利用激波管测量丁醇着火延时的试验

在双膜化学激波管实验装置上,运用反射激波测量了丁醇 氮气 氧气混合气在温度1 04332~1 16372 K、压力671~835 kPa、当量比分别为1.0、1.5、0.5下的着火延迟. 试验结果表明：随着温度的增加,丁醇的着火延时缩短,并且着火延时的对数与温度的倒数呈正比,满足Arrhenius关系式;随着当量比的升高,着火延时减小. 根据试验数据,构建了丁醇 氮气 氧气混合气着火延迟的Arrhenius关系,丁醇着火延时对压力的依赖性很高,而活化能对当量比的变化不敏感.     

高温下乙醇/异辛烷混合物着火特性的反应动力学研究

为探究高温条件下在异辛烷中掺混乙醇对其着火滞燃期的影响,对乙醇/异辛烷混合燃料的自着火特性进行了实验和理论研究。通过反射激波管平台和数值模拟计算研究了异辛烷掺混不同摩尔分数的乙醇后在初始压力为0.2或1 MPa、温度范围为1 100～1 900 K、当量比为1.0下的着火特性和化学反应机理。研究结果表明,乙醇/异辛烷混合燃料的滞燃期随乙醇掺混量的增加和随压力的升高而减小,在高温下滞燃期随温度的升高而减小,且滞燃期的对数和温度的倒数近似呈线性关系。通过多元线性回归法拟合了滞燃期的Arrhenius公式,验证了Nour Atef机理与本实验的吻合性;通过反应路径和滞燃期敏感性分析,从化学动力学角度可知,掺混乙醇对着火滞燃期的影响本质上是由于掺混乙醇产生的大量OH活性基促进了反应,从而缩短了混合燃料的着火滞燃期。     

C_2H_6/H_2混合气着火特性的实验与化学动力学研究

利用高压激波管实验装置测量了化学计量比下的C2H6/H2/O2/Ar混合气的着火延迟期,实验的温度范围为900~1 700K,压力为1.2~16倍标准大气压。实验结果表明:当混合气中C2H6的摩尔分数xC2H630%时,着火延迟期与温度和压力呈现出了典型的Arrhenius依赖性;当3%≤xC2H630%时,着火延迟期与温度仍呈现出Arrhenius关系,但是压力越高全局活化能越高;当xC2H6≤3%时,着火延迟期与温度和压力呈现出复杂的依赖关系。模拟结果表明:xC2H6对C2H6/H2混合气着火延迟期的影响是非线性的,NUIG Aramco Mech 1.3机理可以很好地预测出实验结果;通过化学反应路径分析和标准化的H自由基分析,可以解释着火延迟期对xC2H6的依赖关系。     

柴油引燃甲醇双燃料发动机滞燃期的研究

在一台TY1100直喷柴油机进气管上安装一套电控甲醇低压喷射装置，进行了柴油引燃甲醇双燃料发动机着火滞燃期的试验研究．结果表明：随着甲醇质量分数的增加，双燃料发动机压缩过程多变指数呈线性减小，着火滞燃期延长；与原柴油机相比，发动机燃用双燃料后，在转速为1600r／min、全负荷、甲醇质量分数为62％时，着火滞燃期最大延长约1．50；提高进气温度，着火滞燃期缩短，进气温度从20℃增加到40℃再到60℃时，对着火滞燃期的影响逐渐增强；发动机的转速升高，在所有试验工况下，以时间计的着火滞燃期缩短；引燃柴油供油定时提前，着火滞燃期延长．     

二异丁烯均质压燃着火与燃烧特性分析

运用数值方法对均质压燃条件下二异丁烯（Diisobutylene ,DIB）的着火与燃烧特性进行了研究。数值计算结果与相应实验结果吻合较好,说明数值计算合理可靠。分析了初始压力、当量比、燃料组分对二异丁烯着火特性的影响,以及二异丁烯在HCCI发动机条件下的燃烧特征。结果表明,随着初始压力、当量比的增加,二异丁烯着火延迟期缩短;燃烧达到的最高温度随着当量比增加而提高,但不受初始压力变化的影响。在均质压燃条件下,二异丁烯同分异构体DIB 1着火先于DIB 2,二异丁烯混合物燃料着火延迟时间依赖于二异丁烯同分异构体组分的比例关系。二异丁烯是单阶段着火燃料,DIB 2最大放热率低于DIB 1,但仍能提供良好的动力性能。     

