关于牵顶伞在降落伞拉直过程中作用的分析与探究

该文首先阐述了降落伞拉直过程的研究发展,其次采用有限元方法建立数学模型,从拉直过程、已拉出质点动力学方程、正在拉出质点的张力3方面,探讨了牵引伞在降落伞拉直过程中的作用,最后对模型的仿真结果进行分析,希望为相关人员提供有效参考。     

载人飞船主伞包出舱动力学

中国新一代载人飞船试验船的气动减速系统由2具减速伞和3具主伞组成，减速伞在实现第1阶段减速后分离并将主伞包从飞船中拉出。主伞包出舱作为降落伞系统的一个重要工作环节，一直是回收着陆系统的关键技术和设计难点之一，由于这一瞬时高动态过程涉及吊带、伞包和舱盖等多体接触和受力耦合作用，因此采用基于简化动力学模型的理论计算方法难以准确描述该过程。该文提出了一种基于有限元模型的气动-动力学耦合分析方法，建立了主伞包出舱动力学模型，运用气动力载荷动态匹配控制方法实现了降落伞由气动载荷向动力学模型的精确传递，通过对初始速度、防热层拉力和舱盖质量等影响主伞包出舱的因素进行全面分析对比，获得了主伞包出舱过程的载荷、速度和过载等动力学特性，直观且逼真地描述了主伞包出舱的动态过程。该方法有效指导了新一代载人飞船试验船回收系统方案的设计，为后续的正式飞行任务提供了理论支持。     

LS-DYNA的ALE方法在飞船返回舱着落仿真中的应用

着陆是载人航天活动的关键环节,对返回舱在接近地面时的带伞着陆过程分析具有重要意义。该文对显式积分有限元软件LS-DYNA的ALE方法进行了初步研究,探讨了其中关键控制参数对计算结果的影响。用该方法建立了返回舱带伞着陆的有限元模型,包含空气、降落伞和返回舱,用相关试验数据对模型的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,计算得到的舱体速度和姿态角与试验结果基本吻合,建立的模型可用于返回舱带伞着陆过程特性分析、着陆工况确定和降落伞对着陆冲击的影响等问题的研究。     

基于有限元网格重构的降落伞工作过程数值研究

以经典的C9圆伞为研究对象,用有限元模型描述该伞结构,定义其周围有限空间作为流场计算域,将全局坐标下载荷位移定义为流场域位移,实现有限流场域的运动。采用运动空间域代替固定的欧式空间域,并与降落伞结构实现了流固耦合计算。得到了丰富的流场、结构场信息及伞载系统的动力学响应曲线。将计算结果与试验数据进行比对发现二者基本一致,验证了此计算方法的可行性,为降落伞的设计提供参考依据。     

某无人机撞网回收系统动力学仿真

以某无人机撞网回收系统为例,基于LS-DYNA软件,提出了柔性带、阻尼器等关键部件的建模方法,建立了系统有限元仿真模型,进行了不同入网位置的动力学仿真计算,并用试验验证了仿真模型的准确性.仿真和试验结果表明:本文建立的无人机撞网回收系统模型具有较好的工程适用性,提出的动力学建模仿真方法具有一定的通用性.     

攻角效应对降落伞拉直过程影响的仿真模拟

降落伞的弹射拉直过程是降落伞工作的第一个关键动作，能为后续降落伞顺利充气创造条件。降落伞的弹射拉直过程一般处于飞行器尾流区域，尾流特性对该过程具有重要影响。开伞时飞行器的高度、 Mach数、攻角等均会对飞行器尾流造成影响，其中开伞时飞行器攻角是降落伞设计中的一个重要考虑因素。该文采用三维非定常Reynolds平均N-S(unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes,URANS)方程耦合六自由度(six degrees of freedom,6DoF)运动方程的方法，针对攻角效应对降落伞弹射拉直过程影响进行了研究。结果表明：攻角效应会显著改变飞行器尾流特性，与0°攻角相比，非0°攻角返回舱尾流呈现非对称流动特征，进而导致尾流方向与弹射初始速度方向不一致；非对称尾流会对分离体轨迹和姿态产生较大影响；攻角效应会导致分离体与尾流相对位置改变，从而影响拉直过程时间，即随着开伞攻角增加，弹射拉直时间减少。该方法和结论对于降落伞系统设计具有重要的参考价值。     

电动力绳系离轨系统中绳索动力学研究

基于电动力绳系离轨系统动力学建模问题,提出了一种考虑绳索弯曲变形特性的柔索模型.该模型可以反映在电动力拉力和重力梯度力作用下绳索的弯曲变形情况,以及绳索变形后对感应电动势和电动力拉力的影响,利用算例比较了柔索模型和其他常用哑铃模型的差异.同时,借鉴海底拖曳系统中绳索的建模方法,建立反映电动力绳系在离轨过程中振动情况的绳索振动模型.仿真结果表明,横向振动是电动力绳系在离轨过程中的主要振动形式.     

