大量露头样品的残余有机碳含量、干酪根碳同位素、饱和烃色谱及色质等地球化学实验数据,分析了下三叠统-泥盆系海相烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型、热演化程度.针对地表烃源岩样品具有高热演化、低丰度的地化特征,在有机质丰度的热解损失和地表风化损失校正基础上,采用蒙特卡罗法模拟计算烃源岩生烃强度.在综合分析烃源岩地化特征和生烃强度的基础上,认为百色盆地下三叠统-泥盆系海相烃源岩具有低-中等级别的生烃能力.     

碳酸盐烃源岩研究新进展

从有机组分分类、有机组分双重属性、有机质丰度、类型、成熟度评价标准和方法、生烃机制与生烃模式、有机质原始状态恢复与丰度下限的确定、孢粉相及有机相、成熟度与生烃历史、有机包裹体研究等几个方面系统论述了碳酸盐烃源岩的研究历史、现状、发展趋势及其意义。