高温高压条件下甲醇-空气-稀释气层流燃烧速度测定

利用高速纹影摄像法在定容燃烧弹内研究了不同初始压力、初始温度、气体稀释度和燃空当量比下甲醇一空气混合气预混层流燃烧速度和Markstein长度,分析了火焰拉伸对火焰传播速度的影响．基于火焰纹影照片,分析了火焰前锋面形态随混合气初始状态的变化规律．结果表明：甲醇-空气混合气层流燃烧速度随初始压力的增加而降低,随初始温度的增加而增加．氮气作为稀释气添加后,混合气的燃烧速度随稀释度增加而减小．Markstein长度值随初始压力增加而减小,随初始温度增加而减小,随气体稀释度增加而增大．随初始压力增加,火焰前锋面不稳定性增加,皱褶火焰前锋面出现的时刻提前．     

液化石油气-氢气-空气层流燃烧特性的研究

研究了定容燃烧弹中不同过量空气系数(0.6～1.4)、掺氢比例(0～60%)和初始压力(0.081～0.124 MPa)下的液化石油气-氢气-空气混合气的层流燃烧现象,分析了过量空气系数、掺氢比例、初始压力等因素对规范化质量燃烧速率、燃烧持续期等层流燃烧特性参数的影响.研究表明:当过量空气系数在0.8～1.0范围内取值时,混合气的规范化质量燃烧速率和压力升高速率取最大值.随着初始压力的降低,规范化质量燃烧速率升高,燃烧持续期缩短,浓燃和稀燃更加明显;随着掺氢比例的增加,压力升高速率增加,混合气的规范化质量燃烧速率增加,燃烧持续期显著缩短,短的燃烧持续期所对应的过量空气系数范围变宽.     

增压直喷汽油机中润滑油液滴诱发早燃机制的数值研究

通过利用多维计算流体动力学(CFD)耦合一个多组分汽油替代物的骨架反应机理,对增压直喷汽油机中润滑油液滴诱发早燃的机制进行了研究。首先,在模拟增压高强化汽油机压缩上止点热力学状态的定容圆柱网格内,研究了润滑油液滴的存在对汽油/空气混合气自燃过程的影响,结果表明:以正庚烷和过氧氢酮分别作为润滑油蒸发产物时润滑油液滴的存在均可缩短混合气的着火延迟时间,尤其是以过氧氢酮作为润滑油蒸发产物时混合气的着火延迟时间缩短更为明显;随着润滑油液滴粒径的增大,混合气的着火延迟时间先缩短后延长,润滑油液滴温度和混合气的温度、压力升高会进一步缩短混合气的着火延迟时间。然后,以过氧氢酮作为润滑油蒸发产物,在增压直喷汽油机动网格内模拟了润滑油液滴存在时缸内混合气的自燃过程,结果表明:润滑油液滴蒸发释放出了着火性能较好的组分,缩短了液滴周围混合气的着火延迟时间,导致液滴周围混合气在火花点火之前自燃,从而引发早燃。最后,根据以上结论提出了一个润滑油液滴诱发早燃的机制。     

柴油喷雾火焰低温燃烧大涡模拟研究

柴油喷雾燃烧是个复杂的物理化学过程,尤其是低温条件下湍流燃烧仍有许多未知的现象.本文基于大涡模拟方法开展了不同环境温度下正十二烷喷雾火焰燃烧过程的模拟研究.首先,通过与喷雾燃烧基础数据库Engine Combustion Network(ECN)网站上试验数据对比,包括喷雾发展过程、着火延迟期和火焰浮升长度试验值,发现LES-LEM模型能够捕捉喷雾发展过程和燃烧过程,并且与试验数据非常接近.其次,本文深入分析了喷雾火焰中的低温燃烧过程,研究发现,提高初始温度,第1阶段着火延迟期和总的着火延迟期均缩短,而第2阶段着火延迟期变长,同时提高初始环境温度,出现放热率峰值的混合气浓度增加.酮类过氧化物和甲醛可以表征喷雾火焰中的多阶段着火过程,在着火延迟期附近,随着初始温度升高,酮类过氧化物(OC_(12)H_(23)OOH)质量分数峰值逐渐远离当量比混合物分数(Z_(st))向浓混合气方向发展.最后,本文探究了初始温度对整体燃烧放热过程和主要组分,包括碳烟标识物C_2H_2生成的影响.研究发现900 K条件下C_2H_2累积质量高于低温条件下的累积质量,这主要是由于900 K条件下着火延迟期和火焰浮升长度缩短,卷吸进来的空气质量减少,燃油与空气混合变差,产生了有利于C_2H_2形成更广泛的浓混合气区域.     

