全球参考站网窄巷非校准相位延迟产品时变特性

窄巷非校准相位延迟(UPD)产品的质量和可用性是影响精密单点定位模糊度固定(PPP-AR)效率的重要因素.采用全球108个国际GPS服务(International GPS Service,IGS)测站观测数据,计算了基于全球参考站网的窄巷UPD产品,分析了窄巷UPD产品的变化特性,其单日变化量最大可达0.6周.通过分析UPD改正后的模糊度残差,论证了UPD产品和用户端模糊度均受到因未被恰当模型化而造成的残余误差的影响,且UPD的时变特性与各参考站残余系统误差有关.最后,采用4个用户站进行PPP-AR实验分析UPD产品的可用性,以模糊度固定失败率、固定错误率和首次固定时间为评估指标,结果表明,全球参考站网窄巷UPD产品的最佳使用时限不大于30min.     

GPS/Galileo组合区域增强PPP算法与评估

为了提高区域增强精密单点定位(PPP)系统参考站端非差模糊度的固定效率,设计了一种改进的GPS/Galileo组合区域增强PPP参考站和用户端的核心算法,提出了以消除接收机相关误差的固定单差模糊度作为约束,辅助非差模糊度固定的方法.研究了算法中基准与偏差项在参考站与用户间和不同参数间传递的过程,明确了大气延迟改正数中包含混合基准的具体成分.利用美国CORS站网的观测数据进行区域增强PPP模糊度固定解算实验,评估了GPS/Galileo组合系统可提供的解算效果及其相对于GPS单系统的增益.结果表明:相较于GPS单系统,当使用组合系统时用户PPP模糊度成功固定率提高4.5％,达到96.1％,可以在全天绝大多数时间提供正常服务,同时正确固定率提高2.9％;模糊度固定所需的时间节省了约13％.     

基于UPD78F9189的空调主板控制系统设计

讨论了UPD78F9189在空调主板控制系统中的应用,分析了UPD78F9189芯片的特征,设计了以UPD78F9189微控制器为核心的空调主板控制系统的硬软件结构.给出了室内机主程序框图,所开发的主板控制系统具有可用性、方便性及可靠性等特点,提高了室内空调的可靠性和性价比.     

基于分步无电离层组合的北斗三频长距离参考站间宽巷模糊度解算方法

针对北斗三频长距离参考站间宽巷(含超宽巷)模糊度解算中存在的问题,分析了影响宽巷组合(WLC)法、载波伪距组合的无几何无电离层(GIF)法及分步无几何(TCAR)法的主要因素及各自的局限性.在此基础上,基于参考站间基线已知的特性,提出了一种分步解算的无电离层(SIF)方法.首先采用载波伪距组合求解(0,-1,1)超宽巷模糊度,利用模糊度已固定的(0,-1,1)载波观测值与第2个宽巷/超宽巷观测值组成载波无电离层组合,同时分析了残余几何项误差对模糊度解算的影响.最后采用了一组长度为265 km的实测北斗三频基线数据进行了实验验证.实验结果表明,所提SIF方法能够有效消除长基线情况下电离层延迟的影响,同时受观测值噪声的影响较小.     

模糊度二维搜索的姿态测量改进算法

值域算法由于采用遍历姿态角的方式建立搜索空间,从而会造成初始化时间较长的问题,故提出了一种基于窄巷组合的模糊度二维搜索算法:首先基于卫星空间几何关系对参考星与两颗主星间的窄巷主模糊度范围进行约束,利用其与姿态角之间的关系推得全体候选姿态角,从而以一种非遍历且不遗漏正确候选姿态角的途径得到搜索范围。然后基于值域二维搜索模型求解各候选姿态角相对应的窄巷模糊度浮点解,就近取整后依次采用模糊度整数特性法、基线先验信息法以及基线残差平方和最小准则固定整周模糊度。试验结果表明:文中算法相比原算法,不仅初始化时间由先前的153 s缩短至76 s,而且姿态精度总体提高近15%。     

GPS/BDS组合定位对模糊度固定成功率的影响

为分析GPS/BDS组合系统在模糊度固定方面的性能,采用不同长度短基线观测数据和GPS/BDS组合定位软件,分别对GPS单系统、BDS单系统和GPS/BDS组合系统下的模糊度固定成功率进行统计分析.研究结果表明:GPS/BDS组合系统能够显著改善模糊度固定成功率,即使在单频情况下组合系统相对于单系统也可快速准确的对模糊度进行固定.     