两自由度绳牵引并联机构

对两自由度绳牵引并联机构作系统研究，进行运动学、静力学和动力学的分析．设计出控制系统，并在Simulink下完成系统仿真．提出求运动学正解的新算法，可以显著减小系统误差；抽出新的拉力分布方法并利用绳牵引并联机构的拉力应满足的条件。建立一个线性规划的标准模型．用单纯形法可以方便地求出绳的拉力．并确保满足绳拉力大于零的条件，且拉力的分布更加合理．仿真结果验证以上算法的正确性．     

一种基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法的降落伞充气展开数值模型

降落伞充气展开过程是一个典型时变非线性流构耦合问题,大多研究所建立的数值计算模型未考虑织物透气性和初始投放速度的影响.为修正模型,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,ALE)方法和动网格技术,考虑织物透气性并预设初始投放速度,建立了降落伞充气展开的有限元模型.计算了充气过程中,有限质量情况下C-9伞的开伞力,并与实验数据对比,验证了该模型的正确性与合理性.随后分析了其开伞过程中伞衣应力分布特征与气动减速特性,为降落伞数值建模和结构设计提供一定参考.     

三角形履带车轮结构瞬态冲击分析

提出了三角形履带轮系机构的动力学仿真方法,利用该方法建立了履带车辆1/2整车动力学模型并进行了瞬态冲击工况仿真.将仿真结果输入有限元模型,完成了对履带车轮主要结构的有限元计算.对计算结果进行了分析和改进.试制的三角履带轮系安装在样本上,试验结果表明,相同工况下,试验结果与仿真结果十分接近.     

载机干扰流场下的内装式空射火箭分离过程仿真

为精确模拟载机干扰流场下的箭机分离过程,综合运用多体动力学和计算流体力学的基本理论,提出了一种基于动力学仿真和数值模拟的仿真方法. 该方法通过建立载机、火箭和稳定伞的全尺寸实体模型,并在ADAMS中施加约束和驱动后进行可视化仿真. 火箭在载机干扰流场中的非定常气动力利用计算流体力学和动网格技术进行仿真计算,稳定伞的气动力通过克希霍夫运动方程进行推导. 针对影响箭机分离的关键因素进行仿真对比分析,结果表明该方法较准确地模拟了载机干扰流场下的分离过程,从而为内装式空射火箭的整体方案设计提供了重要的依据.     

雨滴对降落伞织物垂直冲击的实验研究

为了研究多雨环境对降落伞开伞的影响机理,设计了液滴对降落伞织物垂直冲击的实验装置。依据降雨谱选择有代表性大小的液滴,由雨滴和降落伞的稳降速度确定了液滴的冲击速度范围在0.77~2.42 m/s之间,利用高速摄像机记录液滴对织物垂直冲击的动态过程,分析了液滴在织物表面的铺展特性。实验结果表明:当液滴冲击速度提高150%和214%时,反映液滴铺展特性的平均最大铺展因子分别增大64%和68%。此外,提高织物的预紧张力可以有效减弱液滴对织物冲击所造成的振动影响。     

平头弹超音速尾流对飘带伞气动特性的影响

提出了一种用于超音速抛撒平头子弹药的飘带伞结构的新型超音速伞,研究弹体超音速尾流对伞气动特性的影响.在风洞试验结果验证的基础上,通过建立多套分块结构化网格模型,采用有限体积法和SST湍流模型对单独弹和伞弹分别进行超音速数值模拟,用数值纹影法显示弹体尾流场并进行了分析,得到了平头弹超音速尾流对飘带伞气动特性影响的变化规律.结果表明,弹体尾流对伞气动特性的影响随马赫数的增加而变大,随弹伞间距与弹径比和伞弹径比的增加而变小,随飘带宽度与弹径比的增加先基本保持不变后变大.     

“降落伞”核的演变和大核原基的发育

应用DAPI荧光染色术对冠突伪尾柱虫有性生殖过程中两种结构演化最复杂的核现象进行了观察。在“降落伞”的形成并向第一次成熟分裂中期转变期间,“伞盖”和“重物”染色质团之间自始至终由DNA荧光丝状物相联,“重物”染色质团随着“伞盖”部染色质丝缩短变粗而逐渐变小,并在中期染色体形成的同时消失。为解释上述演变过程,在讨论中提出了一个细胞学动态模型。在大核原基的发育过程中,于染色体多线化之前先由染色质丝转变为短杆状染色体。这些染色体移向核的一极,然后从一端开始解螺旋并向核的另一极伸展。在此期间,可以观察到某些染色体成双存在。     

Study on conditions of internally carried air-launched launch vehicles based on the virtual prototype technology

A method based on the virtual prototype technology simulating the separation of a launch vehicle from its aircraft in the aircraft wake was proposed based on the internally carried air-launched launch vehicle program. In this method, the full-scale model of the aircraft, the vehicle and the parachute are constructed. Then, they are imported into the ADAMS software, constraint solutions and driving forces are then added for visual dynamic simulation. The unsteady aerodynamic forces of the vehicle in the aircraft wake are calculated by CFD and the moving grid technique. The forces generated by the parachute can be derived from the Kirchhoff motion equation. Through comparing and analyzing the simulation results under different launch conditions, it has been proven that this method simulates the separation of a launch vehicle from the aircraft in the aircraft wake accurately. It provides the foundation for the aggregate project of internally carried air-launch vehicles, and offers a new ref- erenced method for multi-body dynamic simulation.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…