Efficient Hydration of Olefins Catalyzed by Wool-Supported Palladium Complex

1 Introduction The hydration of olefins is one of the most important processes for the production of alcohols~([1]). Both transition metal complexes~([2]) and enzymes~([3]) have been reported to catalyze the hydration of alkenes, but their catalysts are usually either unstable or difficult to prepare, expensive and sometimes can not be easily recovered.1IntroductionThe hydration of olefinsis one of the most i mportant processes for the production of alcohols[1].Bothtransitionmetal complexes[2…     

Stability of stratified flow and slugging in horizontal gas-liquid flow

A transient one-dimensional two-fluid model is proposed to investigate numerically the interfacial instability and the onset of slugging for liquid-gas flow in a horizontal duct. In the present model, the effects of surface tension and transverse variations in dynamic pressure are taken into account. The evolution of interfacial disturbances is displayed and compared with the linear viscous Kelvin-Helmholtz stability analyses. It shows that interfacial wave is more instable due to the non-linear effect. The model predicts well the stability limit of stratified flow in comparison with the experimental data, and also automatically tracks the onset of slugging. The results show that the initiation of hydrodynamic slugging is related to local interfacial instability. Based on the cycle of slugging, a model for slug frequency is presented, which predicts the trends of slug frequencies with gas/liquid flow rate well in comparison with the available data. The effects of physical properties on slugging have been examined. It is found that with the increase in the gas viscosity and liquid density the slugging would be inhibited, whereas, with the increase in liquid viscosity and gas density, the slugging can be promoted.     

Self-assembling Characteristics of Amphiphilic Star Block Copolymers with a Polyelectrolyte Shell

1 Results Amphiphilic block copolymers are capable of forming supramolecular assemblies resembling those observed in nature,such as spherical micelles,worm micelles,and vesicles.Changing the solvent composition,ionic strength or pH of the polymer solution may induce the self-assembly of block copolymers or trigger the transition between the geometries of noncovalent assemblies.In the current work,we have synthesised starlike amphiphilic block copolymers having hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate),PMMA,core,and hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid),PAA,shell.The self-assembling characteristics of these polymers have been investigated in aqueous solutions by light scattering and direct visualisation by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM)[1]. Computer simulations along with the theoretical predictions made for the star-like system based on mean-field theory have been used to support the experimental observations[2]. The association of the starlike macromolecules resembles that of charged biopolymers,such as actin,since a balance between attractive and repulsive forces is required for the formation of cylindrical assemblies and can be manipulated by changing the pH or the ionic strength of the solvent[3].     

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Organic Semiconductors

1 Results Development of new organic semiconductors for use in low-cost,large-area applications is very important for growth of the organic electronic industry.Existing non-polymer based organic semiconductors can be roughly classified into linear,star-shaped,branched or lamellar molecules on the basis of their shape[1]. Generally hole (p-type) and electron (n-type) transporting semiconductors have been prepared from electron donating and accepting π-systems respectively[2]. These materials can be used ...     

Effect of Polyaniline on Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO_4

1 Introduction LiFePO4 has received much attention as a kind of next-generation cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. To improve its electrochemical performance, researchers have been working to overcome two major disadvantages of LiFePO4 such as the low electrical conductivity and the small Li-ion diffusivity. The latter can be solved by reducing the particle size while the former can be improved by coating a layer of carbon on the surface of LiFePO4 particles[1]. More researchers have carried out carbon coating[2], but there are few reports focusing on coating conductive polymer. Here we report a series of LiFePO4 composite materials coated with polyaniline (PAn) and their electrochemical properties.     

Fractals in Spatial Patterns of Vegetation Formations

Introduction The quantification of spatial patterns, a focal subject in ecological research, is used as a foundation for meas-urement and analysis of the quality of habitats and the biodiversity[1]. Historically, the dominant approach has been used to cho…     

Haptotropic Migration of Metal Templates on Arene Surfaces

1 Results The chromium-templated benzannulation of arylcarbenes by alkynes provides a direct regio- and diastereoselective access to densely functionalized chromium arenes[1]. The chromium fragment undergoes a haptotropic migration along the π-face of the fused arenes which can be controlled by thermodynamics,by the substitution pattern of the arene and by the metal coligand sphere(See Scheme 1).The controlled regioselective labeling of benzene rings can be exploited in diastereoselective C-C bond formation as demonstrated for [4 2] cycloaddition reactions[2].     