基于虚拟参考站技术的GPS在供水管网管理中的应用

虚拟参考站技术的出现使得测量人员进入测区的任何一点都能立即开始GPS高精度RTK测量,为测量作业带来了极大的便利,有力地推动了GPS技术的广泛应用。本文论述了基于虚拟参考站技术的GPS测量原理及其特点,并对该技术在供水管网管理中的应用进行探讨。     

多参考站网络的虚拟观测值生成算法

讨论了GPS观测值误差改正方法,提出了一种基于多参考站的GPS观测值向流动站用户发布虚拟观测值的算法.该算法通过参考站的已知精确坐标和已经解算的模糊度计算参考站间双差空间相关误差,然后内插局域网内任意一点空间相关误差作为改正数.当只使用3个参考站时使用线性内插法,多于3个参考站时使用曲面拟合或最小二乘平差方法等内插方法.用内插获得的改正数改正离流动站最近的参考站(主参考站)的观测值,形成虚拟观测值,然后发送给流动站用户,流动站用户仍然应用已有的单参考站GPS定位算法进行定位.通过对江苏局域参考站网络收集的实测数据计算分析证明了本文算法的有效性,达到厘米级定位精度.     

秦山核电厂操纵员可靠性模拟机实验研究

数据匮乏与可用性差是长期困扰人因可靠性分析（HRA）的一大难题。在秦山核电厂HRA过程中用秦山核电厂全尺寸模拟机实施了操纵员可靠性实验。该项实验选择包含技能型、规则型和知识型3种认知类型以及对电厂运行安全有重大影响的23个异常事件（55个HIs界面），对38名操纵员事件响应状况和时间进行录像和记录，取得764个数据点，经数据处理和分析后获得适合秦山核电厂系统与人员特性的HRA/HCR模型基本参数。介绍了该实验的背景、理论、方法、过程、结果及与国外数据的比较。     

利用零空间约束的GPS双差整周模糊度动态求解

针对非专用全球定位系统(GPS)导航型接收机,利用零空间约束动态求解GPS初始整周模糊度.对单个历元的双差载波相位观测方程进行零空间变换,避免了实时变化的三维位置参数求解;用精度衰减因子(XDOP)准则选取3个独立的双差整周模糊度,并根据GPS干涉仪测姿原理以基线长度来确定整周模糊度的搜索区间,通过基线长度约束进一步使搜索范围大大降低,模糊度最终采用多种检验方法联合确认.用Garmin25导航型单频接收机构成单基线,求解整周模糊度后在2-D平面上求解航向角,与航向参考对照后表明,采用该方法可在多个历元动态解算出整周模糊度,此时计算航姿精度可达到1°.     

Near-field surface displacement and permanent deformation induced by the Alaska Mw 7.5 earthquake determined by high-rate real-time ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions

