妊娠期梅毒感染与母婴阻断的研究进展

妊娠合并梅毒对孕妇及胎儿有极大的危害,已对公共卫生及社会产生严重的问题。国内对妊娠期梅毒没有统一的治疗方案,较多研究表明．妊娠期梅毒筛查并早期抗梅毒治疗可减少梅毒的母婴传播,降低先天性梅毒的发病率。     

浅谈妊娠合并梅毒的临床分析

浅谈妊娠合并梅毒的临床分析。将2016年2月～2018年2月期间医院收治的开展常规治疗的25例妊娠合并梅毒患者作为试验组,同时期选取未开展常规治疗的25例妊娠合并梅毒患者作为对照组,对比2组患者的不良妊娠结局、新生儿情况、分娩方式及不同梅毒分期围生儿先天性梅毒发生率。与对照组比较,试验组患者的不良妊娠结局、新生儿情况改善显著;与对照组比较,试验组患者的剖腹产率降低,顺产率升高;P0.05。与对照组比较,Ⅱ期围生儿先天性梅毒发生率无差异,P0.05;与对照组比较,试验组潜伏期围生儿先天性梅毒发生率降低,P0.05。早期加强健康宣教与产前检查,可提高孕妇及家属的保健意识,因为临床上需要及时发现妊娠期梅毒,有效改善妊娠结局和预后,值得临床推广借鉴。     

梅毒螺旋体重组抗原在血清学诊断中的应用

对有关人群进行梅毒筛检是控制和预防梅毒传播的重要措施之一.目前,检测梅毒螺旋体特异抗体通常使用TPHA法和FTA-ABS法,近年来则逐步采用ELISA检测梅毒螺旋体IgM和IgG抗体,用于大量标本检测和献血者的筛查.由于梅毒螺旋体体外培养尚未成功,要获得性质均一、稳定、充足的抗原很困难,因此,抗原的来源成为制约这些诊断方法应用的关键问题.基因工程重组抗原不仅为抗原来源提供了一条主要途径,而且还能克服制备天然抗原时不可避免的兔蛋白污染.近年来,被逐渐应用于多种血清学诊断方法的研究和相关试剂盒的开发.     

吉林地区1993～1997年间病毒性肝炎流行情况分析

病毒性肝炎在我国流行广泛，传染性强，发病率高，而我地区是高发区，解放初期由于卫生条件较差，居住拥挤，因此，甲型肝炎的发病率较高。近几年来，随着经济的不断发展，甲肝疫苗的广泛应用，使甲肝的发病率有所下降。但是，随着对外开放、对内搞活及旅游的发展，社会流动人口的增多，通过血液及各种分泌物传播的乙型肝炎呈上升趋势。为了解近几年来我地区病毒性肝炎流行情况，特对我地区1993~1997五年间病毒性肝炎的流行情况进行调查分析。1材料与方法通过疫情旬报、年报，收集1993~1997年间全地区病毒性肝炎发病情况，运用流行病学统计…     

我国梅毒的流行现况与特征

目的：为研究梅毒的临床表现及其流行病学特征，为梅毒的预防和控制策略提供依据。方法：（１）１９９０￣１９９７年梅毒疫情报告：（２）３６个性病监测点１９８７￣１９９７年梅毒监测资料；（３）性病诊断标准和治疗方案；（４）采用ＳＰＳＳ统计软件包。结果：９０年代梅毒在我国再度发生流行，１９９３￣１９９７年的年发病率成倍增长，１９９７年比１９９３年发病率增长了１５．７倍；在性传播性疾病的构成比中由原来的１％增     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积综合征诊治一例分析

通过妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积综合征病例分析,正确认识、诊断本病,及时防治,可以降低围生儿发病率和死亡率及本病对孕妇的危害.     

HIV阳性孕妇母婴阻断的护理体会

目的：妊娠期妇女的HIV感染已成为全球艾滋病流行中最令人关注的问题,阳性母亲通过怀孕、分娩和哺乳把病毒传播给胎儿和婴儿,导致婴幼儿早亡。因此,阻断HIV母婴传播非常重要。方法：术前应用药物做好母婴阻断,术中医务人员注意自我保护,术后采取母婴隔离。结果：采用目前国际上推荐的治疗方案,使用奈韦拉平、拉米夫定、齐多夫定可有效阻断病毒在母婴间的传播。结论：正确规范实施HIV母婴阻断措施,可有效降低HIV母婴传播。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者的营养健康指导

妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是首次发生在妊娠期的一种内分泌代谢疾病,主要表现为不同程度糖代谢异常。研究表明,全球GDM的发病率逐年上升,根据目前新的诊断标准,发病率可能逐渐上升到16%。马春玲和马润玫经过23个月的研究报道,我国GDM的发病率高达9.16%,而且由于生活习惯、生活方式的问题,还呈现逐年上升的趋势,GDM成为我国公共健康问题之一。该文对妊娠期糖尿病的发病机制进行分析并提出妊娠期糖尿病患者的营养健康指导。     