二甲基醚发动机工作过程的数值模拟研究

以二甲基醚着火反应机理和热力学燃烧模型为基础,建立了二甲基醚着火数据库及发动机工作过程的数学模型,藉此进行了发动机的循环模拟计算．计算结果与验证实验结果对比表明,Wiebe模型、Watson模型和Whitehouse-Way模型均可应用于二甲基醚发动机工作过程的模拟计算．应用化学反应动力学模型对DME发动机着火过程模拟计算结果所建立的着火数据库表明,滞燃期是缸内温度、压力和燃空当量比的函数,在一定的燃空当量比范围内,着火滞燃期随燃空当量比增大而变小．而采取将着火数据库与Watson燃烧子模型相耦合的模拟计算能够与实验结果相吻合。     

Experimental and kinetic study on ignition delay times of methane/hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen mixtures by shock tube

Ignition delay times of methane/hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen mixtures with hydrogen amount-of-substance fractions ranging from 0–20% were measured in a shock tube facility.The ambient temperature varied from 1422 to 1877 K and the pressure was maintained at 0.4 MPa behind the reflected shock wave.The experiments were conducted at an equivalence ratio of 2.0.The fuel mixtures were diluted with nitrogen gas so that the nitrogen amount-of-substance fraction was 95%.The experimental ignition delay time of the CH4/H2 mixture decreased as the hydrogen amount-of-substance fraction increased.The enhancement of ignition by hydrogen addition was weak when the ambient temperature was >1750 K,and strong when the temperature was <1725 K.The ignition delay time of 20% H2/80% CH4 was only one-third that of 100% CH4 at 1500 K.A modified model based on GRI-Mech 3.0 was proposed and used to calculate the ignition delay times of test mixtures.The calculated results agreed with the experimental ignition delay times.Normalized sensitivity analysis showed that HO·+H2 →H·+H2O was the main reaction for the formation of the H· at 1400 K.As the hydrogen amount-of-substance fraction increased,chain branching was enhanced through the reaction H·+O2→O·+HO·,and this reduced the ignition delay time.At 1800 K,the methyl radical (H3C·) became the key species that influenced the ignition of the CH4/H2/O2/N2 mixtures,and sensitivity coefficients of the chain termination reaction 2H3C·(+M)→C2H6(+M),and chain propagation reaction HO2+H3C·→HO·+CH3O decreased,which reduced the influence of hydrogen addition on the ignition of the CH4/H2 mixtures.     

癸酸甲酯/醇类混合燃料以及乙醇燃料自点火试验

研究了发动机工作条件下,癸酸甲酯和乙醇燃料以及癸酸甲酯和正丁醇混合燃料的自点火特性.在加热激波管中,利用反射激波后的试验区域研究了混合燃料的点火延时.混合燃料是体积比为90%癸酸甲酯/10%乙醇燃料、50%癸酸甲酯/50%乙醇燃料和90%癸酸甲酯/10%正丁醇的混合物.在2 MPa下,研究了当量比对点火延时的影响,同时考察了癸酸甲酯中醇类的添加体积混合比和醇的种类对点火延时的影响,进一步研究了乙醇燃料在不同当量比下的点火延时.

     

Shock tube study on auto-ignition characteristics of kerosene/air mixtures

Ignition delay times are obtained for kerosene/air mixtures behind the reflected shock waves at temperatures between 1445 and 1650 K,at a pressure of 0.11 MPa and an equivalence ratio of 1.0.A nebulization device with Laval nozzle is used to nebulize kerosene and form an aerosol phase,which evaporates and diffuses rapidly behind the incident shock waves.Mixtures auto-ignite behind the reflected shock waves.An ICCD is used to visualize the kerosene/air mixture’s ignition characteristics.The mixture’s ignition intensity increases with increase in initial temperature.Continuous and irregular flames exist below 1515 K while plane and discontinuous flames exist over 1560 K.Ignition delay times decrease with increase in initial temperature.Experimental data shows good agreement with results reported previously in the literature.A new surrogate (consisting of 10% toluene,10% ethylbenzene and 80% n-decane) is proposed for kerosene.Honnet et al.’s mechanism is used to simulate the ignition of kerosene with calculations agreeing well with the experimental data.The sensitivity of reaction H+O2 <=>OH+O,which shows the highest sensitivity to the ignition delay time,increases with an increase in temperature.The chain breaching reaction of CH3 with O2 accelerates the total reaction rate and the H-atom abstraction of n-decane controls the total reaction rate.The rate of production and instantaneous heat production indicate that two reactions,H+O2 <=>OH+O and O+H2 <=>OH+H,are the key reactions to the formation of OH radicals,as well as the main endothermic reaction.However,the reaction of R3 is the main heat release reaction during ignition.Flame structure analysis shows that initial pressure is increased slightly as CO and H2O will appear before main ignition.     

