体积压裂水平井增产潜力及产能影响因素分析

新型压裂改造技术-水平井体积压裂技术的发展进步是成功开发致密油气藏的巨大推动力。体积压裂可使致密储层形成裂缝网络系统,提高单井产量和油藏的可采储量_[1-2]。体积压裂技术对储层进行三维立体的改造,根据裂缝网络的复杂特征,本文提出了数值模拟FNDP模型,建立三维复杂裂缝网络模型,有效的将复杂裂缝网络系统及其渗流规律进行表征,对影响体积压裂水平井产能的5个地质参数进行敏感性分析,并对其增产潜力进行评价。结果表明,体积压裂对储层渗透率较小的致密油藏改造效果显著;次生裂缝导流能力越强,体积压裂的增产潜力越强。研究成果为致密砂岩油藏体积压裂的开发方案设计工作提供一定参考。     

中国陆相致密油“甜点”富集高产控制因素及勘探建议

通过分析中国陆相致密油成藏组合特征,研究典型致密油区"甜点"地质参数与单井产量的关系,明确致密油"甜点"富集高产控制因素,为致密油勘探开发提供依据。致密油"甜点"富集受优质烃源岩、储层物性和裂缝控制,优质烃源岩展布控制了"甜点"区的平面分布与纵向富集段,物性相对较好的致密储层控制了"甜点"的资源规模及产能,裂缝能极大地提高储层的渗流能力,致密油产量与储层厚度、黏度、压力系数正相关,但与单一因素相关性不明显。水平井产量与水平段长度、压裂液总量和压裂总加砂量密切相关,压裂液总量影响初期产量,总加砂量对累计产量影响较大。精准选取"甜点"区和"甜点"段,采用长水平段水平井开发,加大压裂液总量和压裂总加砂量是陆相致密油获得高产的前提。根据中国陆相致密油富集高产控制因素,提出如下勘探开发建议:开展地质精细评价,提高"甜点"预测精度;优化钻完井技术,降低勘探成本;通过管理体制创新,提高生产效率。     

基于灰色关联的压裂液渗吸主控因素分析

渗吸作用是影响致密储层开发效果的重要因素,明晰压裂液渗吸机理及影响因素作用规律对于评价致密储层压后生产特征意义重大。本文基于新疆致密砂岩储层岩心,采用体积法开展了饱和油致密岩心压裂液渗吸实验,研究了压裂液体系、岩心渗透率、实验温度、岩心长度和原油粘度对渗吸速率及渗吸采收率的影响,并基于灰色关联度对渗吸因素进行了影响程度评价。研究表明：渗吸采收率与渗透率、实验温度成正相关关系,与压裂液质量分数、岩心长度和原油粘度呈负相关关系,渗吸速率呈现出初始较快,随后迅速下降;各渗吸因素对渗吸采收率的影响程度排序为：压裂液体系>原油粘度>实验温度>岩心长度>岩心渗透率,致密储层压裂后应对储层性质及注入流体性质进行综合评价,为压后生产特征分析提供依据。     

致密砂岩动静渗吸增油机理实验研究

鄂尔多斯盆地长7致密砂岩储层多采用水力压裂造缝后注水开发的开采模式,由于砂岩的亲水性依靠毛管力作用的渗吸采油对致密砂岩储层提高采收率至关重要。为了探明长7致密砂岩储层的渗吸增油效果,本文选取鄂尔多斯盆地长7致密砂岩储层天然岩心进行了静态渗吸、动态渗吸影响因素分析,之后进行了含裂缝天然岩心动态渗吸影响因素研究。结果显示动态渗吸采收率为静态渗吸采收率的2倍左右。静态渗吸主要受到毛管力的作用,存在最佳界面张力使采收率达到最大;动态渗吸采收率由渗吸及驱替两部分组成,渗吸对总采收率的贡献范围为15%~40%,其中小孔隙为主要贡献者。含裂缝天然岩心驱替后焖井渗吸采油提高采收率10%~15%。本次研究能够使人们进一步了解致密储层渗吸增油的控制机理,为现场增油措施的实施提供指导和参考。     

溶解气回注提高致密油藏采收率效果及敏感性

针对致密油藏水平井产量递减快，衰竭开发采收率低等问题，提出了衰竭开发后期回注溶解气提高采收率的方法。基于新疆玛湖凹陷百口泉组地质油藏特征，建立了致密油藏多级压裂双水平井机理模型，系统研究了上述方法在致密油藏中的生产特征及敏感性。结果表明，溶解气回注可以有效提高致密油藏采收率，缓解水平井产量递减的速度。采出程度随注入量、注入速度及吞吐轮次逐渐增加；气体分子的扩散作用可增加基质的受效范围，扩大气体的作用半径；弱非均质性储层（变异系数0.2）采用溶解气吞吐提高采收率效果最佳。敏感性分析结果表明，吞吐轮次对注溶解气提高采收率的影响最大，其次是注入时间、注入速度、扩散系数、焖井时间。另外，建立的代理模型可准确预测和优化致密油藏注溶解气提高采收率效果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地致密油体积压裂水平井产量预测