The Use of Chemical Modification of Polymer Waste for Obtaining Polymer Flocculants

1 Results Chemical modification of polymer plastic wastes to useful products can be one of the way of effective waste plastics management (chemical recycling). Chemical modification of polymers and polymer plastic wastes can yield products with suitable physical and chemical properties. In consequence they can be used as polyelectrolytes[1]. The variety of pollutants, universality of various water and sewage treatment technologies, introduction of new water quality improved technologies have caused a growth in demand for polyelectrolytes and ion-exchange polymers with specific parameters. The most important use of polyelectrolytes is their application in industrial water treatment and in aiding sediment-centrifuging processes. Their application significantly lowers the coagulant consumption, shortens the flocculation time and improves the sedimentation properties of suspensions[2, 3].     

Study on kinetics of hydrocarbon generation from coals in the Qinshui Basin

Coal-bed gas is a new energy resource and studies on its genetic mechanism, coal source rock and the resource assessment have become the hot points in petroleum ge-ology field[1―3]. A new method for the quantitative as-sessment of hydrocarbon generative potential from coals by means of the chemical reaction kinetics has been de-veloped gradually over the recent years and so far some researchers in the field have been reported[4―13]. These works focused on the application of the kinetic model…     

谐波分析重金属铜铅胁迫玉米的污染效应

提出了谐波分析法监测玉米的重金属污染效应。通过设置不同浓度Cu和Pb胁迫下的玉米盆栽实验,测得了玉米冠层叶片光谱、叶绿素以及Cu含量。利用谐波分析技术将玉米叶片光谱特征信息转化为以振幅和相位的能量谱特征信息,提取低次谐波振幅和初始相位,分析了振幅和相位与玉米的健康状况以及重金属污染效应之间的关系。实验结果和分析表明,振幅反映着光谱的能量信息,与叶片中的Cu离子含量有很强的相关性;初始相位携带着光谱辐射峰值的位置信息,与玉米叶片中重金属含量以及叶片光谱的红边位置具有一定的线性比例关系。因此,可以通过光谱谐波分解的振幅和相位间接的判断Cu和Pb胁迫玉米的污染程度。     

Experimental study on spectral responses of offshore oil slick

Using the seawater taken from Liaodong Bay and crude oil taken from Liaohe Oilfield, a laboratory experiment was designed to study the change of reflectance spectrum of artificial offshore oil slick with its thickness and to identify the spectrum ranges suitable for quantifying the thickness of the oil slick. During the experiment, crude oil was continuously dropped into the seawater to generate artificial oil slick with different thicknesses. After every drop of crude oil was added, reflectance spectrum of the oil slick was measured with a high resolution spectroradiometer （ASD FieldSpec Pro FR）. The influence of oil slick thickness on its reflectance spectrum was explored through statistical analysis. The results show that the reflectance of oil slick changes marginally with oil slick thickness and higher than that of seawater in infrared band from 1150 to 2500 nm. This spectrum range can be practically used to distinguish oil slick from seawater. In the spectrum range from 400 to 1150 nm, the reflectance of oil slick decreases with its thickness. The negative power function is the best-fit function expressing the relationship between the reflectance and thickness. The spectral characteristics of oil slick are very distinct at 550 and 645 nm. They are the best wavelengths for monitoring the existence of offshore oil slick and estimating its thickness.     

弱散射体的宽谱BRDF测量与分析

弱反射体粗糙表面具有复杂的散射现象.随着入射光天顶角的增加,这类弱反射体的光反射由方向性漫散射过渡到镜面反射,且波长不同的反射光出现不同强度的镜面反射.为了研究这个波动光学现象,使用一台宽谱全向反射计测量了两个弱反射体样品在多个可见波长的双向反射分布函数;使用一台探针式表面轮廓仪测量了样品的表面轮廓,进而获得了样品表面统计特性.一个基于波动光学的BRDF模型通过拟牛顿法优化算法逐次逼近被拟合到测量数据,准确地描述了散射光随角度和波长的变化.通过拟合结果和测量数据比较,证明基于波动光学的BRDF模型适用于解释该现象.     