High-rate GPS data from the United States continuously operating reference stations in the Alaska region are processed using the recently developed precise point positioning （PPP） technique. The traditional PPP technique does not fix ambiguities into their integers because these ambiguities do not have an integer nature when data from a single receiver, as well as precise orbit and clock corrections, are used. Additional corrections, i.e., uncalibrated phase delay （UPD）, are needed to fix integer ambiguities and consequently improve positioning accuracy. This study proposes a methodology to compute for wide-lane and L2 （the second L-band frequency） UPDs using the geometry-based model and subsequently applies these parameters to the computation for ambiguity-fixed solutions. The instantaneous displacements of near-field sites, as well as the permanent deformations after the earthquake, are therefore obtained for the January 5, 2013, Alaska earthquake. The real-time performance of PPP solutions are assessed by considering realistic data latency and data interval of corrections. Ambiguity-fixed solutions are compared with ambiguity-float ones. The comparison shows that the positioning accuracy can be improved significantly when the ambiguities are fixed correctly. The solutions using the real-time corrections are also compared with those using post-processing corrections, i.e., Center for Orbit Determination in Europe final orbit and clock. Although the accuracy is somehow degraded because of the data latency and data interval, the real-time results are satisfactory for use in monitoring the small-scale deformation （1-2 cm） caused by the Alaska earthquake. In addition, the kinematic ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions for 7 days around the earthquake are calculated to obtain permanent pre- and post-earthquake deformations. The deformations computed from real-time and post-processing corrections do not appear to be significantly different.     

中国地壳运动观测网络的海潮位移改正系数

大型GPS分析软件包GAMIT从10.0以上版本开始，正式采用由瑞典Onsala空间观测站Mr.H.G.Scher-neck提供的海潮位移改正系数表stations.oct,用来计算GPS测站的海潮位移改正，但是系数表中只包含少数中国的IGS站，不能满足国内高精度大地测量，特别是地壳形变监测等数据处理的需要，为此，利用NAO99b全球海潮模型和基于1066A地球模型的格林函数，计算了中国地壳运动观测网络全部25个基准站的海潮位移改正系数，将计算得到的系数替换或补充到原有的stations,oct文件中，就可以在计算海潮位移改正时减少测站坐标内插所带来的误差，提高GPS数据处理的精度。     

利用广播星历计算GPS卫星位置及误差分析

为了提高GPS卫星轨道计算的精确性和实时性,通过对GPS卫星的广播星历进行分析,利用从广播星历中获取的开普勒轨道参数和轨道摄动修正项,以2005年11月6日的R INEX格式的广播星历为例,通过编程,计算了07号卫星当天24 h的轨道位置坐标,并将其与当天的精密星历所提供的卫星轨道位置坐标进行对比,并对广播星历的轨道精度进行初步的讨论。结果表明,该方法确实提高了GPS卫星轨道位置坐标计算的精度。利用广播星历计算GPS卫星位置的误差主要是由于时间外推方法造成的。     

An improved regularization method to resolve integer ambiguity in rapid positioning using single frequency GPS receivers

A new approach is employed in GPS rapid positioning using several-epoch single frequency phase data.Firstly, the structure characteristic of the normal matrix in GPS rapid positioning is analyzed. Then, in the light of the characteristic, based on TIKHONOV regularization theorem,a new regularizer is designed to mitigate the ill-condition of the normal matrix. The accurate float ambiguity solutions and their MSEM (Mean Squared Error Matrix) are obtained using several-epoch single frequency phase data. Combined with LAMBDA method, the new approach was used to fix the integer ambiguities correctly and quickly using MSEM instead of the cofactor matrix of the ambiguities. Finally, a baseline over 3 km is taken as an example. The fixed integer ambiguities by the new approach using five epoch single frequency phase data are the same as those fixed by Bernese software using long time data. The success rate of fixing the integer ambiguities is 100 percent using 197 group data.Compared with the traditional methods, the new approach provides better accuracy and efficiency in GPS rapid positioning. So, the new approach has an extensive application outlook in deformation monitoring, pseudokinematic relative positioning, and attitude determination, etc.     