目前常用的水平井产量预测数值模拟方法和理论解析方法都难以解决致密油储层横向非均质变化大和人工裂缝发育程度描述难的问题。为解决以上问题,基于测井解释资料和体积压裂施工参数,从地质和工程两个方面对致密油水平井产量进行分析和效果评价,并采用灰色关联分析法,将水平段地质参数（标准录井气测全烃值、渗透率、脆性指数）、油层包络面面积、储层横向非均质系数作为影响储层含油性、渗透性、可压性和非均质性的敏感性参数;将施工参数的单井总入地液量作为产量的工程敏感性参数。通过拟合回归,建立对数预测模型对致密油水平井产量进行预测,达到降低致密油规模开发中的投资风险,提高产建效益的目的。应用该方法对合水长7致密油区块6口水平井进行产量预测,预测值与实际值平均相对误差仅为8.0%,效果较好。     

致密油压裂水平井全周期产能预测模型

致密油储层基质孔隙喉道细小,以纳米—微米级孔喉为主,具有储层物性差、非均质性强等特点,导致其渗流机理复杂、开发上提高单井产量难、经济有效开发难。国内外普遍采用水平井体积压裂模式,结合衰竭式开发方式,来实现致密油的有效开发。为了达到产能预测的准确性,针对致密油压裂水平井的3个生产阶段的特性,根据各阶段渗流区内的不同流动介质,基于不同的渗流机理,考虑启动压力梯度、应力敏感效应等因素的影响,分别建立相应的产能方程,最终形成了致密油压裂水平井多区域、多阶段的全周期产能预测模型。通过实例验证,模型的计算值与实际值的吻合度较高,表明本模型可应用于实际油藏中,准确地预测致密油压裂水平井产能,并进行参数敏感性分析,对油藏工程的论证起到一定的指导作用。     

致密油藏分段多簇压裂水平井电模拟实验研究

致密油储层物性差、天然裂缝发育,水平井技术和水力压裂技术是开发致密油的有效手段。微地震监测资料证明水平井分段多簇压裂后形成复杂的裂缝网络。基于水电相似原理,利用水电模拟方法,研究了致密油水平井开发不同压裂方式下的压力场特征,并对分段压裂水平井产能影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)分段多簇压裂水平井近井区等压线较面缝压裂更为平缓,远井区等压线主要由边界影响;(2)与面缝相比,分段多簇压裂的体积改造区域越大,压裂水平井产量越大;当体积压裂改造区域规模一定时,改造区域内的渗透率变化对压裂水平井产能影响较小。     

致密油分段多簇压裂水平井电模拟实验研究

致密油储层物性差、天然裂缝发育,水平井技术和水力压裂技术是开发致密油的有效手段,微地震监测资料证明水平井分段多簇压裂后形成复杂的裂缝网络。本文基于水电相似原理,利用水电模拟方法,研究了致密油水平井开发不同压裂方式下的压力场特征,并对分段压裂水平井产能影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）分段多簇压裂水平井近井区等压线较面缝压裂更为平缓,远井区等压线主要边界影响;（2）与面缝相比,分段多簇压裂的体积改造区域越大,压裂水平井产量越大;当体积压裂改造区域规模一定时,改造区域内的渗透率变化对压裂水平井产能影响较小     

致密砾岩油藏压裂甜点预测研究—以玛18井区为例

致密油藏压裂甜点的准确预测是合理部署井位和压裂改造成功的关键。玛湖致密砾岩油藏复杂的地质特征和强非均质性,导致其压裂甜点的预测较为困难。针对目前缺乏有效预测玛湖砾岩油藏压裂甜点方法的问题和提高水平井压裂改造效果的迫切需求,本文在压裂改造效果主控因素分析基础上,以储层改造体积（Stimulated Reservoir Volume, SRV）为预测指标,首先优选已有基于可压性指数的压裂甜点评价模型,同时建立了基于机器学习的致密砾岩油藏压裂甜点预测模型,最终形成了适用于玛湖致密油藏压裂甜点的预测方法。研究结果表明：在基于可压性指数的压裂甜点预测模型中,Cui、Di、Lai等人建立的模型与实际监测结果有具有较高吻合度;在基于机器学习算法的压裂甜点预测模型中,随机森林、GRBT、Bagging模型表现出较好的性能;虽然当前数据下基于可压性计算的压裂甜点模型的性能更佳,但是随着现场数据的更新与准确度的提高,基于机器学习的压裂甜点模型预测精度将不断改善。研究成果对于玛湖致密砾岩油藏压裂甜点和综合甜点评价、井位部署、压裂改造设计具有重要的指导意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the