前置胎盘41例临床分析

前置胎盘是妊娠晚期出血的主要原因之一。为妊娠期严重的并发症。其发病率为0.24-1.57%,高年经产妇的发病率高于初产妇[1]。如处理不当或不及时可直接威胁母儿生命。本文将我院2003-2006年     

大麦黄花叶病传染规律研究

大麦黄花叶病是一种病毒病,是危害大麦生产的重要病害之一。本病传染途径是通过土壤带毒而传播蔓延的,并已证明本病不可能通过病株种子传病,也就是说,大麦种子不会带毒传播。可是地处海岛的舟山地区,在70年代中期以前未见有大麦黄花叶病的危害。近年来,虽然我区在不同年份间发病率有所差异,但是却有增加倾向。既然     

潜伏梅毒的临床特点与血清学分析

目的 总结CO2潜伏梅毒患者的临床特点,分析其血清学检测结果。方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2007年11月在北京协和医院皮肤科性病中心诊治的601例潜伏梅毒患者的临床资料。结果 601例潜伏梅毒患者中,早期潜伏梅毒174例,晚期潜伏梅毒170例,不能确定病期的潜伏梅毒257例;男256例,女345例,男∶女为0.74∶1;20～39岁高发,主要传染来源为非婚性接触;46例(7.65%)合并其他性传播疾病;251例（41.76%）因其他性病或疑有性病进行检查时确诊。早期潜伏梅毒、晚期潜伏梅毒和不能确定病期潜伏梅毒患者中血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR)滴度大于1∶8的患者比例分别为72.99%(127/174)、52.94%(90/170)和60.31%(155/257)。早期潜伏梅毒患者治疗l2个月后的RPR阴转率明显低于早期显性梅毒患者(P=0.044)。结论 应加强梅毒宣传力度,多渠道筛查以控制梅毒。     

微量营养素对人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者免疫状态的影响

目的 研究微量营养素对人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者体内免疫状态的影响。方法 将102名HIV感染者分为对照组和试验组,分别给予安慰剂和复合微量营养素片,在研究开始及结束时分别进行体格测量和免疫状态测定。结果 两组受试者在年龄、身高、体重和男女性别比方面差异没有统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。研究前两组受试者体内的CD3+、CD4+、CD8+ T淋巴细胞水平和IgA、IgG、IgM、C3水平差异没有统计学意义(P均＞0.05);研究后试验组CD3+、CD4+、CD8+ T淋巴细胞水平和IgA、IgG、IgM、C3水平均明显高于研究前和对照组(P均＜0.05),对照组与研究前差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。结论 补充微量营养素能改善HIV感染者的细胞和体液免疫功能。     

Rapid spread of an inherited incompatibility factor in California Drosophila

In Drosophila simulans in California, an inherited cytoplasmic incompatibility factor reduces egg hatch when infected males mate with uninfected females. The infection is spreading at a rate of more than 100 km per year; populations in which the infection was rare have become almost completely infected within three years. Analyses of the spread using estimates of selection in the field suggest dispersal distances far higher than those found by direct observation of flies. Hence, occasional long-distance dispersal, possibly coupled with local extinction and recolonization, may be important to the dynamics. Incompatibility factors that can readily spread through natural populations may be useful for population manipulation and important as a post-mating isolating mechanism.     

平滑化的正交型Walsh函数的构造及在广带域扩谱通讯中的应用

介绍了一种二维离散正交型Ｗａｌｓｈ 函数的构成与相关特性,将离散的Ｗａｌｓｈ函数进行平滑化之后,应用在广带域码分多址扩散频谱通讯中（ 简称ＣＤＭＡ 扩谱通讯） ．本文还发表了一种码分多址扩谱通讯的结构框图和通过各种复杂环境通讯实验结果．对比实验结果表明,平滑化的离散正交型Ｗａｌｓｈ 函数与非平滑化的离散正交型Ｗａｌｓｈ 函数作为在扩谱码,信号频带宽度之比为１：２, 用Ｗａｌｓｈ 函数（ 哈德码序列） 的正交码,目的是各种信道之间的相互干扰达到最小化．平滑化技术在同等的条件下,信噪比提高了２０ ｄＢ以上．说明这是一种非常成功的理论方法．     

ELISA在梅毒检测中的价值

对ELISA在梅毒检测中的价值作了评价，比较了TRUST和ELISA两种方法用ELISA法检测TRUST阳性标本83份，TRUST阴性标本1536份，结果出现梅毒-ELISA和TRUST不一致结果13份，用TPPA进行确认．13份确认结果显示，梅毒-ELISA与TPPA的符合率为83．3％，TRUST与TPPA的符合率为8．3％．梅毒-ELISA的敏感性、特异性分别为100％、99．9％，TRUST的敏感性、特异性分别为89．9％、99．8％．梅毒-ELISA的敏感性、特异性都优于TRUST，与TPPA的符合率高，是用于梅毒检测和筛查的一种良好方法．     

小麦赤霉病神经网络和偏最小二乘预测模型

选取2004-2014年间发病期的气象因素为自变量,小麦赤霉病病穗率为因变量,借助神经网络的函数映射能力,采用Fletcher-Reeves算法的变梯度反向传播算法,建立了小麦赤霉病的气象预报模型.由于神经网络无法提供直观的函数来反映病穗率与气象因子之间的关系,为了进一步分析气象因子间的相关性,采用主成分分析法提取主成分,并利用回归分析得到线性函数关系,建立了偏最小二乘模型.神经网络预测模型平均预报精度达到99%,但只提供病穗率和气象因子之间的拓扑关系;偏最小二乘预测模型可以得到病穗率和气象因子之间直观的函数关系,模型平均预报精度达到97%.2种模型均具有较高的预报精度,对小麦赤霉病的预防工作具有一定的参考价值.     