ZnO陷光结构材料的制备及其太阳能电池性能的研究

采用一步低温水溶液法在未制绒的单晶硅材料表面制备ZnO纳米棒阵列陷光结构材料,通过调控生长温度,对纳米棒阵列参数进行调控.利用扫描电子显微镜对不同条件下制备的ZnO纳米棒阵列材料的形貌进行表征,探究生长温度对阵列参数的影响.采用X射线衍射仪、荧光分光光度计、紫外-可见-近红外光谱仪对ZnO纳米棒阵列的晶体结构及光学特性进行分析.结果表明:低温水溶液法制备的ZnO纳米棒阵列结构具有较好的晶体品质、较高的透过率及较好的陷光效果.与2种材料(未制绒的裸硅片、仅有SiN_x减反射层的硅片)的表面相比,陷光结构硅的表面反射率有较大幅度的降低.将该陷光结构材料应用于未制绒且镀有SiN_x减反射层的单晶硅太阳能电池,与裸硅表面材料的太阳能电池相比,该电池的短路电流密度及转换效率分别提高了30.19%和33.87%.该陷光结构材料具有较好的陷光效果,且易于通过调控生长条件对其陷光效果进行优化.     

GaAs_(1-x)Sb_x/GaAs量子阱的Type-II特性

研究了分子束外延生长的不同含量的GaAs1-xSbx/GaAs量子阱的光荧光特性和时间分辨光谱特性.分析表明,利用电子空穴分离导致了能带弯曲和能带填充效应,实验结果说明了GaAs1-xSbx/GaAs异质结至少在Sb原子数目百分比为16%￣26%时是Type-II结构.     

土壤磷形态的反射光谱特征及其光谱建模

由于对土壤磷的可见-近红外反射光谱的特征认识不足,土壤磷的光谱模型稳定性较差。为此,通过分离不同磷组分,分别以标准白板和残渣样品为参考光谱,间接和直接测定了不同磷组分的反射光谱。通过分析其光谱特征及光谱模型的间接和直接结果,发现各磷形态具有显著不同的反射光谱特征,光谱形状、反射率大小及峰/谷位置均不同,能够被现有可见-近红外光谱（200~1000 nm）定性和定量分析。在现有研究波段内,250 ~750 nm是土壤磷的敏感波段。研究结果为认识全磷的反射光谱特征及预测全磷含量提供了理论依据。     

武钢钢材化学成分与性能关系试验研究

对武汉钢铁（集团）公司１００炉次钢材试样进行了化学成分全分析，显微组织参数和力学性能测试，并对它们之间关系进行了统计回归分析。结果表明，武钢钢材化学成分不具有鄂东含铜铁矿石特色，钢中痕量元素含量不高，残铝和痕量的钴、锑、锡对性能有一定影响。     

一种基于压缩感知理论的LCTF光谱超分辨方法

液晶可调谐滤光片（LCTF）因其在宽谱段上具有简单、高效的调谐滤光功能常作为微型光谱仪应用在多种测量领域.然而,滤光式光谱仪的光谱分辨能力受限于其系统的带宽,进行高分辨测量时的硬件成本和测量数据量都较大.将压缩感知理论引入LCTF的光谱测量中,通过将LCTF获取的测量数据与其对应的调谐波长处的透过率函数进行关联计算,得到光谱分辨率优于系统带宽的目标光谱曲线.分析表明,本文模型下的压缩感知测量矩阵具有良好的非相关性,同时对地物光谱进行的压缩感知重构结果表明,在仅进行32次测量的条件下,本文方法得到了珍珠石目标的128波段的光谱曲线,能分辨出传统方法不能分辨的光谱细节,且反射率的平均误差仅有0.75%,同时对噪声具有一定的抵抗性.      

一种改进的余弦窗及其DSP实现

提出了一种减少频谱泄漏,而又易于实现的改进的余弦窗,其核心思想是对一般的余弦窗函数施加一个指数m,根据对频率分辨率和幅值精度、旁瓣抑制的侧重不同,改变m的值,得到不同性能的改进余弦窗.在DSP中软件实现时,针对不同的m值,进行不同次数的循环来实现.仿真结果表明,这是一种效果比较好的加窗方法.     

一种改善AR谱估计性能的分频段方法

本文研究了一种改善AR谱估计的有效和实用的方法,即在固定分辨率的情况下降低AR模型阶次,或在阶次一定(或降低)的情况下改进其谱估计分辨率的方法.该方法是通过对数据序列的频带进行限制,以减小分析频带外的噪声能量和通过选抽降低原序列采样率来实现的.仿真结果和实例表明,该方法对于宽带信号的AR谱估计是十分有效的.