Correlations for the ignition delay times of hydrogen/air mixtures

Correlations for the ignition delay times of hydrogen/air mixtures were developed using the method of High Dimensional Model Representation (HDMR).The hydrogen/air ignition delay times for initial conditions over a wide range of temperatures from 800 to 1600 K,pressures from 0.1 to 100 atm,and equivalence ratios from 0.2 to 10 were first calculated utilizing the full chemical mechanism.Correlations were then developed based on these ignition delay times.Two forms of correlations were constructed:the first one is an overall general model covering the whole range of the initial conditions;while the second one is a piecewise correlation model valid for initial conditions within different sub-domains.The performance of these correlations was studied through comparison with results from the full chemical mechanism as well as experimental data.It was shown that these correlations work well over the whole range of initial conditions and that the accuracy can be significantly improved by using different piecewise correlations for different sub-domains.Therefore,piecewise correlations can be used as an effective replacement for the full mechanism when the prediction of chemical time scale is needed in certain combustion modeling.     

基于超级电容的B/KNO3激光点火数值模拟

为了研究B/KNO₃（硼/硝酸钾）药剂基于超级电容驱动的激光点火规律,建立了从超级电容驱动激光二极管到激光辐照加热药剂全过程的激光点火时域模型,分析了放电电压和超级电容容值及等效电阻对激光点火延时的影响,基本揭示了基于超级电容的B/KNO₃激光点火特性和规律.仿真结果表明,随超级电容放电电压、容值的增加及超级电容等效电阻的减小,激光输出功率与能量均显著增加,激光点火延迟时间缩短,点火能量显著下降.仿真结果可为基于超级电容的激光快速点火设计提供依据及技术支撑.     

Direct observations of reaction zone structure in shock-induced ignition of methane air mixture

Ignition of methane/air mixture by the passage of a shock wave is an important issue for understanding more details of its gaseous detonation. The experiments of shock-induced ignition of stoichiometric methane/air mixture were conducted on a shock tube platform, The reaction zone structure in weak and strong ignition cases were investigated by digital chemiluminescence imaging and planar laser induced fluorescence （PLIF） techniques. Due to smaller gradients in induced time in weak ignition, which provided more time to nonlinear chemical reaction process, the results show that the reaction structures are highly nonuniform in those weak ignition cases, which become more regular while induced shock waves become stronger. In strong ignition case, it gives a typical detonation structure. The characteristics of reaction zone released by single-pulsed OH PLIF technique agreed well with other experimental measurements in this paper and were also in accord with the conclusions of previous researches. The successful implementation of the PLIF system has explored a new high temporally and spatially resolved method for the study of interaction between shock wave and gaseous matter in shock tube.     

H2/RP-3航空煤油混合燃料着火特性研究

实现碳氢燃料的快速点火与稳定燃烧是超燃冲压发动机研制过程中必须解决的关键问题。在航空煤油中添加乙醇燃料,利用乙醇热分解得到氢气等可燃小分子气体来改善燃烧过程是达到促进航空煤油着火与燃烧稳定的有效手段。选取正癸烷、甲苯、丙基环己烷三组份混合燃料作为RP-3航空煤油的模拟替代燃料,构建了其燃烧反应机理;并对该机理进行了验证。为揭示氢气对RP-3航空煤油着火特性的影响,构建了RP-3航空煤油/氢气混合燃料的燃烧反应机理;并对该机理进行了验证。同时,采用该燃烧反应机理分析了多工况下掺氢比对RP-3航空煤油着火特性的影响。结果表明,采用正癸烷、甲苯、丙基环己烷三组份混合燃料的燃烧反应机理计算得到的着火延迟时间与相应工况下RP-3航空煤油着火延迟时间的试验数据吻合良好;多工况下氢气添加能够提升RP-3航空煤油/氢气混合气活性,缩短着火延迟时间,促进燃料着火;同时,随着混合气中掺氢比的升高,混合气的着火延迟时间逐渐缩短。     

激波后沉积粉尘的燃烧特征

激波掠过可燃沉积粉尘后将使粉尘颗粒上扬、点火与燃烧。该文给出了描述该现象的理论模型，并对此进行了数值模拟。结果表明，激波马赫数越大，气相中氧气含量越高，颗粒初始直径越小，则颗粒的点火延迟时间越小，颗粒温度及化学反应速率上升越快，颗粒的燃烧时间愈短。     

O2／CO2气氛下着火延迟特性影响因素分析

采用详细化学反应动力学方法研究了3种烷烃燃料（正戊烷、正己烷和正庚烷）在O2／CO2气氛及空气气氛下的着火延迟特性,探讨了初始温度为1000～1350K,压力为1．6～4．0MPa,过氧系数为0．7～1．3条件下,不同燃烧气氛、CO2体积分数、温度、压力、过氧系数等因素对3种烷烃燃料着火延迟的影响规律．结果表明：在相同初始O2体积分数条件下,高CO2体积分数气氛下3种烷烃燃料的着火延迟时间比空气气氛下明显延长;随着燃烧系统中初始CO2体积分数的增加,3种烷烃燃料的着火延迟时间进一步增加,O2／CO2气氛下出现着火延迟现象不仅与CO2的热物性有关,还与燃烧系统内CO2的化学反应动力学作用有关．