基于不同参考框架的GPS卫星天线校验

重新估计了基于不同参考框架的GPS卫星天线PCO(相位中心偏差)和PCV(相位中心变化)参数.计算过程中,通过固定测站天线的PCO和PCV,并将测站坐标强约束至不同的参考框架之下,降低了GPS卫星天线参数和接收机天线参数以及参考框架参数之间的相关性.结果显示,基于不同参考框架的同类型卫星天线PCV差异的平均值为0.726mm;与IGS发布值差异的平均值为0.844mm;基于新公布的IGS14参考框架的GPS卫星天线PCO估计结果与IGS(国际GNSS服务)发布值差异的平均值为-14.4mm,基于IGb08参考框架的卫星天线PCO估计结果与IGS发布值差异的平均值为-16.8 mm.以上结果表明,本措施提高了GPS卫星相位中心PCO/PCV的一致性,从而也能提高GNSS(global navigation satellite system)技术用于框架传递的连续性.     

Precise orbit determination for GRACE with zero-difference kinematic method

Thanks to the high performance of the spaceborne GPS receiver and the availability of precise IGS orbit and clock products, ze-ro-difference kinematic precise orbit determination (POD) has been turned out to be a new effective method in orbit determination for the LEO satellites. Zero-difference kinematic POD, which is based on the GPS measurements only from the spaceborne GPS receiver, does not depend on the force models and orbit design. From this point of view, kinematic POD is suitable for the Earth observation satellites at very low altitudes, such as CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE, etc. This paper first reviews the basic ze-ro-difference GPS observation model. Then a modified data quality control scheme is put forward. Finally, a block-wise least squares algorithm, which first separates the parameters into several groups and then solves the parameters by elimination and back-substitution, is discussed and proposed for the kinematic orbit determination. With the above algorithms, we developed kinematic POD software to solve the orbit suitable for one-week GRACE observations. Comparisons with the published Rapid Science Orbit (RSO) indicate that, using our approach to determine the orbit, the accuracy in the radial direction can achieve 3―4 cm for GRACE-A, and 3―5 cm for GRACE-B.     

Model analysis method (MAM) on the effect of the second-order ionospheric delay on GPS positioning solution

In this paper,we develop an approach to study the effect of second-order ionospheric delay on GPS positioning based on the ionosphere-free combination (abbreviated to Lc) of GPS dual-frequency carrier phase observables,in which the first-order ionospheric delay has been eliminated.GPS data from IGS WUHN tracking station during April 9 23,2003 is used to perform the above approach,and results show that the second-order ionospheric delay in GPS so-called ionosphere-free observables will result in the regular ...     

Chinese geodetic coordinate system 2000

The basic strategies in establishing the Chinese geodetic coordinate system 2000 have been summarized, including the definition of the coordinate system, the structure of the terrestrial reference frame, the functional and stochastic models involved in the realization of the reference frame as well as the improvements of the adjustment procedures. First, the fundamental frame of the coordinate system is composed of the permanent GPS tracking network in China which is integrated into the international GPS service stations by combined adjustment, in order to guarantee the consistence between the international terrestrial reference system and the Chinese geodetic coordinate system. Second, the extended frame of the coordinate system is composed of the unified 2000＇ national GPS network which is integrated by 6 nationwide GPS networks with more than 2500 stations under the controlling of the fundamental frame. Third, the densified frame is composed of national astronomical geodetic network with nearly 50 thousand stations which was updated by the combined adjustment with the 2000＇ national GPS network, thus the datum of the national astronomical geodetic network has been unified and the precision greatly improved. By the optimal data fusion method the influences of the datum errors, systematic errors and the outliers in the separated geodetic networks are weakened in the unified Chinese geodetic coordinate frame. The significance in application of the new geodetic coordinate system and the existing problems in the reference frame are described and analyzed.     

Preliminary results and analyses of using IGS GPS data to determine global ionospheric TEC

Using the spherical harmonic (SH) function model and the dual frequency GPS data of 139 International GPS Service (IGS) stations for July 15 of 2000, the global ionospheric total electron content (TEC) is calculated and the basic method is investigated. Here, preliminary results are reported and the problems and difficulties to be solved for using GPS data to determine the global ionospheric TEC are discussed.