Host immunity and synchronized epidemics of syphilis across the United States

A central question in population ecology is the role of 'exogenous' environmental factors versus density-dependent 'endogenous' biological factors in driving changes in population numbers. This question is also central to infectious disease epidemiology, where changes in disease incidence due to behavioural or environmental change must be distinguished from the nonlinear dynamics of the parasite population. Repeated epidemics of primary and secondary syphilis infection in the United States over the past 50 yr have previously been attributed to social and behavioural changes. Here, we show that these epidemics represent a rare example of unforced, endogenous oscillations in disease incidence, with an 8-11-yr period that is predicted by the natural dynamics of syphilis infection, to which there is partially protective immunity. This conclusion is supported by the absence of oscillations in gonorrhoea cases, where a protective immune response is absent. We further demonstrate increased synchrony of syphilis oscillations across cities over time, providing empirical evidence for an increasingly connected sexual network in the United States.     

大西洋低纬度Acsension IS台站强区域型扩展F发生率统计研究

使用位于南半球大西洋的低纬度Acsension IS台站(7.9°S,345.6°E;磁纬2.3°S)的DPS型数字测高仪在2004年探测的扩展F数据,对该台站上空的电离层扩展F、特别是强区域型扩展F的发生率特性进行统计研究。结果表明:探测到的扩展F类型是频率型(FSF)、区域型(RSF)、强区域型(SSF)和混合型(MSF),没有探测到歧型。各种类型扩展F的月变化不同,RSF与SSF的月发生率大致在1~3月和10~12月较高,在5~8月明显降低;不过SSF在7月和9月发生率也较高。各季节SSF占扩展F出现时间的比例在春秋季和夏季高(约30%),在冬季低(5%)。扩展F发生率峰值的地方时出现的顺序依次是RSF、SSF、FSF和MSF。通过将Ascension IS台站的扩展F,特别是SSF的变化规律与其他台站的结果进行比较,发现Acsension IS台站的扩展F,特别是SSF发生率的季节变化与其他经度地区台站以往的结果不完全相同,显示了电离层现象的区域变化特性,并说明SSF应被当做低纬度电离层一种独立的扩展F类型进行研究。     

SEIR-SW,Simulation Model of Influenza Spread Based on the Small World Network

This study modeled the spread of an influenza epidemic in the population of Oran, Algeria. We investigated the mathematical epidemic model, SEIR(Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed), through extensive simulations of the effects of social network on epidemic spread in a Small World(SW) network, to understand how an influenza epidemic spreads through a human population. A combined SEIR-SW model was built, to help understand the dynamics of infectious disease in a community, and to identify the main characteristics of epidemic transmission and its evolution over time. The model was also used to examine social network effects to better understand the topological structure of social contact and the impact of its properties. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the combined SEIR-SW model. Simulation results were analyzed to explore how network evolution influences the spread of desease, and statistical tests were applied to validate the model. The model accurately replicated the dynamic behavior of the real influenza epidemic data, confirming that the susceptible size and topological structure of social networks in a human population significantly influence the spread of infectious diseases. Our model can provide health policy decision makers with a better understanding of epidemic spread,allowing them to implement control measures. It also provides an early warning of the emergence of influenza epidemics.     

Crystal structures of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus neuraminidase mutants

The potential impact of pandemic influenza makes effective measures to limit the spread and morbidity of virus infection a public health priority. Antiviral drugs are seen as essential requirements for control of initial influenza outbreaks caused by a new virus, and in pre-pandemic plans there is a heavy reliance on drug stockpiles. The principal target for these drugs is a virus surface glycoprotein, neuraminidase, which facilitates the release of nascent virus and thus the spread of infection. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are two currently used neuraminidase inhibitors that were developed using knowledge of the enzyme structure. It has been proposed that the closer such inhibitors resemble the natural substrate, the less likely they are to select drug-resistant mutant viruses that retain viability. However, there have been reports of drug-resistant mutant selection in vitro and from infected humans. We report here the enzymatic properties and crystal structures of neuraminidase mutants from H5N1-infected patients that explain the molecular basis of resistance. Our results show that these mutants are resistant to oseltamivir but still strongly inhibited by zanamivir owing to an altered hydrophobic pocket in the active site of the enzyme required for oseltamivir binding. Together with recent reports of the viability and pathogenesis of H5N1 (ref. 7) and H1N1 (ref. 8) viruses with neuraminidases carrying these mutations, our results indicate that it would be prudent for pandemic stockpiles of oseltamivir to be augmented by additional antiviral drugs, including zanamivir.